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Rivard G, Le Corff Y, Lapalme M, Forget K. Measurement invariance of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 across sex. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1328937. [PMID: 38525253 PMCID: PMC10957747 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1328937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction There has been an international movement towards dimensional models of personality disorders (PDs) in the last decades, which culminated in the publication of the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) in the Emerging Measures and Models section of the DSM-5. This model was accompanied by a APA-sanctioned Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) for the assessment of the AMPD pathological personality traits. One major issue with the assessment of personality disorders pertains to sex differences, and measurement invariance across sex in assessment instruments for PDs is necessary in order to ensure non-biased evaluations and to make valid comparisons between men and women. This study aimed to provide more information on measurement invariance across sex for the PID-5, using both the original scoring approach provided by the authors of the instrument and the scoring approach suggested by the APA in the published version of the PID-5. Methods This study was conducted with a sample of 2273 participants from the general Québec (Canada) adult population aged 18 to 90 years (M = 46.59; SD = 16.32; 51.8% women). Results The original scoring approach model showed good fit to data after freeing paths between certain traits and reached strict invariance. The APA scoring approach also showed good fit to data and reached strict invariance, but needed an adjustment (path freed between Emotional lability and Impulsivity in men) to reach scalar invariance. Discussion In line with previous research, the PID-5 is invariant across sex and the five-factor structure adjusts well to data. The APA scoring approach appears to attenuate the cross-loading problem observed with the original scoring approach. In light of these results, we recommend using the APA scoring approach to derive domain scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Rivard
- The Group for Research and Intervention on Children’s Social Adjustment (GRISE), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Département d’orientation Professionnelle, Faculté d’éducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Yann Le Corff
- The Group for Research and Intervention on Children’s Social Adjustment (GRISE), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Département d’orientation Professionnelle, Faculté d’éducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lapalme
- The Group for Research and Intervention on Children’s Social Adjustment (GRISE), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Département de Psychoéducation, Faculté d’éducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Karine Forget
- The Group for Research and Intervention on Children’s Social Adjustment (GRISE), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Département de Psychiatrie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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2
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Investigating the Validity and Measurement Invariance of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 Faceted Brief Form Among French-speaking Clinical and Nonclinical Samples. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-022-10000-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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3
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Gamache D, Cloutier MÈ, Faucher J, Leclerc P, Savard C. Stalking perpetration through the lens of the alternative DSM-5 model for personality disorders. Personal Ment Health 2022; 17:135-146. [PMID: 36089289 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Emerging dimensional models of personality disorders such as the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) provide new opportunities to explore the associations between personality pathology and harmful interpersonal behaviours such as stalking perpetration. Two goals are pursued by this study: (a) To document associations between stalking, level of personality pathology, and pathological personality domains/facets; and (b) to determine the relative importance of maladaptive personality facets in the statistical prediction of stalking. Data from 1489 young adults (18-30 years old) from a community sample were analysed. Moderate positive significant correlations were found between stalking, level of personality pathology, and maladaptive personality domains. A clear gradient of severity of stalking behaviours was found across five severity degrees of personality pathology. Dominance analyses revealed that Deceitfulness was the most dominant statistical predictor in women. Unusual Beliefs and Experiences, a facet from the Psychoticism domain, made an important contribution in the prediction of stalking in men only. Impulsivity was a key predictor in both genders but more markedly in men. Results suggest that the AMPD represents a useful framework to study stalking perpetration. Identification of key personality predictors might prove relevant for identifying risk factors, underlying motives, and treatment targets for stalking perpetrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominick Gamache
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Cloutier
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Faucher
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Leclerc
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada
| | - Claudia Savard
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Quebec, Canada.,Interdisciplinary Research Center on Intimate Relationship Problems and Sexual Abuse, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Educational Fundamentals and Practices, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
