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Rasset P, Mange J, Augustinova M. What do we really know about age-related stereotypes and well-being of older adults? A commentary on the state of the art. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1358403. [PMID: 38807961 PMCID: PMC11130559 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1358403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a considerable body of literature on harmful consequences of age-related stereotypes-including consequences on physical and mental health. However, this commentary critically argues that the current state of the art disregards consequences of these stereotypes specifically for the well-being of older adults (i.e., outcome that is not to be confounded with mental health). To this end, the content of age-related stereotypes and the mechanisms through which they operate on physical and mental health are first outlined. The commentary then focuses on the very scarce evidence documenting how and when the well-being of older adults (as assessed directly and not as inferred from other indicators) is influenced by self-directed stereotypes. After setting out possible ways well-being may be involved in the relationship between self-directed stereotypes and physical and mental health of older adults, the present commentary argues that a better understanding of well-being would benefit strategies targeting the reduction of age-related stereotypes. Overall, this commentary on the state of the art highlights that future research is still needed to better understand both the direct and indirect relationships between age-related stereotypes and well-being that is not reducible to positive experiences of life (or hedonic well-being) but also comprises an eudaimonic component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Rasset
- Univ Rennes, Université Rennes 2, LP3C (Laboratoire de Psychologie: Cognition, Comportement, Communication)-UR1285, Rennes, France
| | - Jessica Mange
- Laboratoire de Psychologie de Caen Normandie (LPCN UR7452), Psychology Department, Université de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Maria Augustinova
- Centre de Recherche sur les Fonctionnements et Dysfonctionnements Psychologiques (CRFDP UR7475), Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
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2
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Kroon AC, Selm MV. Good Intentions Aside: Stereotype Threat in the Face of Media Strategies to Counter Age Bias. Res Aging 2024:1640275241249117. [PMID: 38656230 DOI: 10.1177/01640275241249117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The current study shifts the focus of research on media's role in facilitating and inhibiting self-stereotyping among the members of stigmatized groups. More specifically, this study proposes and tests a conceptual model explaining (un)intentional effects of a real-world anti-ageism social media campaign among stereotyped targets: Older workers. Drawing on an experiment among older Dutch adults (N = 649), we test the effects of two message strategies for reducing prejudice: the media-literacy and the counter stereotypical information strategy. The results show that exposure to content warnings as well as strong counter-stereotypical message (i.e., consisting of positive exemplars and the negation of generic age stereotypes) is powerful in inhibiting implicit stereotype endorsement, ultimately boosting favourable employability perceptions of older workers. By integrating insights from the parasocial content hypothesis and stereotype threat indications, we provide a nuanced understanding of how anti-bias campaigns impact stigmatized targets, and isolate reasons for the varied effectiveness of such interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Kroon
- Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martine van Selm
- Erasmus Research Center of Media, Communication & Culture (ERMeCC), Erasmus University, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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3
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Feng X. How Job Stress Affect Flow Experience at Work: The Masking and Mediating Effect of Work-Related Rumination. Psychol Rep 2024; 127:912-935. [PMID: 35980805 DOI: 10.1177/00332941221122881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study proposes and tests a theoretical model of how two types of stressors (challenge and hindrance stressors) elicit perseverative cognition processes in individuals (as characterized by two types of work-related rumination), and how, through this mechanism, these stressors can further affect individuals' flow experience at work. Our model is largely supported by structural equation modeling analyses of a longitudinal questionnaire-based survey (n = 344). We find that challenge stressors have a significant, positive, direct impact on the experience of flow. Additionally, both challenge and hindrance stressors simultaneously activate problem-solving pondering and affective rumination in employees; affective rumination inhibits flow, while problem-solving pondering promotes flow. The results of a bootstrap sampling analysis further indicate the presence of the masking and mediating effects of work-related rumination in the effects of these stressors on flow experience. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Feng
- Faculty of Management, Xian Jiaotong University; and Application Research Laboratory, Xiamen Guoxin Credit Big Data Innovation Research Institute, Xiamen, P.R. China
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4
