1
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Andrés CMC, Pérez de la Lastra JM, Juan CA, Plou FJ, Pérez-Lebeña E. The Role of Reactive Species on Innate Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101735. [PMID: 36298601 PMCID: PMC9609844 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the role of reactive species RS (of oxygen ROS, nitrogen RNS and halogen RHS) on innate immunity. The importance of these species in innate immunity was first recognized in phagocytes that underwent a “respiratory burst” after activation. The anion superoxide •O2− and hydrogen peroxide H2O2 are detrimental to the microbial population. NADPH oxidase NOx, as an •O2− producer is essential for microbial destruction, and patients lacking this functional oxidase are more susceptible to microbial infections. Reactive nitrogen species RNS (the most important are nitric oxide radical -•NO, peroxynitrite ONOO— and its derivatives), are also harmful to microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Hypochlorous acid HOCl and hypothiocyanous acid HOSCN synthesized through the enzyme myeloperoxidase MPO, which catalyzes the reaction between H2O2 and Cl− or SCN−, are important inorganic bactericidal molecules, effective against a wide range of microbes. This review also discusses the role of antimicrobial peptides AMPs and their induction of ROS. In summary, reactive species RS are the heart of the innate immune system, and they are necessary for microbial lysis in infections that can affect mammals throughout their lives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Manuel Pérez de la Lastra
- Institute of Natural Products and Agrobiology, CSIC-Spanish Research Council, Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Celia Andrés Juan
- Cinquima Institute and Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Valladolid University, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Plou
- Institute of Catalysis and Petrochemistry, CSIC-Spanish Research Council, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Donko A, Kuhns DB, Cousin MA, Smith MJ, Sacco KA, Klee EW, Joshi AY, Gavrilova RH, Holland SM, Leto TL, Abraham RS. Interpretation of Dihydrorhodamine-1,2,3 Flow Cytometry in Chronic Granulomatous Disease: an Atypical Exemplar. J Clin Immunol 2022; 42:986-999. [PMID: 35344128 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-022-01217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This is a functional characterization of a novel CYBA variant associated with normal DHR flow cytometry. Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inborn error of immunity characterized by recurrent bacterial and fungal infections and dysregulated inflammatory responses due to defective phagocytic cell function leading to the formation of granulomas. CGD patients have pathogenic variants in any of the five components of the phagocytic NADPH oxidase, which transfers electrons through the phagosomal membrane and produces superoxide upon bacterial uptake. Here, we report a pediatric female patient with a novel homozygous missense variant (c.293C > T, p.(Ser98Leu)) in CYBA, encoding the p22phox protein, associated with autosomal recessive CGD. METHODS AND RESULTS The patient presented with severe recurrent pneumonia. Specific pathogens identified included Burkholderia and Serratia species suggesting neutrophil functional abnormalities; however, the dihydrorhodamine-1,2,3 (DHR) flow cytometric and cytochrome c reduction assays for neutrophil respiratory burst fell within the low side of the normal range. Western blot and flow cytometric analysis of individual NADPH oxidase components revealed reduced levels of p22phox and gp91phoxphox proteins. The pathological consequence of the p.Ser98Leu variant was further evaluated in heterologous expression systems, which confirmed reduced p22phox protein stability and oxidase activity. CONCLUSIONS Although this patient did not exhibit all the classic features of CGD, such as granulomas and skin infections, she had recurrent pneumonias with oxidant-sensitive pathognomonic organisms, resulting in appropriate targeted CGD testing. This case emphasizes the need to contextually interpret laboratory data, especially using clinical findings to direct additional assessments including genetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Donko
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Douglas B Kuhns
- Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Margot A Cousin
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew J Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Keith A Sacco
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Eric W Klee
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Avni Y Joshi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ralitza H Gavrilova
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas L Leto
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Roshini S Abraham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
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3
