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Navas Navas MC, Báez Triana PA. Infección por el virus de la hepatitis A: epidemiología y diversidad genética. IATREIA 2015. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.iatreia.v28n2a06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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2
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Mossel D, Pflug IJ. Occurrence, prevention, and monitoring of microbial quality loss of foods and dairy products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10643387509381624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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3
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Martin A, Bodola F, Sangar DV, Goettge K, Popov V, Rijnbrand R, Lanford RE, Lemon SM. Chronic hepatitis associated with GB virus B persistence in a tamarin after intrahepatic inoculation of synthetic viral RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:9962-7. [PMID: 12907703 PMCID: PMC187902 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1731505100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in understanding the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has been slowed by the absence of tractable small animal models. Whereas GB virus B (GBV-B, an unclassified flavivirus) shares a phylogenetic relationship and several biologic attributes with HCV, including hepatotropism, it is not known to cause persistent infection, a hallmark of HCV. Here, we document persistent GBV-B infection in one of two healthy tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) inoculated intrahepatically with infectious synthetic RNA. High-titer viremia (108 to 109 genome equivalents per ml) and transiently elevated serum alanine transaminase activities were present from weeks 4 to 12 postinoculation in both animals. However, whereas GBV-B was eliminated from one animal by 20 weeks, the second animal remained viremic (103 to 107 genome equivalents per ml) for >2 years, with alanine transaminase levels becoming elevated again before spontaneous resolution of the infection. A liver biopsy taken late in the course of infection demonstrated hepatitis with periportal mononuclear infiltrates, hepatocellular microvesicular changes, cytoplasmic lipid droplets, and disordered mitochondrial ultrastructure, findings remarkably similar to chronic hepatitis C. GBV-B-infected hepatocytes contained numerous small vesicular membranous structures resembling those associated with expression of HCV nonstructural proteins, and sequencing of GBV-B RNA demonstrated a rate of molecular evolution comparable to that of HCV. We conclude that GBV-B is capable of establishing persistent infections in healthy tamarins, a feature that substantially enhances its value as a model for HCV. Mitochondrial structural changes and altered lipid metabolism leading to steatosis are conserved features of the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis caused by these genetically distinct flaviviruses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chronic Disease
- Disease Models, Animal
- Flaviviridae Infections/etiology
- Flaviviridae Infections/pathology
- Flaviviridae Infections/virology
- GB virus B/genetics
- GB virus B/pathogenicity
- Genome, Viral
- Hepacivirus/genetics
- Hepacivirus/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/etiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/etiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/pathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Humans
- Liver/pathology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- RNA, Viral/administration & dosage
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Saguinus/virology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Martin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1019, USA
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Abstract
Several useful animal models for both hepatitis A and E have been identified, characterized, and refined. At present, all of the best models utilize nonhuman primates: chimpanzees, tamarin species, and owl monkeys for hepatitis A; and macaque species, chimpanzees, and owl monkeys for hepatitis E. Pigs may prove useful for some studies of hepatitis E, and it is hoped that serological evidence of widespread infection of rats with an HEV-like agent may lead to the development of an animal model based on laboratory rats. As has been the case for each of the hepatitis viruses as they have been discovered, the development of useful and reproducible animal model systems has been critical for moving the field forward as expeditiously as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Purcell
- Hepatitis Viruses and Molecular Hepatitis Sections, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Following the development of tests for hepatitis C virus and hepatitis E virus infection, it became clear that there remained cases of hepatitis that were non-A-E. Such cases provided impetus for the search for additional hepatitis viruses and, by using molecular techniques, several candidates were identified. An enteric agent responsible for sporadic non-A and non-E hepatitis was tentatively called hepatitis F virus. However, the lack of any corroborating reports has cast doubt on its status as a true hepatitis virus. Two groups independently reported the isolation of a blood-borne virus, designated as hepatitis G virus (HGV) and GB virus C (GBV-C) by their respective discoverers. They were later shown to be isolates of the same virus. While the virus has a high prevalence in cases of non-A-E hepatitis, it also has a high prevalence in the appropriate control groups and convincing evidence for its replication in the liver is lacking. Another possible hepatitis virus, TT virus, was discovered in the blood of a patient with post-transfusion non-A-E hepatitis. By using PCR primers designed to overcome the high nucleotide sequence divergence, TT virus was found to be ubiquitous with a worldwide distribution. A disease association is thus unlikely. Most recently, a DNA virus designated as SEN-V has been announced as a major cause of non-A-E hepatitis. Based on limited data available to researchers, SEN-V is the most convincing contender for the new hepatitis virus title. However, the lessons learnt from the hepatitis virus pretenders will need to be applied to SEN-V and any future contenders.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bowden
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, North Melbourne, Australia.