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Gillet N, Morin AJS, Fernet C, Austin S, Huyghebaert-Zouaghi T. A longitudinal person-centered investigation of the multidimensional nature of employees' perceptions of challenge and hindrance demands at work. ANXIETY, STRESS, AND COPING 2024:1-29. [PMID: 38425154 DOI: 10.1080/10615806.2024.2324252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES This research relies on a combination of variable- and person-centered approaches to help improve our understanding of the dimensionality of job demands by jointly considering employees' global levels of job demands, exposure and their specific levels of exposure to challenge and hindrance demands. DESIGN AND METHODS We relied on a sample of 442 workers who completed a questionnaire twice over three months. Our analyses sought to identify the nature of the job demands profiles experienced by these workers, to document the stability of these profiles over time, and to assess their associations with theoretically-relevant outcomes (i.e., work engagement, job boredom, problem-solving pondering, work-related rumination, proactive health behaviors, and sleep quality and quantity). Furthermore, we examined whether these profiles and associations differed as a function of working remotely or onsite. RESULTS Five profiles were identified and found to be highly stable over time: Globally Exposed, Not Exposed, Not Exposed but Challenged, Exposed but Not Challenged, and Mixed. These profiles shared clear associations with all outcomes, with the most adaptive outcomes associated with the Exposed but Not Challenged profile, whereas the most detrimental ones were observed in the Mixed profile. However, none of these results differed across employees working onsite and those working remotely. CONCLUSIONS These findings have theoretical and practical implications regarding the effects of work characteristics on employees' functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gillet
- QualiPsy UR 1901, Université de Tours, Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Tours, France
| | - Alexandre J S Morin
- Substantive-Methodological Synergy Research Laboratory, Concordia University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Claude Fernet
- Groupe de recherche sur la motivation et le mieux-être (M2Être), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Austin
- Groupe de recherche sur la motivation et le mieux-être (M2Être), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Canada
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5
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Błachnio A, Przepiórka A, Kot P, Cudo A, McElroy E. The mediating role of rumination between stress appraisal and cyberchondria. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2023; 238:103946. [PMID: 37499622 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyberchondria, defined as excessive concern about one's health and looking for solutions to health problems on the Internet, is becoming increasingly common. This paper examines the relations between the dimensions of stress appraisal (threat, challenge-activity, challenge-passivity, harm/loss) and cyberchondria. We also tested whether these relations were mediated by rumination. The study included a nonclinical sample of N = 615 participants aged 18 to 83 years (M = 43.86, SD = 14.57, 53 % women), who completed the short version of the Cyberchondria Severity Scale, the Rumination Scale, and the Stress Appraisal Questionnaire. We used the Computer-Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) method. The results revealed that rumination was a partial mediator between stress as a threat and cyberchondria and between stress as a harm/loss and cyberchondria. Cyberchondria was positively related to rumination, stress as a threat, and stress as a harm/loss and negatively related to the challenge-activity dimension of stress appraisal. The study indicates that stress appraisal is linked to cyberchondria and that rumination plays an important role in this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paweł Kot
- The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Cudo
- The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland
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6
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Oliveira EADS. The temporal dynamics of age metastereotyping and thriving at work. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2022.2149396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Koçak A, Derous E, Born MP, Duyck W. What (not) to add in your ad: When job ads discourage older or younger job seekers to apply. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SELECTION AND ASSESSMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijsa.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Koçak
- Vocational and Personnel Psychology Lab, Department of Work, Organization and Society Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Eva Derous
- Vocational and Personnel Psychology Lab, Department of Work, Organization and Society Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- Department of Psychology Education & Child Studies/Work and Organizational Psychology Erasmus University Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marise Ph. Born
- Department of Psychology Education & Child Studies/Work and Organizational Psychology Erasmus University Rotterdam The Netherlands
- Optentia and Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences North‐West University Vanderbijlpark South Africa
| | - Wouter Duyck
- Department of Experimental Psychology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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8
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Taylor MA, Bisson J. Improving the psychosocial environment for older trainees: Technological training as an illustration. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2020.100821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Psychosocial predictors of young male workers’ discrimination against older workers in Japan: comparison of four models. AGEING & SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1017/s0144686x22000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To create environments conducive to the wellbeing of workers, especially older workers, it is important to gain insight into ageism among young workers as a distinct segment in the workplace. However, this ageism remains unclear. This study explored the psychosocial predictors of discrimination against older Japanese workers by their younger male counterparts. Four models – Intergroup Contact Theory (ICT), Knowledge–Attitude–Behaviour Model (KABM), Terror Management Theory (TMT) and Frustration–Aggression Theory (FAT) – formed the basis of the study. All the models included positive and negative dimensions of stereotypes as mediators between predictors and discrimination. Data from 874 participants were obtained through a voluntary web survey for employees aged 25–39 years who lived in the Tokyo metropolitan area. A scale describing interactions with older workers (supportive, uncomfortable and avoidance), Facts on Ageing quiz, fears of being an older worker and a job dissatisfaction survey were employed to examine the hypotheses based on the above theories. The results supported the hypotheses based on ICT and FAT but not KABM. Higher supportive contacts were significantly related to lower discrimination mediated by a higher positive and lower negative dimension of stereotypes. Contacts characterised by higher discomfort were significantly related to higher discrimination mediated by a lower positive and higher negative dimension of stereotypes. Higher job dissatisfaction was related to higher discrimination mediated by lower positive stereotypes. Interestingly, higher fear of being an older worker was significantly related to lower discrimination mediated by higher positive stereotypes, contrary to the TMT-based hypotheses. Thus, ICT and FAT regarding ageism can explain young male workers’ discrimination against older workers in Japan, which differs culturally from Western countries. Furthermore, the results of the study suggest that boosting the quality of interactions as well as reducing bad interactions with older workers contribute to lower discrimination.
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10
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McIlveen P, Alchin C, Hoare PN, Bowman S, Harris R, Gotting G, Gilmour J, Perera HN, Beccaria L, Kossen C, Cavaye J, Creed A, McDonald N. Place identity and careers in regional Australia. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/10384162221085807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging public discourse about making a “tree change”, “green change”, or “sea change” emphasizes the putative benefits of working and residing in regional Australia. Yet, attracting and retaining workers in the regions is a challenge for policymakers, governments, and industries. The present research involved two separate surveys of people residing in regional Australian communities to discern demographic and psychological predictors of their intent to stay in their region: income, years in the region, family, life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and place identity. Multiple regression analyses found incremental evidence of place identity as a predictor of intent to stay. The findings regarding place identity have implications for career development practice, human resources recruitment strategies, and public policy focused on regional Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter McIlveen
- School of Education, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
| | - Carolyn Alchin
- School of Education, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
| | - P. Nancey Hoare
- School of Psychology & Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah Bowman
- School of Psychology & Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
| | - Rebecca Harris
- School of Psychology & Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
| | - Geraldine Gotting
- School of Psychology & Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
| | - John Gilmour
- School of Psychology & Counselling, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Lisa Beccaria
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
| | - Chris Kossen
- School of Arts and Communication, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
| | - Jim Cavaye
- Institute for Resilient Regions, University of Southern Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Nicole McDonald
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Australia
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11
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Murayama Y, Hasebe M, Nishi M, Matsunaga H, Narita M, Nemoto Y, Fujiwara Y. The effects of reciprocal support on mental health among intergenerational non-relatives–A comparison by age group. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2022; 99:104601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2021.104601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Weight-based stereotype threat in the workplace: consequences for employees with overweight or obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:767-773. [PMID: 34924563 PMCID: PMC8960402 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-01052-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Employees with overweight or obesity are often stereotyped as lazy, unmotivated, and less competent than employees with normal weight. As a consequence, employees with overweight or obesity are susceptible to stereotype threat, or the concern about confirming, or being reduced to, a stereotype about their group. This survey study examined whether employees with overweight or obesity experience stereotype threat in the workplace, whether it is associated with their perceived ability to meet their work demands (i.e., work ability), and whether high levels of knowledge about one's self (i.e., authentic self-awareness) can offset a potential negative association. SUBJECTS/METHODS Using a correlational study design, survey data were collected from N = 758 full-time employees at three measurement points across 3 months. Employees' average body mass index (BMI) was 26.36 kg/m² (SD = 5.45); 34% of participants were employees with overweight (BMI between 25 and <30), and 18% of participants were employees with obesity (BMI > 30). RESULTS Employees with higher weight and higher BMI reported more weight-based stereotype threat (rs between 0.17 and 0.19, p < 0.001). Employees who experienced higher levels of weight-based stereotype threat reported lower work ability, while controlling for weight, height, and subjective weight (β = -0.27, p < 0.001). Authentic self-awareness moderated the relationship between weight-based stereotype threat and work ability (β = 0.14, p < 0.001), such that the relationship between stereotype threat and work ability was negative among employees with low authentic self-awareness (β = -0.25, p < 0.001), and non-significant among employees with high authentic self-awareness (β = 0.08, p = 0.315). CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study contribute to the literature by showing that weight-based stereotype threat is negatively associated with employees' perceived ability to meet their work demands, particularly among those employees with low authentic self-awareness.
