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King SE, Waddell JT, McDonald AE, Corbin WR. Are you feeling what I'm feeling? Momentary interactions between personal and perceived peer subjective response predict craving and continued drinking in young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2025; 270:112601. [PMID: 39999624 PMCID: PMC11908918 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2025.112601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2025] [Accepted: 02/08/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subjective response to alcohol is a robust predictor of alcohol outcomes. It is possible that the perceived subjective response of others may influence concurrent experiences of one's own subjective response. However, no studies have examined how the perceived subjective response of others might interact with personal subjective response and how such interactions may influence levels of craving and subsequent drinking. METHOD Emerging adults (ages 18-25, N = 131, 53.4 % female) completed 21 days of ecological momentary assessments. During drinking events (N = 1335) both personal and perceived peer subjective response (four domains encompassing high- and low-arousal positive & negative effects) were assessed at drink initiation and two subsequent surveys 60 and 120min later. Current craving and drinking quantity since last report were also collected. Three-level multilevel structural equation models with Bayesian estimation tested indirect relations between subjective response and drinking continuation via craving and whether perceived subjective response moderated such relations. RESULTS Levels of both personal (b=0.029,95 %BCI:[0.012,0.053]) and perceived (b=0.027,95 %BCI:[0.012,0.051]) experiences of alcohol's rewarding, stimulating effects indirectly predicted drinking continuation via increased craving, and relations were potentiated when perceptions of peer reward were highest (b=0.015,95 %BCI:[0.008,0.020]). Personal experiences of alcohol's relaxing, calming effects indirectly predicted a lower likelihood of drinking continuation via decreased craving (b=-0.017,95 %BCI:[-0.036,-0.003]) whereas perceived effects directly predicted lower likelihoods of drinking (b=-0.133,95 %CI:[-0.239, -0.031]). CONCLUSION Results suggest both personal and perceived peer subjective response independently influence drinking behavior even when controlling for one another. Targeted interventions focused on altering interpretations of peer subjective effects may be effective at reducing momentary risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E King
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, USA.
| | - Jack T Waddell
- Department of Psychiatry, San Diego State University, USA
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Lippard ETC, Kirsch DE, Le V, Lee S, Bibb N, Meek K, Kosted R, Huffman A, Almeida JRC, Fromme K, Strakowski SM. Nucleus accumbens functional connectivity changes underlying alcohol expectancies in bipolar disorder and prospective alcohol outcomes: a within-subject randomized placebo-controlled alcohol administration fMRI study. Front Neurosci 2025; 19:1549295. [PMID: 40270761 PMCID: PMC12014589 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2025.1549295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2025] [Indexed: 04/25/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alcohol use disorder (AUD) occurs at higher rates in individuals with bipolar disorder compared to the general population. A paucity of data are available on specific mechanisms that may contribute to bipolar and AUD co-occurrence. We recently reported differences in alcohol expectancies and placebo response during alcohol administration in early-stage bipolar disorder, compared to healthy young adults. This current report investigated subjective and neural response following placebo beverage consumption in young adults with bipolar disorder. Methods As part of a within-subject placebo-controlled alcohol administration study, 54 young adults (53% with bipolar disorder type I, age mean + SD = 23 + 2 years, 64% female) completed resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) scans at baseline (pre-beverage) and following placebo and alcohol consumption (counter-balanced). Participants completed subjective response measures during placebo and alcohol beverage conditions. Between-group differences in subjective response and placebo-related changes in functional connectivity of the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) with other brain regions, compared to a pre-beverage rsfMRI baseline condition, were investigated. Fisher-transformed correlation coefficients between ROIs and seed-to-clusters showing a significant group-by-condition (placebo, pre-beverage rsfMRI) interaction were calculated. Associations with prospective alcohol use and problems were explored in a subgroup with longitudinal data. Results Young adults with bipolar disorder reported greater intoxication during the placebo condition, compared to healthy young adults (main effects of group: p < 0.05). Compared to pre-beverage rsfMRI, the placebo condition related to increased connectivity between bilateral NAc and regions within the sensorimotor network in bipolar disorder. Comparison participants showed the opposite pattern of placebo-related changes in connectivity (group-by-condition, p-FDR < 0.05). Greater anxiolytic effects endorsed during placebo and associated increases in NAc functional connectivity related to greater alcohol use and alcohol problems at follow-up in bipolar disorder (p < 0.05). Discussion Results suggest differences in placebo response in bipolar disorder, including distinct neural correlates, that may relate to prospective alcohol use/problems. Given the theoretical association between placebo response and self-reported alcohol expectancies, findings could open the door to interventions aimed at changing expectancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T. C. Lippard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