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Grace K, Gartland M, Karayiannis P, McGarvey MJ, Clarke B. The 5' untranslated region of GB virus B shows functional similarity to the internal ribosome entry site of hepatitis C virus. J Gen Virol 1999; 80 ( Pt 9):2337-2341. [PMID: 10501485 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-80-9-2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its characterization in 1995, there has been increasing interest in the significance of GB virus B (GBV-B) due to its close phylogenetic relationship to hepatitis C virus (HCV). The genome of GBV-B is similar in length and organization to that of HCV and the two viruses share sequence similarity in their 5' untranslated regions (5'UTR). A secondary structure model of the GBV-B 5'UTR has been proposed by comparative sequence analysis with HCV. The highly conserved secondary structure, present in HCV and the pestiviruses, is also present in the 5'UTR of GBV-B. Translation of the HCV polyprotein initiates via an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and it is proposed that the GBV-B UTR may function in a similar manner. Dicistronic reporter constructs were made to investigate the function of the GBV-B 5'UTR. Mutational analysis and in vitro translation experiments demonstrate that GBV-B initiates translation via an IRES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Grace
- Virology, GlaxoWellcome Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK1
| | - Margaret Gartland
- Virology, GlaxoWellcome Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK1
| | - Peter Karayiannis
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary's, London W2 1NY, UK2
| | - Michael J McGarvey
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary's, London W2 1NY, UK2
| | - Berwyn Clarke
- Virology, GlaxoWellcome Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK1
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8
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Muerhoff AS, Leary TP, Desai SM, Mushahwar IK. Amplification and subtraction methods and their application to the discovery of novel human viruses. J Med Virol 1997. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199709)53:1<96::aid-jmv16>3.0.co;2-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Hepatitis G virus (HGV) is a newly discovered virus of the flavivirus family. It has recently been identified by two independent laboratories. We review the discovery of this virus and summarize the molecular biology techniques that were employed to isolate and sequence HGV Although HGV can cause both acute and chronic hepatitis and is found in approximately 1% of U.S. blood donors, it is unclear whether HGV is a major cause of hepatic pathology. At present, it is difficult to screen blood donors for HGV routinely due to the unavailability of a reliable ELISA test, and so it is unclear what action blood banks should take regarding this virus. It is possible that HGV may be linked to extrahepatic diseases.