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13
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Every coin has two sides: the case of thriving at work. JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT & ORGANIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1017/jmo.2021.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Drawing upon the thriving at work and agism literature, we added unexplored thriving antecedents (i.e., negative age-based metastereotypes and associated reactions) to the thriving nomological network. Additionally, we investigated the thriving-turnover intentions link throughout the lifespan. Parallel multiple mediator models were used to analyze the role played by threat and challenge in the relationship between negative age-based metastereotypes and overall thriving. Survey results (n = 326 employees) showed that threat and challenge mediated this relationship, yet differential relationships between antecedents and thriving appeared when analyzing thriving dimensions (i.e., learning and vitality) separately. Relatedly, turnover intentions were negatively predicted by overall thriving, but learning and vitality effects on turnover intentions were distinct across age groups. Findings recommend a clearer distinction between thriving dimensions role in the thriving experience throughout the lifespan. Overall, this study contends that the combination of thriving and agism literature contributes to further understand employee growth.
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14
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Ayalon L, Perel-Levin S, Georgantzi N, Lima CDM. Participation of Older Persons With Mental Health Conditions and Psychosocial Disabilities in the Labor Market. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2021; 29:1033-1037. [PMID: 34303603 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper discusses the right to work as a basic human right that should be granted unrelated to chronological age, health or mental health status and disability including declining cognitive functioning. The benefits of continued employment are both at the individual level and at the organizational and societal levels. Nonetheless, there are multiple barriers that prevent older people and particularly older people with mental conditions and psychosocial disabilities from remaining in the workforce and/or from rejoining the workforce. We outline interventions at the organizational, national, and international levels to ensure the full participation of people of all ages and abilities in the workforce. Such interventions should address the intersection between disabilities and advanced age at the global, regional, and country levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liat Ayalon
- Louis and Gabi Weisfeld School of Social Work, Bar Ilan University (LA), Ramat Gan, Israel.