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4
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Leclerc P, Savard C, Vachon DD, Faucher J, Payant M, Lampron M, Tremblay M, Gamache D. Analysis of the interaction between personality dysfunction and traits in the statistical prediction of physical aggression: Results from outpatient and community samples. Personal Ment Health 2022; 16:5-18. [PMID: 34155830 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Alternative Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD), included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.) and the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases (11th ed.; ICD-11) are, respectively, hybrid categorical-dimensional and dimensional frameworks for personality disorders (PDs). Both models emphasize personality dysfunction and personality traits. Previous studies investigating the links between the AMPD and ICD-11, and self-reported physical aggression have mostly focused on traits and did not take into account the potential interaction between personality dysfunction and traits. Thus, the aim of this study is to identify dysfunction*trait interactions using regression-based analysis. Outpatients with personality disorder from a specialized public clinic (N = 285) and community participants (N = 995) were recruited to complete self-report questionnaires. Some small-size, albeit significant and clinically/conceptually meaningful personality dysfunction*trait interactions were found to predict physical aggression in both samples. Interaction analyses might further inform, to some degree, about the current discussion pertaining to the potential redundancy between dysfunction and traits, the optimal personality dysfunction structure (in the case of the AMPD), as well as clinical assessment based on AMPD/ICD-11 PD frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Leclerc
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Claudia Savard
- Département des fondements et pratiques en éducation, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - David D Vachon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Faucher
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Maude Payant
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mireille Lampron
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Tremblay
- Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de la Capitale-Nationale, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Dominick Gamache
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
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5
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Ghamkhar Fard Z, Pourshahbaz A, Anderson JL, Boland JK, Shakiba S, Mirabzadeh A. The continuity between DSM-5 criterion-based and trait-based models for personality disorders in an Iranian community sample. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01751-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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CONSTANTIN T, NICUȚĂ EG, GRĂDINARU D. Psychometric Properties of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 in a Romanian Community Sample. JOURNAL OF EVIDENCE-BASED PSYCHOTHERAPIES 2021. [DOI: 10.24193/jebp.2021.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) evaluates 25 maladaptive personality traits proposed in the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders. The questionnaire has been extensively investigated and validated in several languages. The current research sought to examine the psychometric properties of the instrument in a sample of nonclinical Romanian participants (N = 1276). Results indicated excellent internal consistency for the domain level, and very good reliability for the facet level. The assumption of unidimensionality was supported at both the domain and facet levels, apart from Risk Taking. Two domain scoring methods were also compared. One of them takes into consideration all the 25 lower order facets, whereas the other uses only 15 facets. Results show that mean differences across the two scoring methods were small, except for Disinhibition. Moreover, confirmatory factor analyses revealed slightly better fit indices for the model which uses 15 facets only. Lastly, the hierarchical structure of maladaptive personality traits was explored. Results are discussed in the light of previous literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ticu CONSTANTIN
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Toma Cozma 3, 700554 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena G. NICUȚĂ
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Toma Cozma 3, 700554 Iasi, Romania
| | - Diana GRĂDINARU
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Toma Cozma 3, 700554 Iasi, Romania
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7
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Fang S, Ouyang Z, Zhang P, He J, Fan L, Luo X, Zhang J, Xiong Y, Luo F, Wang X, Yao S, Wang X. Personality Inventory for DSM-5 in China: Evaluation of DSM-5 and ICD-11 Trait Structure and Continuity With Personality Disorder Types. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:635214. [PMID: 33841206 PMCID: PMC8033014 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.635214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) is an established tool for assessing personality disorder (PD) traits that was developed based on section III of the DSM-5. It is composed of 220 items, organized into 25 facets, which are distributed among five domains. The psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the PID-5 remain to be demonstrated. Two samples were embodied in this study that included 3,550 undergraduates and 406 clinical patients. To probe the structure of the PID-5, parallel analyses were conducted to explore the unidimensionality of its 25 facets and a series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) were carried out to confirm the 25 lower-order facets and their distribution among five higher-order domains. Then, the PID-5 was employed to measure the DSM-5 and ICD-11 trait models and to explore the relationship of DSM-IV categorical PDs with DSM-5 and ICD-11 personality traits. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to probe how well DSM-IV categorical PDs correspond with maladaptive personality traits specified in the DSM-5 and five ICD-11 domains. The respective average internal reliability coefficients of the 25 facets obtained for undergraduate and clinical patient samples were 0.76 and 0.81, those obtained for the five DSM-5 domains were 0.89 and 0.91, and those obtained for the five ICD-11 domains were 0.87 and 0.89. Serial CFAs confirmed the rationality of the PID-5's lower-order 25-facet structure and higher-order five-domain structure in both samples. Correlation and regression analyses showed that DSM-5 specified traits explain the variance in PD presentation with a manifold stronger correlation (R 2 = 0.24-0.44) than non-specified traits (R 2 = 0.04-0.12). Overall, the PID-5 was shown to be a reliable, stable, and structurally valid assessment tool that captures pathological personality traits related to DSM-5 and ICD-11 PDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Fang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zirong Ouyang
- Hunan Biological and Electromechanical Polytechnic, Changsha, China
| | - Panwen Zhang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiayue He
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lejia Fan
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xingwei Luo
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianghua Zhang
- Student Affairs Department, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Student Affairs Department, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fusheng Luo
- Student Affairs Department, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaosheng Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy and Neurobiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuqiao Yao
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Medical Psychological Center, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,China National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders (Xiangya), Changsha, China
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8
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Kerber A, Schultze M, Müller S, Rühling RM, Wright AGC, Spitzer C, Krueger RF, Knaevelsrud C, Zimmermann J. Development of a Short and ICD-11 Compatible Measure for DSM-5 Maladaptive Personality Traits Using Ant Colony Optimization Algorithms. Assessment 2020; 29:467-487. [PMID: 33371717 PMCID: PMC8866743 DOI: 10.1177/1073191120971848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–Fifth
edition (DSM-5) Section III and ICD-11
(International Classification of Diseases 11th–Revision) both allow for
dimensional assessment of personality pathology, the models differ in the
definition of maladaptive traits. In this study, we pursued the goal of
developing a short and reliable assessment for maladaptive traits, which is
compatible with both models, using the item pool of the Personality Inventory
for DSM-5 (PID-5). To this aim, we applied ant colony
optimization algorithms in English- and German-speaking samples comprising a
total N of 2,927. This procedure yielded a 34-item measure with a hierarchical
latent structure including six maladaptive trait domains and 17 trait facets,
the “Personality Inventory for DSM-5, Brief Form Plus”
(PID5BF+). While latent structure, reliability, and criterion validity were
ascertained in the original and in two separate validation samples
(n = 849, n = 493) and the measure was
able to discriminate personality disorders from other diagnoses in a clinical
subsample, results suggest further modifications for capturing ICD-11
Anankastia.
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Campbell K, Clarke KA, Massey D, Lakeman R. Borderline Personality Disorder: To diagnose or not to diagnose? That is the question. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2020; 29:972-981. [PMID: 32426937 DOI: 10.1111/inm.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable controversy around psychiatric diagnosis generally and personality disorders specifically. Since its conception, borderline personality disorder has been controversial because of the stigma associated with the diagnosis and the therapeutic nihilism held by practitioners who encounter people with this high prevalence problem in acute settings. This paper reviews the history of the diagnosis of BPD and summarizes some of the controversy surrounding the categorical nature of diagnosis. Both the DSM 5 and ICD-11 will be discussed; however, for the purposes of this paper, the DSM 5 will take the primary focus due to greater cultural significance. Recent developments in the treatment of borderline personality disorder suggest that it is a highly treatable condition and that full clinical recovery is possible. This paper formulates an argument that despite problems with psychiatric diagnosis that are unlikely to be resolved soon, a diagnosis should be made with an accompanying formulation to enable people to receive timely and effective treatment to enable personal and clinical recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Campbell
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia.,School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Virginia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Karen-Ann Clarke
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and Engineering University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland, Australia
| | - Deb Massey
- School of Health sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Lakeman