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Randzavola LO, Mortimer PM, Garside E, Dufficy ER, Schejtman A, Roumelioti G, Yu L, Pardo M, Spirohn K, Tolley C, Brandt C, Harcourt K, Nichols E, Nahorski M, Woods G, Williamson JC, Suresh S, Sowerby JM, Matsumoto M, Santos CXC, Kiar CS, Mukhopadhyay S, Rae WM, Dougan GJ, Grainger J, Lehner PJ, Calderwood MA, Choudhary J, Clare S, Speak A, Santilli G, Bateman A, Smith KGC, Magnani F, Thomas DC. EROS is a selective chaperone regulating the phagocyte NADPH oxidase and purinergic signalling. eLife 2022; 11:76387. [PMID: 36421765 PMCID: PMC9767466 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EROS (essential for reactive oxygen species) protein is indispensable for expression of gp91phox, the catalytic core of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase. EROS deficiency in humans is a novel cause of the severe immunodeficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, but its mechanism of action was unknown until now. We elucidate the role of EROS, showing it acts at the earliest stages of gp91phox maturation. It binds the immature 58 kDa gp91phox directly, preventing gp91phox degradation and allowing glycosylation via the oligosaccharyltransferase machinery and the incorporation of the heme prosthetic groups essential for catalysis. EROS also regulates the purine receptors P2X7 and P2X1 through direct interactions, and P2X7 is almost absent in EROS-deficient mouse and human primary cells. Accordingly, lack of murine EROS results in markedly abnormal P2X7 signalling, inflammasome activation, and T cell responses. The loss of both ROS and P2X7 signalling leads to resistance to influenza infection in mice. Our work identifies EROS as a highly selective chaperone for key proteins in innate and adaptive immunity and a rheostat for immunity to infection. It has profound implications for our understanding of immune physiology, ROS dysregulation, and possibly gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyra O Randzavola
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Paige M Mortimer
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Emma Garside
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth R Dufficy
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Andrea Schejtman
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Georgia Roumelioti
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Lu Yu
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mercedes Pardo
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kerstin Spirohn
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States
| | | | | | | | - Esme Nichols
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mike Nahorski
- Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Geoff Woods
- Cambridge Institute of Medical Research, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - James C Williamson
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Shreehari Suresh
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - John M Sowerby
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Misaki Matsumoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyoto Prefectural University of MedicineKyotoJapan
| | - Celio XC Santos
- School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, James Black Centre, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Cher Shen Kiar
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - William M Rae
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Gordon J Dougan
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - John Grainger
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom,Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul J Lehner
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael A Calderwood
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology (CCSB), Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States,Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States,Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer InstituteBostonUnited States
| | - Jyoti Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics, Division of Cancer Biology, Institute of Cancer ResearchLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Giorgia Santilli
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child HealthLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alex Bateman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome CampusHinxtonUnited Kingdom
| | - Kenneth GC Smith
- The Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUnited Kingdom,Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre Cambridge Biomedical CampusCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Francesca Magnani
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of PaviaPaviaItaly
| | - David C Thomas
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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4
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Mortimer PM, Mc Intyre SA, Thomas DC. Beyond the Extra Respiration of Phagocytosis: NADPH Oxidase 2 in Adaptive Immunity and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:733918. [PMID: 34539670 PMCID: PMC8440999 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.733918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from the phagocyte NADPH oxidase (NOX2) are essential for host defence and immunoregulation. Their levels must be tightly controlled. ROS are required to prevent infection and are used in signalling to regulate several processes that are essential for normal immunity. A lack of ROS then leads to immunodeficiency and autoinflammation. However, excess ROS are also deleterious, damaging tissues by causing oxidative stress. In this review, we focus on two particular aspects of ROS biology: (i) the emerging understanding that NOX2-derived ROS play a pivotal role in the development and maintenance of adaptive immunity and (ii) the effects of excess ROS in systemic disease and how limiting ROS might represent a therapeutic avenue in limiting excess inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige M Mortimer