| | - Silvia Perel-Levin
- International Network for the Prevention of Elder Abuse (INPEA) representative to the UN, NGO Committee on Ageing (SPL), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nena Georgantzi
- AGE-Platform Europe, Brussels, Belgium, National University of Ireland Galway (NG)
| | - Carlos de Mendonça Lima
- World Psychiatric Association Section of Old Age Psychiatry (CML), Jorat-Mézières, Switzerland
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15
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Rothermund K, Klusmann V, Zacher H. Age Discrimination in the Context of Motivation and Healthy Aging. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 76:S167-S180. [PMID: 34515776 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbab081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age discrimination can undermine older people's motivation to stay engaged with their lives and poses a major challenge to healthy aging. In this article, we review research on age discrimination in different life domains, including health and work. Motivation and health constitute potential antecedents as well as outcomes of age discrimination, with reduced motivation and impaired health increasing the likelihood of becoming a victim of age discrimination, but also resulting from age discrimination. Furthermore, high levels of motivation and health can also serve as buffers against the negative effects of age discrimination. Based on our literature review, we discuss possible strategies aimed at reducing age discrimination. Understanding and combating age discrimination can foster older people's motivation to participate in meaningful activities and promote healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verena Klusmann
- University of Konstanz, Germany.,University of Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Bedyńska S, Rycielski P, Jabłońska M. Measuring Stereotype Threat at Math and Language Arts in Secondary School: Validation of a Questionnaire. Front Psychol 2021; 12:553964. [PMID: 34262497 PMCID: PMC8273348 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.553964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A stereotype threat arises when a negative stereotype about group to which an individual belongs is activated. It affects the achievement and interest of students in a particular academic domain, e.g., girls at math or boys at language arts. Hence, it is important to assess the level of stereotype threat at school (STaS) in order to identify the vulnerability of students to its negative consequences. This study devised and validated two parallel versions of the STaS scale: girls in mathematics and boys in language arts in a nationally representative sample of Polish secondary school students (N = 1,241; 13–16 years). The results of a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in a complex sample approach showed one general factor. Furthermore, a multiple-group CFA confirmed metric invariance and partial scalar invariance. The variances for boys and girls were equal. This suggests that the construct of stereotype threat is similarly conceptualized by both genders despite being in different domains. Finally, the comparison of means of latent variables revealed a higher level of stereotype threat among boys in the language domain than girls in mathematics. Possible theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Bedyńska
- Center for Research on Social Relations, Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Rycielski
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Jabłońska
- Institute of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Lamont RA, Swift HJ, Drury L. Understanding Perceived Age-Based Judgement as a Precursor to Age-Based Stereotype Threat in Everyday Settings. Front Psychol 2021; 12:640567. [PMID: 34194358 PMCID: PMC8236599 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.640567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Test conditions eliciting negative stereotypes of aging among older adults can prompt age-based stereotype threat (ABST), which results in worse performance on cognitive and memory tests. Much of this research explores ABST as a phenomenon that impacts the performance of older adults. Little is known about the experience of ABST beyond performance settings and how it manifests in everyday contexts across different age groups. Gaps also remain in understanding the wider impacts of ABST, such as effects on task motivation and engagement. The current research addresses this by exploring the contexts in which age-based judgement, a theorized precursor to ABST, occurs across a wide age range of participants. The two studies in this paper present mixed-methods survey data for a total of 282 respondents aged 18–84 years. Study 1 presents a thematic analysis of open-ended responses to identify the stereotypes and settings that underpin perceived age-based judgement. The settings and stereotypes identified are discussed in relation to which contexts lend themselves to adverse ABST effects. Study 2 then asked respondents to rate the extent to which they experience threat-based concern within 12 contexts identified from Study 1. Results indicate differences in threat-based concerns between young, middle-aged and older adults for physical activity, driving, using public transport, using technology, in leadership and relating to the COVID-19 pandemic. The studies provide a foundation for future research to investigate (1) the motivational and behavioural consequences of threat-based concerns for younger adults’ driving and leadership, and in the context of the pandemic; (2) cues to ‘old’ age stereotypes and threat-based concerns among late middle-aged adults within the workplace; (3) the role of broad stereotypes of ‘incompetence’ and being ‘past-it’ on middle-aged and older adults’ engagement with technology and physical activity and (4) potential ABST effects resulting from stereotypes of older people as a burden and a problem in the context of a national crisis. Overall, this research extends our understanding of ABST by identifying further contexts and age groups that could be impacted by a wider range of ABST effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Lamont
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah J Swift
- School of Psychology, University of Kent, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Lisbeth Drury
- Department of Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Blanco-Donoso LM, Moreno-Jiménez J, Hernández-Hurtado M, Cifri-Gavela JL, Jacobs S, Garrosa E. Daily Work-Family Conflict and Burnout to Explain the Leaving Intentions and Vitality Levels of Healthcare Workers: Interactive Effects Using an Experience-Sampling Method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041932. [PMID: 33671211 PMCID: PMC7922407 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is an intensification of work in global health systems, a phenomenon that could increase work-family conflict, exhaustion, and intentions to leave among healthcare workers. The main objective of this study is to analyze if daily work-family conflict and burnout could explain the daily leaving intentions and vitality of healthcare workers. This is a diary study, which employs an experience-sampling methodology (ESM). A total of 56 physicians, nurses, and nursing aides from intensive care and nephrology units filled out various quantitative scales during 5 working days (56 × 5 = 280 observations). Multilevel hierarchical analysis showed that daily work-family conflict and burnout were significantly associated with higher daily intentions of leaving the profession, and with lower levels of daily vitality. In addition, those workers who experienced more work-family conflict and depersonalization on a daily basis were those who showed more intentions to leave and less daily vitality, showing an interactive effect. The results highlight the importance of examining the psychosocial risks experienced by healthcare workers by employing experience-sampling methodologies, which could help us to deepen our understanding of the proximal antecedents of their intentions to leave and their psychological well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Manuel Blanco-Donoso
- Faculty of Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-J.); (M.H.-H.); (J.L.C.-G.); (E.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-91-4975-818
| | - Jennifer Moreno-Jiménez
- Faculty of Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-J.); (M.H.-H.); (J.L.C.-G.); (E.G.)