- School of Health sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
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Bowyer CB, Joyner KJ, Latzman RD, Venables NC, Foell J, Patrick CJ. A Model-Based Strategy for Interfacing Traits of the DSM-5 AMPD With Neurobiology. J Pers Disord 2020; 34:586-608. [PMID: 33074055 DOI: 10.1521/pedi.2020.34.5.586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The DSM-5 alternative model for personality disorders (AMPD) groups traits into domains based on factor analyses of self-report data. AMPD traits may need to be configured differently to interface with neurobiology. Focusing on biobehavioral risk for externalizing problems in 334 adults, the authors used structural modeling to evaluate how well alternative configurations of AMPD traits, operationalized using the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), interface with neural indicators of externalizing liability. A model specifying two correlated factors defined by traits within the PID-5 Disinhibition domain and brain-response indicators of externalizing proneness exhibited inadequate fit. However, a model using PID-5 traits with better coverage of biobehavioral externalizing liability evidenced good fit. Scores on this PID-5 trait factor, termed "PID-5 Externalizing Proneness," converged well with criterion measures of externalizing proneness and diverged from measures of threat sensitivity. Findings illustrate how AMPD traits can be configured for use in investigations of biobehavioral risk for psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jens Foell
- Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
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Coelho O, Pires R, Ferreira AS, Gonçalves B, AlJassmi M, Stocker J. Arabic Version of the Personality Inventory for the DSM-5 (PID-5) in a Community Sample of United Arab Emirates Nationals. Clin Pract Epidemiol Ment Health 2020; 16:180-188. [PMID: 32874193 PMCID: PMC7431702 DOI: 10.2174/1745017902016010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Section III of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) proposes a model for conceptualizing personality disorders in which they are characterized by impairments in personality functioning and maladaptive personality traits. The Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) is a self-report measure that assesses the presence and severity of these maladaptive personality traits. Objective: The current study examined the reliability and validity of the Arabic version of the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) to measure maladaptive personality traits in the Emirati population of the United Arab Emirates. Methods: The Arabic version of the PID-5 was administered to a community sample of 1,090 United Arab Emirates nationals (89.5% female and 10.5% male, mean age = 22.44 years old). The descriptive measures, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, convergent validity with NEO – Five Factor Inventory, as well as PID-5’s factor structure, were all addressed. Results: The PID-5facets and domains mean scores were higher in the Emirati sample compared to the original US sample. Internal consistency of the PID-5 scales was acceptable to high and test-retest coefficients ranged from 0.84 (facets) to 0.87 (domains). As expected, the five domains of the Arabic version of the PID-5 correlated significantly with all Five-Factor Model domains of personality. Additionally, the Arabic version of the PID-5 confirmed a five-factor structure that resembles the PID-5 domains. Conclusion: The findings of this study provided initial support for the use of the Arabic version of the PID-5 to assess maladaptive personality traits in the Emirati population of the United Arab Emirates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Coelho
- CICPSI, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rute Pires
- CICPSI, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Bruno Gonçalves
- CICPSI, Faculdade de Psicologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, 1649-013 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maryam AlJassmi
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, P.O. Box 19282 Dubai, U.A.E
| | - Joana Stocker
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, P.O. Box 19282 Dubai, U.A.E
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Zimmermann J, Kerber A, Rek K, Hopwood CJ, Krueger RF. A Brief but Comprehensive Review of Research on the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21:92. [PMID: 31410586 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-1079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Both the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD) and the chapter on personality disorders (PD) in the recent version of ICD-11 embody a shift from a categorical to a dimensional paradigm for the classification of PD. We describe these new models, summarize available measures, and provide a comprehensive review of research on the AMPD. RECENT FINDINGS A total of 237 publications on severity (criterion A) and maladaptive traits (criterion B) of the AMPD indicate (a) acceptable interrater reliability, (b) largely consistent latent structures, (c) substantial convergence with a range of theoretically and clinically relevant external measures, and (d) some evidence for incremental validity when controlling for categorical PD diagnoses. However, measures of criterion A and B are highly correlated, which poses conceptual challenges. The AMPD has stimulated extensive research with promising findings. We highlight open questions and provide recommendations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Zimmermann
- Department of Psychology, University of Kassel, Holländische Str. 36-38, 34127, Kassel, Germany.
| | | | - Katharina Rek
- Max-Planck-Institut für Psychiatrie, Munich, Germany
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