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stacey A Mc Intyre
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - David C Thomas
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology & Inflammation, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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5
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Rawat A, Vignesh P, Sudhakar M, Sharma M, Suri D, Jindal A, Gupta A, Shandilya JK, Loganathan SK, Kaur G, Chawla S, Patra PK, Khadwal A, Saikia B, Minz RW, Aggarwal V, Taur P, Pandrowala A, Gowri V, Desai M, Kulkarni M, Hule G, Bargir U, Kambli P, Madkaikar M, Bhattad S, Ginigeri C, Kumar H, Jayaram A, Munirathnam D, Sivasankaran M, Raj R, Uppuluri R, Na F, George B, Lashkari HP, Kalra M, Sachdeva A, Seth S, Sabui T, Gupta A, van Leeuwen K, de Boer M, Chan KW, Imai K, Ohara O, Nonoyama S, Lau YL, Singh S. Clinical, Immunological, and Molecular Profile of Chronic Granulomatous Disease: A Multi-Centric Study of 236 Patients From India. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625320. [PMID: 33717137 PMCID: PMC7946827 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited defect in phagocytic respiratory burst that results in severe and life-threatening infections in affected children. Single center studies from India have shown that proportion of autosomal recessive (AR) CGD is more than that reported from the West. Further, affected patients have high mortality rates due to late referrals and difficulties in accessing appropriate treatment. However, there is lack of multicentric collaborative data on CGD from India. Objective To describe infection patterns, immunological, and molecular features of CGD from multiple centers in India. Methods A detailed proforma that included clinical and laboratory details was prepared and sent to multiple centers in India that are involved in the care and management of patients with inborn errors of immunity. Twelve centers have provided data which were later pooled together and analyzed. Results Of the 236 patients analyzed in our study, X-linked and AR-CGD was seen in 77 and 97, respectively. Male female ratio was 172:64. Median age at onset of symptoms and diagnosis was 8 and 24 months, respectively. Common infections documented include pneumonia (71.6%), lymphadenitis (31.6%), skin and subcutaneous abscess (23.7%), blood-stream infection (13.6%), osteomyelitis (8.6%), liver abscess (7.2%), lung abscess (2.9%), meningoencephalitis (2.5%), splenic abscess (1.7%), and brain abscess (0.9%). Forty-four patients (18.6%) had evidence of mycobacterial infection. Results of molecular assay were available for 141 patients (59.7%)—CYBB (44.7%) gene defect was most common, followed by NCF1 (31.9%), NCF2 (14.9%), and CYBA (8.5%). While CYBA variants were documented only in Southern and Western parts of India, a common dinucleotide deletion in NCF2 (c.835_836delAC) was noted only in North Indian population. Of the 174 patients with available outcome data, 67 (38.5%) had expired. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was carried out in 23 patients, and 12 are doing well on follow-up. Conclusions In India, proportion of patients with AR-CGD is higher as compared to Western cohorts, though regional differences in types of AR-CGD exist. Clinical profile and mortality rates are similar in both X-linked and AR-CGD. However, this may be a reflection of the fact that milder forms of AR-CGD are probably being missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Rawat
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pandiarajan Vignesh
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Murugan Sudhakar
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhubala Sharma
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepti Suri
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankur Jindal
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anju Gupta
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jitendra Kumar Shandilya
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sathish Kumar Loganathan
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurjit Kaur
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanchi Chawla
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pratap Kumar Patra
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Khadwal
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Biman Saikia
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjana Walker Minz
- Department of Immunopathology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vaishali Aggarwal
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Prasad Taur
- Department of Immunology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
| | - Ambreen Pandrowala
- Department of Immunology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
| | - Vijaya Gowri
- Department of Immunology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
| | - Mukesh Desai
- Department of Immunology, Bai Jerbai Wadia Hospital for Children, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Gauri Hule
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
| | - Umair Bargir
- ICMR-National Institute of Immunohaematology, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Sagar Bhattad
- Department of Pediatrics, Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Chetan Ginigeri
- Department of Pediatrics, Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | - Harish Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Deenadayalan Munirathnam