- Institute of Early Life Adversity Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Dylan E. Kirsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa Le
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Skyler Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Nadia Bibb
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Meek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Raquel Kosted
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Ansley Huffman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - J. R. C. Almeida
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Kim Fromme
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Stephen M. Strakowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianpolis, IN, United States
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Calhoun BH, Fairlie AM, Rhew IC, Walter T, Lee CM. An Expanded Daily Alcohol Expectancies Measure: Results on the Multilevel Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2024; 85:742-749. [PMID: 38426685 PMCID: PMC11533923 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.23-00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol expectancies are beliefs people have about the likelihood of experiencing various positive or negative consequences related to alcohol use. Expectancies have most commonly been treated as traitlike characteristics of individuals, but some researchers have assessed expectancies as state-level characteristics that vary within persons across days. Previous work developed a 13-item daily alcohol expectancies measure. This study evaluated an expanded version of that measure that includes 10 additional expectancy items. METHOD Participants were 2- and 4-year college students (N = 201; 63.7% female; 55.2% White non-Hispanic; 75.1% 4-year students) randomized to the control group of a longitudinal study designed to test the efficacy of a just-in-time adaptive intervention delivered via mobile app to reduce high-risk alcohol use. Multilevel exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the factor structure at the daily and person levels. Multilevel models were used to evaluate the convergent validity of the resulting subscales. RESULTS Two factors, broadly representing positive and negative alcohol expectancies, were retained at the daily and person levels. Composite reliability (omega) estimates ranged from .85 to .96 and suggested that the reliability of the resulting subscales was good to strong. Associations between the daily expectancy subscales and baseline scores on an established expectancies measure provided preliminary evidence of convergent validity. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that this expanded 23-item daily alcohol expectancies measure is psychometrically sound. This measure is appropriate for use in daily or just-in-time expectancy challenge interventions. It is suitable for use among 2- and 4-year college students who drink alcohol regularly and occasionally in heavy quantities and who experience alcohol-related negative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian H. Calhoun
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Anne M. Fairlie
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Isaac C. Rhew
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Theresa Walter
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christine M. Lee
- Center for the Study of Health and Risk Behaviors, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Waddell JT, Merrill JE, Okey SA, Woods-Gonzalez R, Corbin WR. Subjective effects of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis versus alcohol-only use: A qualitative analysis. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2023; 37:906-917. [PMID: 36757980 PMCID: PMC10409872 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Theoretical models of addictive behavior suggest that subjective effects serve as a mechanism through which substance use disorders develop. However, little is known about the subjective effects of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use, particularly whether simultaneous use (a) heightens specific subjective effects or (b) is related to unique subjective effects relative to single-substance effects. The present study used formative, qualitative data analysis to examine patterns of responses within open-answer text response data on subjective effects of simultaneous use. METHOD College students who simultaneously use alcohol and cannabis (N = 443; 68.2% female) were asked to describe how alcohol effects differ on simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use versus alcohol-only use days. RESULTS Conventional content analysis revealed nine concepts related to simultaneous (vs. alcohol-only) use subjective effects including as follows: (a) increased/decreased impairment, (b) low arousal/relaxation, (c) balancing/replacement effects, (d) "cross-faded" effects, (e) little-to-no differences, (f) altered sensation and perception, (g) increased negative affective states, (h) increased appetite, and (i) increased/decreased negative consequences. Increased impairment (N = 191) and increased relaxation (N = 110) were the most often endorsed subjective effects, followed by decreased impairment (N = 55), balancing/replacement effects (N = 50) and cross-faded/enhancement effects (N = 44). CONCLUSIONS Subjective effects from simultaneous use largely map onto domains of single-substance alcohol and cannabis effects (e.g., relaxation, sociability, cognitive/behavioral impairment), but also include distinct domains related to simultaneous use (e.g., balancing/replacement effects, altered sensation and perception). Future quantitative research is needed to validate measures of subjective effects from simultaneous use and their relations with use behavior. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Waddell JT, Corbin WR, Grimm KJ, Metrik J, Lee CM, Trull TJ. Dynamic relations among simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use, subjective responses, and problem drinking during naturally occurring drinking episodes. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 249:110837. [PMID: 37356229 PMCID: PMC10330827 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use (SAM) is associated with riskier drinking. However, little is known regarding mechanisms of risk during drinking episodes. The current study tested whether subjective responses to simultaneous vs. alcohol-only use (i.e., high arousal positive/reward, high arousal negative/aggression, low arousal positive/relaxation, low arousal negative/impairment) were mechanisms through which SAM use was associated with daily drinking. METHODS Emerging adults who co-use alcohol and cannabis (N=85) completed 21 days of ecological momentary assessment with drink-contingent reports during drinking episodes. Participants reported on their simultaneous use and current subjective effects during drink reports and past-night total drinks consumed and negative consequences experienced the next morning. Three-level multilevel models (momentary, daily, person level) tested whether SAM use predicted subjective responses, and whether subjective responses mediated associations between SAM use, heavier drinking and negative consequences. RESULTS At the momentary and day-level, SAM (vs. alcohol-only) use predicted increased high arousal positive/rewarding, low arousal positive/relaxing, and low arousal negative/impairing subjective effects. SAM use indirectly predicted heavier day-level drinking and further negative consequences through high arousal positive/rewarding response. SAM use also indirectly predicted day-level negative consequences through low arousal negative/impairing response. At the person-level, more frequent SAM use predicted higher person-average high arousal positive/rewarding and low arousal positive/relaxing responses, and high arousal positive/rewarding response mediated relation between SAM frequency and heavier drinking. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous use was associated with reward, relief, and impairment, and reward and impairment were mechanisms of risk between SAM use and riskier drinking. Findings may inform theory and just-in-time interventions seeking to reduce alcohol misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Waddell
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, USA.
| | | | - Kevin J Grimm
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, USA
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI02903, USA; Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI02908, USA
| | - Christine M Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195, USA
| | - Timothy J Trull
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, USA
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Waddell JT, King SE, Corbin WR. Disentangling between- and within-person alcohol and expectancy effects on acute alcohol craving. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1333-1342. [PMID: 37133559 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06372-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcohol craving is a predictor of continued drinking and a diagnostic criterion for alcohol use disorder. Rewarding subjective effects potentiate craving, but it remains unclear if relations are expectancy-driven vs. alcohol-induced. In addition, it remains unclear if relations operate solely at the person level, or if there is also within-person dynamic change. METHODS Participants (N = 448) come from a placebo-controlled alcohol administration study. Participants in the alcohol condition reported subjective effects and alcohol craving on ascending (BAC = .068), peak (BAC = .079), and descending (BAC = .066) BAC limbs. Participants in the placebo condition were yoked to alcohol condition participants. Multilevel models tested whether (1) within-person deviations in subjective effects predicted within-person deviations in craving, (2) between-person levels of subjective effects predicted between-person levels of craving, and (3) effects were dependent upon experimental condition. RESULTS At the within-person level, increases in high arousal positive/stimulant effects were associated with within-person increases in alcohol craving, regardless of experimental condition. At the between-person level, interactions were observed between high arousal positive/stimulant (and low arousal positive/relaxing) effects and condition. Probing suggested that the association between person-level high arousal positive/stimulant effects and craving was statistically significant in the alcohol but not the placebo condition. Conversely, the association between person-level low arousal positive/relaxing effects and craving was positive and statistically significant in the placebo but negative in the alcohol condition. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest expectancy-like relations among high arousal positive/stimulant effects and craving within-person. However, alcohol-induced positive reinforcement (i.e., stimulation) facilitated heightened person-level craving, whereas expectancy-like negative reinforcement (i.e., relaxation) attenuated person-level craving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Waddell
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 900 S McAllister, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA.