| | - Mercedes Hernández-Hurtado
- Faculty of Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-J.); (M.H.-H.); (J.L.C.-G.); (E.G.)
| | - José Luis Cifri-Gavela
- Faculty of Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-J.); (M.H.-H.); (J.L.C.-G.); (E.G.)
| | - Stephen Jacobs
- The School of Nursing, University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand;
| | - Eva Garrosa
- Faculty of Psychology, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (J.M.-J.); (M.H.-H.); (J.L.C.-G.); (E.G.)
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19
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Li F, Wang Y, Xing J. Two sources of autonomy support and depressive symptoms among Chinese gay men: The sequential mediating effect of internalized homonegativity and rumination. J Affect Disord 2021; 280:373-380. [PMID: 33221724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high level of depressive symptoms is a universal phenomenon among gay groups. Autonomy support, which refers to supporting an opportunity for others to authentically express themselves and behave consistently with their own beliefs, values and interests, is considered a critical protective factor facilitating the relief of depressive symptoms in gay men. The aim of the current study was to examine the relationships between two sources of autonomy support (from parents and friends) and depressive symptoms in a Chinese context and evaluate the mediating effects of internalized homonegativity and rumination. METHODS Altogether, 385 Chinese gay men (mean age = 24.00 years old, standard deviation (SD) = 4.84) who were voluntarily recruited by web-sampling were measured on scales regarding autonomy support, internalized homonegativity, rumination and depressive symptoms. RESULTS Autonomy support from both parents and friends were negatively correlated with depressive symptoms among Chinese gay men. Internalized homonegativity and rumination played a sequential mediating role between friends' autonomy support and depressive symptoms, yet this sequential mediation effect was not significant between parental autonomy support and depressive symptoms. LIMITATIONS The cross-sectional design limited casual inferences between variables. The effects of domain-specific autonomy support were not involved in this study, and other mediators between autonomy support and depressive symptoms and more sociodemographic variables should be considered. CONCLUSION Autonomy support from both parents and friends might be protective factors against depressive symptoms in Chinese gay men. Friends' autonomy support was related to decreased depressive symptoms via lower internalized homonegativity and rumination, while parental autonomy support was related to less depressive symptoms through other possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- School of psychology, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China; School of psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
| | - Yibo Wang
- School of psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jintao Xing
- School of psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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20
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Mariano J, Marques S, Ramos MR, Gerardo F, de Vries H. Too Old for Computers? The Longitudinal Relationship Between Stereotype Threat and Computer Use by Older Adults. Front Psychol 2020; 11:568972. [PMID: 33123050 PMCID: PMC7566919 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides having lower rates of technology adoption than the general population, older adults are commonly stereotyped as lacking technological ability. Stereotype threat, the fear of confirming negative stereotypes targeting their social group, may lead individuals to distance themselves from the stereotyped domain. This suggests that older adults may underuse computer technology due to stereotype threat. A sample of 86 community-dwelling older adults (Mage = 78.47, SDage = 7.92) participated in a two-wave longitudinal study aiming to examine the relationship between stereotype threat and computer use in this age group. An autoregressive cross-lagged panel analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling. As expected, stereotype threat predicted lower levels of computer use a year and a half later. In turn, computer use was unrelated to the later experience of stereotype threat in this domain. These findings suggest that stereotype threat may undermine computer adoption in late adulthood, thus contributing to perpetuate the digital inequalities between younger and older generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Mariano
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal.,Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Sibila Marques
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel R Ramos
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), CIS-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal.,University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Filomena Gerardo
- Santa Casa da Misericórdia de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), DINÂMIA'CET-IUL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Hein de Vries
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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21