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Kanchi Kamakoti Child Trust Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - Meena Sivasankaran
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Kanchi Kamakoti Child Trust Hospital, Chennai, India
| | | | | | - Fouzia Na
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, India
| | | | | | - Manas Kalra
- Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajendra Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Shishir Seth
- Apollo Cancer Institute, Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, Savita Vihar, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Aman Gupta
- Department of Pediatric Rheumatology & Immunology, MEDENS Hospital, Panchkula, India
| | - Karin van Leeuwen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin de Boer
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Koon Wing Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kohsuke Imai
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan.,Department of Community Pediatrics, Perinatal and Maternal Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shigeaki Nonoyama
- Department of Pediatrics, National Defense Medical College, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Surjit Singh
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Department of Pediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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6
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Pidwill GR, Gibson JF, Cole J, Renshaw SA, Foster SJ. The Role of Macrophages in Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:620339. [PMID: 33542723 PMCID: PMC7850989 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.620339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a member of the human commensal microflora that exists, apparently benignly, at multiple sites on the host. However, as an opportunist pathogen it can also cause a range of serious diseases. This requires an ability to circumvent the innate immune system to establish an infection. Professional phagocytes, primarily macrophages and neutrophils, are key innate immune cells which interact with S. aureus, acting as gatekeepers to contain and resolve infection. Recent studies have highlighted the important roles of macrophages during S. aureus infections, using a wide array of killing mechanisms. In defense, S. aureus has evolved multiple strategies to survive within, manipulate and escape from macrophages, allowing them to not only subvert but also exploit this key element of our immune system. Macrophage-S. aureus interactions are multifaceted and have direct roles in infection outcome. In depth understanding of these host-pathogen interactions may be useful for future therapeutic developments. This review examines macrophage interactions with S. aureus throughout all stages of infection, with special emphasis on mechanisms that determine infection outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace R Pidwill
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Josie F Gibson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joby Cole
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Foster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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7
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Sun J, Chen J, Li T, Huang P, Li J, Shen M, Gao M, Sun Y, Liang J, Li X, Wang Y, Xiao Y, Shi X, Hu Y, Feng J, Jia H, Liu T, Sun X. ROS production and mitochondrial dysfunction driven by PU.1-regulated NOX4-p22 phox activation in Aβ-induced retinal pigment epithelial cell injury. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:11637-11655. [PMID: 33052238 PMCID: PMC7546003 DOI: 10.7150/thno.48064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, an essential pathological process in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), causes retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) degeneration driven mostly by oxidative stress. However, despite intense investigations, the extent to which overoxidation contributes to Aβ-mediated RPE damage and its potential mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Methods: We performed tandem mass-tagged (TMT) mass spectrometry (MS) and bioinformatic analysis of the RPE-choroid complex in an Aβ1-40-induced mouse model of retinal degeneration to obtain a comprehensive proteomic profile. Key regulators in this model were confirmed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, mitochondrial ROS assay, oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measurement, gene knockout experiment, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and luciferase assay. Results: A total of 4243 proteins were identified, 1069 of which were significantly affected by Aβ1-40 and found to be enriched in oxidation-related pathways by bioinformatic analysis. Moreover, NADPH oxidases were identified as hub proteins in Aβ1-40-mediated oxidative stress, as evidenced by mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species overproduction. By motif and binding site analyses, we found that the transcription factor PU.1/Spi1 acted as a master regulator of the activation of NADPH oxidases, especially the NOX4-p22phox complex. Also, PU.1 silencing impeded RPE oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and rescued the retinal structure and function. Conclusion: Our study suggests that PU.1 is a novel therapeutic target for AMD, and the regulation of PU.1 expression represents a potentially novel approach against excessive oxidative stress in Aβ-driven RPE injury.