| | - Scott E King
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 900 S McAllister, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
| | - William R Corbin
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 900 S McAllister, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1104, USA
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Lippard ETC, Kirsch DE, Kosted R, Le V, Almeida JRC, Fromme K, Strakowski SM. Subjective response to alcohol in young adults with bipolar disorder and recent alcohol use: a within-subject randomized placebo-controlled alcohol administration study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:739-753. [PMID: 36695842 PMCID: PMC10084816 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Limited data exists on mechanisms contributing to elevated risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD) in bipolar disorder. Variation in subjective response to alcohol may relate to alcohol use and risk for AUD. This study used a randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over, within-subjects design to investigate differences in subjective response to alcohol in 50 euthymic young adults (n = 24 with and n = 26 without bipolar disorder type I). Eighty-three percent of participants with bipolar disorder were medicated. Participants completed assessments of clinical history, alcohol expectancies, and recent alcohol use. Participants were dosed to a .08 g% breath alcohol concentration. The placebo condition occurred on a separate counter-balanced day. Subjective response to alcohol was investigated at similar time points during both conditions. Group, condition, and group-by-condition interactions were modeled, with condition and time of subjective response assessment as repeated within-subject variables, and subjective response to alcohol as the dependent variable. Greater stimulating effects and liking of alcohol were reported in people with bipolar disorder (group-by-condition interactions, p < .05) than healthy young adults. While young adults with bipolar disorder reported anticipating feeling less "mellow/relaxed" when drinking (p = .02), during both beverage conditions they reported feeling more "mellow/relaxed" (main effect of group, p = .006). Feeling more "mellow/relaxed" during the alcohol condition related to greater recent alcohol use in bipolar disorder (p = .001). Exploratory analyses suggested anticonvulsants and sedatives/antihistamines may relate to differences in subjective response to alcohol in bipolar disorder. Results suggest young adults with bipolar disorder may differ in alcohol expectancies and experience alcohol intoxication differently-with distinct relations between subjective response to alcohol and alcohol use-compared to healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth T C Lippard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity Street, Stop Z0600, HDB, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
- Institute of Early Life Adversity Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Dylan E Kirsch
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity Street, Stop Z0600, HDB, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Raquel Kosted
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity Street, Stop Z0600, HDB, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Vanessa Le
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity Street, Stop Z0600, HDB, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jorge R C Almeida
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity Street, Stop Z0600, HDB, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Kim Fromme
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Stephen M Strakowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 1601 Trinity Street, Stop Z0600, HDB, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Institute for Neuroscience, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
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Waddell JT, Corbin WR, Leeman RF. Differential effects of UPPS-P impulsivity on subjective alcohol response and craving: An experimental test of acquired preparedness. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 31:72-83. [PMID: 34647772 PMCID: PMC10127935 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have extended the acquired preparedness model to experimental data, finding that impulsivity predicts subjective alcohol response, a related yet distinct construct from expectancies. However, studies have not tested whether specific facets of impulsivity predict subjective response, or whether impulsivity indirectly predicts alcohol craving through subjective response. Young adults who reported past-month binge drinking (N = 448) participated in a placebo-controlled alcohol administration study. Mediation models tested whether UPPS-P impulsivity facets indirectly predicted alcohol craving through subjective response on the ascending and descending limbs of the blood alcohol content (BAC). High arousal positive (e.g., sociable), low arousal positive (e.g., relaxed), high arousal negative (e.g., rude), and low arousal negative (e.g., dizzy) subjective effects were measured across limbs. Moderation by beverage condition was not detected, so models were collapsed across beverage condition. Sensation seeking indirectly predicted craving through high arousal positive subjective response on both limbs, whereas positive and negative urgency directly predicted craving. When controlling for baseline subjective response and craving, effects of sensation seeking and negative urgency on subjective response and craving became nonsignificant. The effects of positive urgency on craving remained, and an effect of positive urgency on high arousal positive effects emerged on the ascending limb. Findings suggest that relations among impulsivity, subjective response, and craving are contingent upon the specific facet of impulsivity. Interventions targeting predrink cue exposure and/or positive emotionality may be most effective for sensation seekers, whereas targeting subjective response and/or expectancies may be most efficacious for individuals high in positive urgency. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert F. Leeman