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10
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Murthy BV, Muerhoff AS, Desai SM, Lund J, Schmid CH, Levey AS, Mushahwar IK, Pereira BJ. GB hepatitis agent in cadaver organ donors and their recipients. Transplantation 1997; 63:346-51. [PMID: 9039921 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199702150-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cloning of yet another hepatitis virus, GB virus-C (GBV-C), has provided the opportunity to study the prevalence, and clinical and laboratory characteristics, associated with GBV-C infection among cadaver organ donors and recipients of organs from infected donors. METHODS Stored sera from a cohort of cadaver organ donors from eight organ procurement organizations, representing different geographic regions of the United States previously screened for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, were tested for GBV-C RNA by polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers derived from the NS3 helicase and 5'-untranslated regions of the GBV-C genome. Pre- and posttransplantation clinical data, and prevalence of GBV-C RNA among recipients of organs from GBV-C RNA-positive and -negative donors, were studied at one of the organ procurement organizations. RESULTS Twenty-one of 76 (27.6%) anti-HCV ELISA1-positive donors tested positive for GBV-C RNA compared with 6 of 82 (7.3%) ELISA1-negative donors (P=0.001). The prevalence of GBV-C RNA, extrapolated to all cadaver organ donors, was 8.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.6-11.1%) and was higher than the prevalence of HCV RNA (2.4%). Among ELISA1-positive donors, GBV-C RNA was present in 13 of 35 (37%) donors with HCV RNA, compared with 8 of 41 (20%) donors without HCV RNA (odds ratio [OR]=2.44, P=0.09). Blood alcohol level of more than 100 mg/dl (OR=9.43, P=0.05) and a positive anti-HCV ELISA2 (OR=4.58, P=0.001) were significantly associated with GBV-C infection. In addition, there was a trend toward an association between history of drug abuse (OR=5.23, P=0.06) and younger age (OR=0.97/year, P=0.06) with GBV-C infection. Organs from four GBVC-positive donors and 47 GBV-C-negative donors procured by the New England Organ Bank (Newton, MA) were transplanted into 6 and 79 recipients, respectively. Among recipients of organs from GBV-C RNA. positive donors, the posttransplantation prevalence of GBV-C RNA (25%) was not significantly higher than among recipients of organs from GBV-C RNA-negative donors (23%). Among recipients in whom both pre- and posttransplantation sera were available, one of three (33%) recipients of kidneys from GBV-C RNA-positive donors acquired GBV-C RNA after transplantation, compared with 4 of 40 (10%) recipients of kidneys from GBV-C RNA-negative donors. After a median follow up of 6 years, the posttransplantation prevalence of liver disease, and graft and patient survival, were not significantly different between recipients of organs from GBV-C RNA-positive and -negative donors. CONCLUSIONS Although GBV-C could be transmitted by organ transplantation, the results of this study preclude definitive conclusions. Further studies are required to determine the risk of transmission of GBV-C by organ transplantation and its role in posttransplantation liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Murthy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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11
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Pinho JR, da Silva LC. GB virus C/hepatitis G virus and other putative hepatitis non A-E viruses. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1996; 38:441-50. [PMID: 9293092 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46651996000600010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of the major agents causing human hepatitis (Hepatitis A, B, C, D and E Viruses) was achieved during the last 30 years. These viruses are responsible for the vast majority of human viral hepatitis cases, but there are still some cases epidemiologically related to infectious agents without any evidence of infection with known virus, designated as hepatitis non A-E. Those cases are considered to be associated with at least three different viruses: 1--Hepatitis B Virus mutants expressing its surface antigen (HBsAg) with altered epitopes or in low quantities; 2--Another virus probably associated with enteral transmitted non A-E hepatitis, called Hepatitis F Virus. Still more studies are necessary to better characterize this agent; 3--Hepatitis G Virus or GB virus C, recently identified throughout the world (including Brazil) as a Flavivirus responsible for about 10% of parenteral transmitted hepatitis non A-E. Probably still other unknown viruses are responsible for human hepatitis cases without evidence of infection by any of these viruses, that could be called as non A-G hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Pinho
- Servico de Virologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brasil
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12
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Mason AL, Perrillo RP. The A to Z of new hepatotropic agents: human hepatitis viruses and monkey business. LIVER TRANSPLANTATION AND SURGERY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR THE STUDY OF LIVER DISEASES AND THE INTERNATIONAL LIVER TRANSPLANTATION SOCIETY 1996; 2:395-405. [PMID: 9346683 DOI: 10.1002/lt.500020512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A L Mason
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ochsner Clinic, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA