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8
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Abstract
Significance: The oxidative stress, resulting from an imbalance in the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), is known to be involved in the development and progression of several pathologies. The excess of ROS production is often due to an overactivation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOX) and for this reason these enzymes became promising therapeutic targets. However, even if NOX are now well characterized, the development of new therapies is limited by the lack of highly isoform-specific inhibitors. Recent Advances: In the past decade, several groups and laboratories have screened thousands of molecules to identify new specific inhibitors with low off-target effects. These works have led to the characterization of several new potent NOX inhibitors; however, their specificity varies a lot depending on the molecules. Critical Issues: Here, we are reviewing more than 25 known NOX inhibitors, focusing mainly on the newly identified ones such as APX-115, NOS31, Phox-I1 and 2, GLX7013114, and GSK2795039. To have a better overall view of these molecules, the inhibitors were classified according to their specificity, from pan-NOX inhibitors to highly isoform-specific ones. We are also presenting the use of these compounds both in vitro and in vivo. Future Directions: Several of these new molecules are potent and very specific inhibitors that could be good candidates for the development of new drugs. Even if the results are very promising, most of these compounds were only validated in vitro or in mice models and further investigations will be required before using them as potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Chocry
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Ludovic Leloup
- Aix-Marseille Université, Institut de Neurophysiopathologie (INP), CNRS, Marseille, France
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9
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Xu N, Jiang S, Persson PB, Persson EAG, Lai EY, Patzak A. Reactive oxygen species in renal vascular function. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2020; 229:e13477. [PMID: 32311827 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by the aerobic metabolism. The imbalance between production of ROS and antioxidant defence in any cell compartment is associated with cell damage and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of renal disease. NADPH oxidase (NOX) family is the major ROS source in the vasculature and modulates renal perfusion. Upregulation of Ang II and adenosine activates NOX via AT1R and A1R in renal microvessels, leading to superoxide production. Oxidative stress in the kidney prompts renal vascular remodelling and increases preglomerular resistance. These are key elements in hypertension, acute and chronic kidney injury, as well as diabetic nephropathy. Renal afferent arterioles (Af), the primary resistance vessel in the kidney, fine tune renal hemodynamics and impact on blood pressure. Vice versa, ROS increase hypertension and diabetes, resulting in upregulation of Af vasoconstriction, enhancement of myogenic responses and change of tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF), which further promotes hypertension and diabetic nephropathy. In the following, we highlight oxidative stress in the function and dysfunction of renal hemodynamics. The renal microcirculatory alterations brought about by ROS importantly contribute to the pathophysiology of kidney injury, hypertension and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xu
- Department of Physiology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Physiology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
| | - Pontus B. Persson
- Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Institute of Vegetative Physiology Berlin Germany
| | | | - En Yin Lai
- Department of Physiology Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou China
- Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Institute of Vegetative Physiology Berlin Germany
| | - Andreas Patzak
- Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin Berlin Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Institute of Vegetative Physiology Berlin Germany
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10
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Henríquez-Olguín C, Boronat S, Cabello-Verrugio C, Jaimovich E, Hidalgo E, Jensen TE. The Emerging Roles of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase 2 in Skeletal Muscle Redox Signaling and Metabolism. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:1371-1410. [PMID: 31588777 PMCID: PMC6859696 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Skeletal muscle is a crucial tissue to whole-body locomotion and metabolic health. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as intracellular messengers participating in both physiological and pathological adaptations in skeletal muscle. A complex interplay between ROS-producing enzymes and antioxidant networks exists in different subcellular compartments of mature skeletal muscle. Recent evidence suggests that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs) are a major source of contraction- and insulin-stimulated oxidants production, but they may paradoxically also contribute to muscle insulin resistance and atrophy. Recent Advances: Pharmacological and molecular biological tools, including redox-sensitive probes and transgenic mouse models, have generated novel insights into compartmentalized redox signaling and suggested that NOX2 contributes to redox control of skeletal muscle metabolism. Critical Issues: Major outstanding questions in skeletal muscle include where NOX2 activation occurs under different conditions in health and disease, how NOX2 activation is regulated, how superoxide/hydrogen peroxide generated by NOX2 reaches the cytosol, what the signaling mediators are downstream of NOX2, and the role of NOX2 for different physiological and pathophysiological processes. Future Directions: Future research should utilize and expand the current redox-signaling toolbox to clarify the NOX2-dependent mechanisms in skeletal muscle and determine whether the proposed functions of NOX2 in cells and animal models are conserved into humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Henríquez-Olguín
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susanna Boronat
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Cabello-Verrugio