- University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
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Patock-Peckham JA, Corbin WR. Impaired control over drinking predicts changes in alcohol-related consequences over and above alcohol use and facets of impulsivity. Addict Behav 2023; 137:107534. [PMID: 36332513 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Theory of Planned Behavior (Ajzen, 1991) states that behavioral intention is the strongest determinant of human behavior. Impaired control (IC; Heather et al., 1993) reflects an intentional failure to consume less alcohol. Cross-sectional studies suggest that IC may mediate relations between impulsivity facets and drinking outcomes but there is only one prospective study examining ICS-Failed-Control (Leeman et al., 2009) and it did not account for effects of impulsivity-facets. Our study sought to address this gap in the literature by examining ICS-Failed-Control as a mediator of relations between impulsivity facets and alcohol-related consequences. We fit a three-wave cross-lagged panel model in a sample of 448 young adults (21-23) from an alcohol challenge study with longitudinal follow-ups (6 and 12 months). Participants completed the UPPS-P, TLFB Interview, the ICS-Failed-Control scale and the YAACQ. Although IC did not mediate effects of impulsivity on alcohol consequences, IC significantly predicted changes in alcohol-related problems at the12-month follow-up, accounting for effects of UPPS-P constructs as well as alcohol use. Lack of premeditation predicted change in alcohol use from baseline to 6-month follow-up and alcohol use (at 6-months) mediated the effect of premeditation (at baseline) on alcohol consequences (at 12-months). Our findings suggest that ICS-Failed-Control is not a mediator of the effects of impulsivity but is a unique predictor of consequences. Future studies should assess UPPS-P constructs earlier in adolescence to identify potential prospective links between UPPS-P constructs and IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Patock-Peckham
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
| | - W R Corbin
- Arizona State University, Department of Psychology, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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King SE, Waddell JT, Corbin WR. Examining the Moderating Role of Behavioral Willingness on Indirect Relations Between Alcohol Expectancies and Negative Consequences. Alcohol Alcohol 2022; 57:755-761. [PMID: 36047807 PMCID: PMC12097889 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agac042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Alcohol expectancies are directly linked to alcohol misuse and indirectly linked to negative consequences via use. Likewise, willingness to experience negative consequences imparts direct risk for negative consequences and may represent an important individual difference when predicting risky alcohol use. To date, no studies have examined how willingness to experience consequences may moderate relations between expectancies and alcohol use in the prediction of negative consequences. It is possible that those who expect appetitive effects and are high in willingness may discount the severity of negative consequences and drink more to realize positive expectations. Alternatively, those who expect aversive alcohol-related effects and are high in willingness may drink more to overcome negative experiences. METHODS The current study tested these hypotheses in a sample of undergraduate students (N = 657) from a larger study focused on alcohol and cannabis co-use. RESULTS Findings suggested that high-arousal positive expectancies (e.g. sociable, lively, talkative) function as a risk factor for negative consequences indirectly through heavier drinking, whereas low-arousal positive (e.g. mellow, relaxed) expectancies served as an indirect protective factor against negative consequences through lighter drinking. Willingness to experience negative consequences had direct and indirect effects on negative consequences through drinking but did not interact with alcohol expectancies. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates the utility of assessing the full range of alcohol expectancies and behavioral willingness in continued research into the dynamic nature of antecedents to alcohol misuse and negative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E King
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 900 S McAllister, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Jack T Waddell
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 900 S McAllister, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - William R Corbin
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, 900 S McAllister, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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11
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Waddell JT, King SE, Okey SA, Meier MH, Metrik J, Corbin WR. The anticipated effects of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use: Initial development and preliminary validation. Psychol Assess 2022; 34:811-826. [PMID: 35549368 PMCID: PMC10029147 DOI: 10.1037/pas0001147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Social learning theories suggest that outcome expectancies are strong determinants of behavior, and studies find that alcohol and cannabis expectancies are associated with negative substance use outcomes. However, there are no measures to date that assess expectancies for simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use (SAM), often referred to as SAM, despite strong links with negative consequences and rising time trends. The present study sought to provide initial validation of test scores for the Anticipated Effects of Simultaneous Alcohol and Cannabis Use Scale (AE-SAM), using a sample of past month college student simultaneous users (N = 434). Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis conducted in random half samples suggested five expectancy factors, representing high arousal positive, high arousal negative (alcohol driven), high arousal negative (cannabis driven), low arousal positive, and low arousal negative expectancies. The factor structure was invariant across sex, race/ethnicity, and simultaneous use frequency, and demonstrated convergent and discriminant validity with other alcohol/cannabis expectancy measures. AE-SAM high arousal positive expectancies were associated with simultaneous use frequency and heavier drinking/cannabis use, AE-SAM high arousal negative (cannabis driven) expectancies were associated with less frequent simultaneous use and more negative alcohol consequences, and AE-SAM low arousal negative expectancies were associated with less cannabis use. Effects of AE-SAM high arousal positive and high arousal negative (cannabis driven) expectancies remained, above and beyond other expectancy measures, suggesting that AE-SAM expectancies provide additional information beyond single substance expectancies. The results demonstrate the feasibility and utility of assessing simultaneous use expectancies, and lay groundwork for future research on simultaneous use expectancies in relation to alcohol and cannabis couse outcomes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addictions Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
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Waddell JT, Corbin WR, MacKinnon DP, Leeman RF, DeMartini KS, Fucito LM, Kranzler HR, O’Malley SS. Within- and between-person effects of naltrexone on the subjective response to alcohol and craving: A daily diary investigation. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:477-491. [PMID: 35076087 PMCID: PMC9679805 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Naltrexone is an effective treatment for heavy drinking among young adults. Laboratory-based studies have shown that naltrexone dampens the subjective response to alcohol and craving. However, few studies have tested naltrexone's dynamic, within-person effects on subjective response and craving among young adults in natural drinking environments. METHODS Using daily diary data from a randomized, placebo-controlled study of naltrexone's efficacy in young adults, we examined the between-person effects of treatment condition (i.e., naltrexone vs. placebo) and medication dosage (i.e., daily, targeted, and daily + targeted) on the subjective response to alcohol and craving on drinking days. Multilevel mediation models predicted subjective response and craving from treatment condition (between-person) and medication dosage (within-person), accounting for drinking levels. All effects were disaggregated within and between persons. RESULTS At the between-person level, naltrexone directly blunted intense subjective effects (i.e., "impaired", "drunk") and indirectly blunted subjective effects through reduced drinking. Naltrexone was not associated with craving. Between-person effects were not significant after alpha correction, but their effect sizes (bs = 0.14 to 0.17) exceeded the smallest effect size of interest. At the within-person level, taking two (vs. 1) pills was associated with heavier drinking, and taking one (vs. 0) pill was associated with lighter drinking, and lighter drinking was associated with a lower subjective response and craving. Treatment condition did not moderate the within-person effects of dosing on outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the direct between-person effect of naltrexone was largest on intense subjective responses, blunting feelings of being "drunk" and "impaired". Future research using momentary (rather than daily) assessments could confirm and extend these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert F. Leeman
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry,University of Florida, Department of Health Education and Behavior
| | | | | | - Henry R. Kranzler
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry
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Waddell JT, Sternberg A, Grimm KJ, Chassin L. Do Alcohol Consequences Serve as Teachable Moments? A Test of Between- and Within-Person Reciprocal Effects From College Age to Adulthood. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2021; 82:647-658. [PMID: 34546912 PMCID: PMC8819605 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2021.82.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies find between-person reciprocal relations between adolescent/college drinking and positive expectancies. However, drinking and expectancies from college into adulthood are largely unstudied, as are within-person associations. During these age periods, negative alcohol consequences may represent "teachable moments" via expectancy change. The current study tested the reciprocal effects of drinking, negative consequences, and expectancies from college age to adulthood. METHOD Using data from a longitudinal study focused on familial alcohol disorder, age bands were created to model effects from college age (18-22) to young adulthood (23-28) and adulthood (29-34). Participants (N = 420) reported on their drinking, negative consequences, and expectancies across three waves (1995-2010). RESULTS Negative consequences did not predict negative expectancies, but the random intercepts of the two were highly related. Young adult negative consequences predicted a within-person increase in adult heavy drinking. A within-person increase in college age negative expectancies indirectly predicted a within-person decrease in adult negative consequences through reduced young adult drinking, whereas within-person increases in college age positive expectancies indirectly predicted a within-person increase in adult negative consequences through heavier young adult drinking. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that negative consequences were related to trait-level negative expectancies, even though prospective effects were not observed. Findings also suggest that college age negative expectancies were protective against future use and consequences, and this effect was unique to college age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T. Waddell
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Ariel Sternberg
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Kevin J. Grimm
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Laurie Chassin
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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