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13
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Abstract
The genomes of three new flavi-like viruses, GBV-A, GBV-B and GBV-C have been identified. Nucleic acid molecules corresponding to the genomes of GBV-A and GBV-B were isolated from tamarins with hepatitis which had been infected with the GB agent. RNA sequences corresponding to GBV-C have been shown to be present in sera from humans with non-A-E hepatitis. Sequence comparisons show that these three viruses are more closely related to each other and to hepatitis C virus (HCV) than to any other known viruses. Together with HCV they appear to form a discrete cluster of related viruses within the larger genus of flaviviridae. The pathological significance of these viruses and their association with hepatitis is currently emerging.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Flaviviridae/classification
- Flaviviridae/genetics
- Flaviviridae/immunology
- Genome, Viral
- Hepacivirus/classification
- Hepacivirus/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/transmission
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/genetics
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/immunology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/transmission
- Humans
- Monkey Diseases/virology
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Saguinus
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Affiliation(s)
- P Karayiannis
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College School of Medicine at St Mary's, London, UK
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14
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Simons JN, Leary TP, Dawson GJ, Pilot-Matias TJ, Muerhoff AS, Schlauder GG, Desai SM, Mushahwar IK. Isolation of novel virus-like sequences associated with human hepatitis. Nat Med 1995; 1:564-9. [PMID: 7585124 DOI: 10.1038/nm0695-564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two viruses, GB virus A (GBV-A) and GB virus B (GBV-B), were recently identified in the GB hepatitis agent. Human sera containing antibodies that recognize GBV-A and/or GBV-B recombinant proteins were subjected to polymerase chain reaction studies with degenerate oligonucleotides capable of amplifying a segment of the putative helicase genes from GBV-A, GBV-B or hepatitis C virus. Novel sequences related to members of the Flaviviridae were identified in sera from 12 individuals including 4 individuals with hepatitis. The limited nucleotide sequence identity between GBV-A, GBV-B and HCV sequences suggests that a novel virus, tentatively named GB virus C, may be responsible for some cases of non-A, non-B, non-C, non-D, non-E hepatitis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Africa, Eastern/epidemiology
- Africa, Western/epidemiology
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Base Sequence
- Canada/epidemiology
- Comorbidity
- DNA Helicases/genetics
- Female
- Flaviviridae/genetics
- Flaviviridae/immunology
- Flaviviridae/isolation & purification
- Hepatitis Viruses/genetics
- Hepatitis Viruses/immunology
- Hepatitis Viruses/isolation & purification
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/blood
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/epidemiology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/virology
- Humans
- Male
- Mass Screening
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Prevalence
- Risk Factors
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology
- Substance Abuse, Intravenous/epidemiology
- Substance Abuse, Intravenous/virology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viremia/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Simons
- Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
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15
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Simons JN, Pilot-Matias TJ, Leary TP, Dawson GJ, Desai SM, Schlauder GG, Muerhoff AS, Erker JC, Buijk SL, Chalmers ML. Identification of two flavivirus-like genomes in the GB hepatitis agent. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:3401-5. [PMID: 7724574 PMCID: PMC42174 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.8.3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A subtractive PCR methodology known as representational difference analysis was used to clone specific nucleotide sequences present in the infectious plasma from a tamarin infected with the GB hepatitis agent. Eleven unique clones were identified, seven of which were examined extensively. All seven clones appeared to be derived from sequences exogenous to the genomes of humans, tamarins, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Escherichia coli. In addition, sequences from these clones were not detected in plasma or liver tissue of tamarins prior to their inoculation with the GB agent. These sequences were detected by reverse transcription-PCR in acute-phase plasma of tamarins inoculated with the GB agent. Probes derived from two of the seven clones detected an RNA species of > or = 8.3 kb in the liver of a GB-agent-infected tamarin by Northern blot hybridization. Sequence analysis indicated that five of the seven clones encode polypeptides that possess limited amino acid identity with the nonstructural proteins of hepatitis C virus. Extension of the sequences found in the seven clones revealed that plasma from an infected tamarin contained two RNA molecules > 9 kb long. Limited sequence identity with various isolates of hepatitis C virus and the relative positions of putative RNA helicases and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in the predicted protein products of these molecules suggested that the GB agent contains two unique flavivirus-like genomes.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Viral/blood