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Barber SJ. The Applied Implications of Age-Based Stereotype Threat for Older Adults. JOURNAL OF APPLIED RESEARCH IN MEMORY AND COGNITION 2020; 9:274-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Mazzetti G, Vignoli M, Guglielmi D, Van der Heijden BIJM, Evers AT. You’re Not Old as Long as You’re Learning: Ageism, Burnout, and Development Among Italian Teachers. JOURNAL OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0894845320942838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the buffering role of opportunities for professional development within the frame of the indirect relationship between workplace age discrimination (as a job demand) and job performance on a sample of N = 325 Italian teachers. Results of moderated mediation analysis indicated that emotional exhaustion mediates the relationship between workplace age discrimination and impaired job performance. Furthermore, the relationship between workplace age discrimination and performance through the mediation of emotional exhaustion became stronger at lower levels of professional development. Although professional development is recognized as a crucial job resource, this study sheds light on its protective role among teachers dealing with discrimination caused by their age. Fostering of professional development could prevent teachers from feeling emotionally exhausted and, in turn, from the occurrence of impaired performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Mazzetti
- Department of Education Studies, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Michela Vignoli
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Dina Guglielmi
- Department of Education Studies, University of Bologna, Italy
| | - Béatrice I. J. M. Van der Heijden
- Radboud University, Institute for Management Research, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, the Netherlands
- Ghent University, Belgium
- Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Kingston University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arnoud T. Evers
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Open University of the Netherlands, Heerlen, the Netherlands
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23
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Weiss D, Zhang X. Multiple Sources of Aging Attitudes: Perceptions of Age Groups and Generations From Adolescence to Old Age Across China, Germany, and the United States. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022120925904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that people not only categorize themselves and others based on age but also in terms of their generational membership. This cross-cultural study compared attitudes and stereotypes toward age and generational groups across the life span in China, Germany, and the United States including 1,112 participants between 18 and 86 years of age. We asked younger, middle-aged, and older respondents to rate either six age groups (e.g., adolescents, young adults, middle-aged adults, young-old, older, and old-old adults) or six matching generational groups (e.g., Generation Z, Millennials, Generation X, Baby Boomer, Silent Generation, and Greatest Generation) on various characteristics (e.g., happy, competent, selfish). Consistent with our hypotheses, the results demonstrate that across all three countries older generations were perceived consistently more positive, whereas older age groups were perceived as less positive. These findings suggest that generations represent a source of positive regard and high social status in later life across different countries with different historical backgrounds and cultures.
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Successful aging at work: A process model to guide future research and practice. INDUSTRIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY-PERSPECTIVES ON SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2020. [DOI: 10.1017/iop.2020.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAlthough aging workforces result in numerous practical challenges for organizations and societies, little research has focused on successful aging at work. The limited existent research has generated rather diverse conceptualizations of successful aging at work, which are often broad and difficult to operationalize in practice. Therefore, to advance research and practice, we offer a specific and practical conceptualization of successful aging at work by developing a process model, which identifies relevant antecedents and mechanisms. In particular, we define successful aging at work as the proactive maintenance of, or adaptive recovery (after decline) to, high levels of ability and motivation to continue working among older workers. We also argue that proactive efforts to maintain, or adaptive efforts to recover and restore, high ability and motivation to continue working result from a self-regulation process that involves goal engagement and disengagement strategies to maintain, adjust, and restore person–environment fit. Further, we propose that at various levels (i.e., person, job, work group, organization, and society) more distal factors function as antecedents of this self-regulation process, with age-related bias and discrimination potentially operating at each level. Finally, we offer a roadmap for future research and practical applications.