- Laboratory of Muscle Pathology, Fragility and Aging, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Santiago, Chile.,Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Muscle Cell Physiology Laboratory, Center for Exercise, Metabolism, and Cancer, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Elena Hidalgo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Cycle Group, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- Section of Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Ceccon M, Millana Fananas E, Massari M, Mattevi A, Magnani F. Engineering stability in NADPH oxidases: A common strategy for enzyme production. Mol Membr Biol 2019; 34:67-76. [PMID: 30307338 DOI: 10.1080/09687688.2018.1535141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOXs) are membrane enzymes whose sole function is the generation of reactive oxygen species. Humans have seven NOX isoenzymes that feature distinct functions in immune response and cell signaling but share the same catalytic core comprising a FAD-binding dehydrogenase domain and a heme-binding transmembrane domain. We previously described a mutation that stabilizes the dehydrogenase domain of a prokaryotic homolog of human NOX5. The thermostable mutant exhibited a large 19 °C increase in the apparent melting temperature (app Tm) and a much tighter binding of the FAD cofactor, which allowed the crystallization and structure determination of the domain holo-form. Here, we analyze the transferability of this mutation onto prokaryotic and eukaryotic full-length NOX enzymes. We found that the mutation exerts a significative stabilizing effect on the full-length NOX5 from both Cylindrospermum stagnale (app Tm increase of 8 °C) and Homo sapiens (app ΔTm of 2 °C). Enhanced thermal stability resulted in more homogeneous preparations of the bacterial NOX5 with less aggregation problems. Moreover, we also found that the mutation increases the overall expression of recombinant human NOX4 and NOX5 in mammalian cells. Such a 2-5-fold increase is mainly due to the lowered cell toxicity, which leads to higher biomasses. Because of the high sequence identity of the catalytic core within this family of enzymes, this strategy can be a general tool to boost the production of all NOXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Ceccon
- a Department of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | | | - Marta Massari
- a Department of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- a Department of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Francesca Magnani
- a Department of Biology and Biotechnology , University of Pavia , Pavia , Italy
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12
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Nauseef WM, Clark RA. Intersecting Stories of the Phagocyte NADPH Oxidase and Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1982:3-16. [PMID: 31172463 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9424-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils serve as the circulating cells that respond early and figure prominently in human host defense to infection and in inflammation in other settings. Optimal oxidant-dependent antimicrobial activity by neutrophils relies on the ability of stimulated phagocytes to utilize a multicomponent NADPH oxidase to generate oxidants. The frequent, severe, and often fatal infections experienced by individuals with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an inherited disorder in which one of the NADPH oxidase components is absent or dysfunctional, underscore the link between a functional phagocyte NADPH oxidase and robust host protection against microbial infection.The history of the discovery and characterization of the normal neutrophil NADPH oxidase and the saga of recognizing CGD and its underlying causes together illustrate how the observations of astute clinicians and imaginative basic scientists synergize to forge new understanding of both basic cell biology and pathogenesis of human disease.In this chapter, we review the events in the stepwise evolution of our understanding of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, both in the context of normal human neutrophil function and in the setting of CGD. The phagocyte oxidase complex employs a heterodimeric transmembrane protein composed of gp91phox and p22phox to relay electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen, while other cofactors contribute to localization and regulation of the activity of the assembled oxidase. The b-type cytochrome gp91phox, also known as NOX2, serves as the catalytic component of this multicomponent enzyme complex. Although many of the features of the composition and regulation of the phagocyte oxidase may apply as well to NOX2 expressed in non-phagocytes and to other members of the NOX protein family, exceptions exist and pose special challenges to investigators exploring the biology of NADPH oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert A Clark
- Institute for Integration of Medicine and Science and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, and South Texas Veterans Healthcare System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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13
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NADPH oxidases and ROS signaling in the gastrointestinal tract. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1011-1023. [PMID: 29743611 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), initially categorized as toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism, have often been called a double-edged sword. ROS are considered indispensable when host defense and redox signaling is concerned and a threat in inflammatory or degenerative diseases. This generalization does not take in account the diversity of oxygen metabolites being generated, their physicochemical characteristics and their production by distinct enzymes in space and time. NOX/DUOX NADPH oxidases are the only enzymes solely dedicated to ROS production and the prime ROS producer for intracellular and intercellular communication due to their widespread expression and intricate regulation. Here we discuss new insights of how NADPH oxidases act via ROS as multifaceted regulators of the intestinal barrier in homeostasis, infectious disease and intestinal inflammation. A closer look at monogenic VEOIBD and commensals as ROS source supports the view of H2O2 as key beneficial messenger in the barrier ecosystem.