- Flavivirus/genetics
- Flavivirus/isolation & purification
- Genome, Viral
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Saguinus
- Sequence Alignment/methods
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Serial Passage
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Affiliation(s)
- J N Simons
- Virus Discovery Group, Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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Karayiannis P, Petrovic LM, Fry M, Moore D, Enticott M, McGarvey MJ, Scheuer PJ, Thomas HC. Studies of GB hepatitis agent in tamarins. Hepatology 1989; 9:186-92. [PMID: 2536347 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840090204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three tamarins (Saguinus labiatus), two of which had previously been infected with hepatitis A virus and parenteral non-A, non-B hepatitis, were inoculated intravenously with the agent of GB hepatitis. All three animals developed alanine aminotransferase abnormalities 2 weeks after inoculation. Peak alanine aminotransferase levels were recorded 4 weeks postinoculation. These declined thereafter but continued to fluctuate at abnormal levels for 32 weeks. Liver biopsies showed liver cell swelling and inflammation with focal necrosis. Portal tracts and areas around central veins were heavily infiltrated with mononuclear cells. A fourth animal (no previous exposure to hepatitis viruses) inoculated with GB was killed on Day 15 postinoculation. Serum and extracts of liver and feces from this day were used as inocula for three other animals. Only the serum and liver extract transmitted GB hepatitis. The fecal specimen did not transmit and a fecal extract taken at a later date from another animal was also noninfectious. GB hepatitis virus is distinct from the viruses causing Type A and blood-borne non-A, non-B-hepatitis. Although the virus is present in serum and has previously been transmitted per os, it is not shed in feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Karayiannis
- Academic Department of Medicine, St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, London, England
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Karayiannis P, Jowett T, Enticott M, Moore D, Pignatelli M, Brenes F, Scheuer PJ, Thomas HC. Hepatitis A virus replication in tamarins and host immune response in relation to pathogenesis of liver cell damage. J Med Virol 1986; 18:261-76. [PMID: 3009699 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890180308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV) shedding in the faeces, appearance of HAV-Ag (antigen) in the liver, and development of humoral immunity to HAV have been studied in experimentally infected tamarins. The appearance of liver damage measured by transaminase elevation and histology, in relation to the above variables, suggests that the virus is not cytopathic and the immune system contributes to the production of liver cell damage. Preliminary data suggest that HAV replication may occur in the mucosa of the small intestine and in the liver.
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Soike KF, Rangan SR, Gerone PJ. Viral disease models in primates. ADVANCES IN VETERINARY SCIENCE AND COMPARATIVE MEDICINE 1984; 28:151-99. [PMID: 6098169 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-039228-5.50011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Drion EF, Mossel DA. The reliability of the examination of foods, processed for safety, for enteric pathogens and Enterobacteriaceae: a mathematical and ecological study. J Hyg (Lond) 1977; 78:301-24. [PMID: 325125 PMCID: PMC2129871 DOI: 10.1017/s0022172400056217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Because of the paucity of quantitative data on numbers of other enteric pathogens in food, the reliability of the examination of processed foods for Enterobacteriaceae was estimated taking Salmonella as a model. For this purpose an assessment was carried out of the risk of accepting Salmonella contaminated consignments of foods, despite a negative outcome of (i) examination of 1.5 kg samples for Salmonella; (ii) examination of one or two 1 g samples for Enterobacteriaceae; (iii) simultaneous application of both tests. The computations were based on the results of the examination of 6830 samples of dried foods, processed for safety, out of a total of 18170 samples.Only 69 samples permitted the exact calculation of the epsilon-factor, defined as c.f.u./g of Enterobacteriaceae/c.f.u./g of Salmonella; 4642 were positive for the former group but ;free' from Salmonella, and the rest were negative in both tests. Numbers of c.f.u./g for both groups, and hence the epsilon-factors, varied widely between commodities and also between different consignments of the same food product. The average for epsilon amounted to 5.8 x 10(3), far from the base-line value of 0.75 x 10(3) assessed earlier. In only 0.1% of samples did the Enterobacteriaceae test fail to achieve the required consumer protection.This investigation therefore substantiates that testing foods processed for safety by examining accurately chosen quantities for ecologically well selected and taxonomically thoroughly defined index organisms is a most effective procedure in terms both of consumer protection and simplicity of examination without compelling the food industry to achieve hardly attainable microbiological quality standards.