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25
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Weber J, Tzivian L, Müller A, Angerer P. Country-specific differences of age stereotypes towards older hospital staff and their association with self-efficacy, work ability and mental well-being. J Adv Nurs 2020; 76:1614-1626. [PMID: 32281681 DOI: 10.1111/jan.14380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare stereotypes towards older workers between hospital staff in Germany and Latvia and to analyse the relationship between those stereotypes and self-efficacy, subjective work ability and irritation. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS In 2018, hospital staff, including nurses, physicians and other professions, of two German and three Latvian hospitals were asked to complete the standardized study questionnaire on subjective work ability, occupational self-efficacy, irritation and stereotypes towards older workers. In the latter scale older workers were defined as ≥45 years of age and the scale ranged from 27-135 whereby higher values reflect higher levels of positive stereotypes. To analyse the relationship between stereotypes and those work-related outcomes, multiple linear regression models, including interaction terms between stereotypes and age, were built and adjusted for occupational group, sex and country. RESULTS Data from 300 employees of Latvian and from 113 employees of German hospitals were included in the analyses. Hospital staff in Germany reported higher levels of positive stereotypes (mean = 87.46, SD 10.04) than hospital staff in Latvia (mean = 84.69, SD 10.10; t(411) = -2.496, p = .013). When analysing the entire sample of hospital staff in Germany and Latvia, a more positive view on older workers was associated with higher self-efficacy (β = 0.136, p = .008) and subjective work ability (β = 0.063, p < .001) and lower levels of irritation (β = -0.191, p = .017). The association with self-efficacy and subjective work ability increased in strength by participant's age. Country-stratified analyses yielded similar results. CONCLUSION The results provide first evidence that stereotypes towards older workers of hospital staff may differ between different European countries. Furthermore, they suggest that counteracting negative stereotypes towards older workers may help to improve self-efficacy and subjective work ability and reduce irritation levels of older employees. IMPACT Those findings emphasize the importance of age stereotypes when examining and promoting older hospital staffs' self-efficacy, subjective work ability and irritation in a cross-national context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Weber
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Müller
- Institute of Psychology, Work- and Organizational Psychology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Peter Angerer
- Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Centre for Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Cosentino C, Corte C, Fioresi E, Molina Ojeda F, Pastore S, Severgnini F, Spacci A, Artioli G. Effects of Expressing Writing on organizational variables in Palliative Care health Professionals: an explorative study. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2019; 90:108-116. [PMID: 31714506 PMCID: PMC7233632 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v90i11-s.8946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Healthcare professionals working in palliative care are exposed to emotionally intense conditions. Scientific literature suggests Expressive Writing as a valid tool for the adjustment to traumatic events. For health workers, EW represents an important support to prevent Compassion Fatigue and Burnout. As literature showed that Compassion Satisfaction, Group Cohesion and the Organizational Commitment are protective factors able to counter the onset of Compassion Fatigue and Burnout, the aim of this study is evaluating the effect of Expressive Writing protocol in Palliative Care workers on Compassion Satisfaction, Group Cohesion and Organizational Commitment. METHODS A quasi-experimental quantitative 2x2 prospective study was conducted with two groups and two measurements. 66 professionals were included. Outcome variables were measured using: Organizational Commitment Questionnaire, Compassion Satisfaction Rating Scale, ICONAS Questionnaire, Questionnaire for the evaluation of EW sessions. RESULTS The parametric analysis through Student t test did not show statistical significance within the experimental group and between the experimental and control groups. One significant difference in the pre-intervention assessment of Normative Commitment t (gl 64) = -2.008 for p< 0.05, higher in the control group, disappeared in the post intervention evaluation. An improvement trend in all variables within and between groups was present, with a positive assessment of utility from the participants. CONCLUSIONS This intervention did not significantly impact outcome variables. It is however conceivable that by modifying the intervention methodology, it could prove effective. The positive evaluation by the operators, suggests to keep trying modelling a protocol tailored on Palliative Care professionals.
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