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Dienstag JL, Wagner JA, Purcell RH, London WT, Lorenz DE. Virus-like particles and GB agent hepatitis. Nature 1976; 264:260-1. [PMID: 826826 DOI: 10.1038/264260a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Feinstone SM, Kapikian AZ, Purcell RH, Alter HJ, Holland PV. Transfusion-associated hepatitis not due to viral hepatitis type A or B. N Engl J Med 1975; 292:767-70. [PMID: 163436 DOI: 10.1056/nejm197504102921502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-two patients who had an episode of transfusion-associated hepatitis not positive for hepatitis B antigen were examined for development of antibody to heaptitis A and B antigens, cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus. Antibody response to the 27-nm virus-like hepatitis A antigen was measured by immune electron microscopy. In none of the 22 patients studied did serologic evidence of infection with hepatitis A virus develop during the study period. Nine of the 22 patients had antibody responses to cytomegalovirus, but it was difficult to relate these seroconversions to their hepatitis. In addition, all 22 patients had pre-existing antibody to the Epstein-Barr virus. It seems likely that at least a proportion of such antigen-negative transfusion-associated hepatitis is caused by other infectious agents, not yet identified.
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24
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Feinstone SM, Kapikian AZ, Gerin JL, Purcell RH. Buoyant density of the hepatitis A virus-like particle in cesium chloride. J Virol 1974; 13:1412-4. [PMID: 4833615 PMCID: PMC355463 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.6.1412-1414.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently visualized by immune electron microscopy a virus-like particle in the stools of patients with hepatitis A. The particle measured approximately 27 nm in diameter and morphologically resembled a picornavirus or parvovirus. To further characterize this particle, we have determined its buoyant density in cesium chloride (CsCl) by ultracentrifugation. Hepatitis A particles from three positive stool specimens were isopycnically banded in separate experiments, and the gradient fractions were examined for particles by immune electron microscopy by using hepatitis A convalescent sera. In each experiment, the particles were observed in a normal distribution about a peak fraction with a mean density of approximately 1.4 g/cm(3). The buoyant density of 1.4 g/cm(3) in CsCl together with its morphology and the reported resistance of hepatitis virus to acid, ether, and heat suggest that this particle is parvovirus-like.
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Abstract
Hepatitis A and hepatitis B viruses and yellow fever virus are the most important causes of acute inflammation of the liver. Hepatitis is also frequently associated with other common viral infections such as cytomegalovirus (human herpesvirus 5) and EB virus (human herpesvirus 4). In addition, there are a number of viruses which occasionally display increased hepatotropism producing a clinical picture which is similar to classical hepatitis.
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Purcell RH. Hepatitis Research. Science 1974. [DOI: 10.1126/science.184.4132.9.c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Purcell
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014
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Chalidze V. Appeal for Mars Data. Science 1974. [DOI: 10.1126/science.184.4132.9.a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Purcell RH. Hepatitis Research. Science 1974. [DOI: 10.1126/science.184.4132.9-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert H. Purcell
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014
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Chenhall RG. Appeal for Mars Data. Science 1974; 184:9. [PMID: 17734617 DOI: 10.1126/science.184.4132.9-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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