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14
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Zana M, Péterfi Z, Kovács HA, Tóth ZE, Enyedi B, Morel F, Paclet MH, Donkó Á, Morand S, Leto TL, Geiszt M. Interaction between p22 phox and Nox4 in the endoplasmic reticulum suggests a unique mechanism of NADPH oxidase complex formation. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 116:41-49. [PMID: 29278739 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The p22phox protein is an essential component of the phagocytic- and inner ear NADPH oxidases but its relationship to other Nox proteins is less clear. We have studied the role of p22phox in the TGF-β1-stimulated H2O2 production of primary human and murine fibroblasts. TGF-β1 induced H2O2 release of the examined cells, and the response was dependent on the expression of both Nox4 and p22phox. Interestingly, the p22phox protein was present in the absence of any detectable Nox/Duox expression, and the p22phox level was unaffected by TGF-β1. On the other hand, Nox4 expression was dependent on the presence of p22phox, establishing an asymmetrical relationship between the two proteins. Nox4 and p22phox proteins localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and their distribution was unaffected by TGF-β1. We used a chemically induced protein dimerization method to study the orientation of p22phox and Nox4 in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. This technique is based on the rapamycin-mediated heterodimerization of the mammalian FRB domain with the FK506 binding protein. The results of these experiments suggest that the enzyme complex produces H2O2 into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum, indicating that Nox4 contributes to the development of the oxidative milieu within this organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda Zana
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; "Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zalán Péterfi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hajnal A Kovács
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; "Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna E Tóth
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Enyedi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Françoise Morel
- GREPI AGIM FRE CNRS 3405, Joseph Fourier University Grenoble France, EFS Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Paclet
- GREPI AGIM FRE CNRS 3405, Joseph Fourier University Grenoble France, EFS Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Ágnes Donkó
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; "Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Thomas L Leto
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, NIAID, NIH, United States
| | - Miklós Geiszt
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; "Momentum" Peroxidase Enzyme Research Group of the Semmelweis University and the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.
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15
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Gupta K, Rawat A, Agrawal P, Jindal A, Nada R, Saikia B, Chan KW, Lau YL, Minz RW, Singh S. Infectious and non-infectious complications in primary immunodeficiency disorders: an autopsy study from North India. J Clin Pathol 2017; 71:425-435. [PMID: 28970295 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) include a wide spectrum of inherited disorders characterised by functional abnormalities of one or more components of the immune system. Recent updates from the genomic data have contributed significantly to its better understanding with identification of new entities. Diagnosis is always challenging due to their variable clinical presentation. With the evolution of molecular diagnosis, many of these children are being diagnosed early and offered appropriate therapy. However, in developing countries, early diagnosis is still not being made: as a result these patients succumb to their disease. Autopsy data on PID is notably lacking in the literature with histopathological evaluation of PID being limited to rare case reports. OBJECTIVE To analyse the clinical, immunologic (including mutational) and morphologic features at autopsy in 10 proven and suspected cases of primary immunodeficiency disorders diagnosed at our Institute over the past decade. METHODS Study includes a detailed clinico-pathological analysis of 10 proven and suspected cases of primary immunodeficiency disorders. RESULTS A varied spectrum of infectious and non-infectious complications were identified in these cases of which fungal infections were found to be more frequent compared with viral or bacterial infections. Rare and novel morphological findings, like granulomatous involvement of the heart in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease, systemic amyloidosis in a teenage girl with X-linked agammaglobulinemia, are highlighted which is distinctly lacking in the literature. CONCLUSIONS The present study is perhaps the first autopsy series on PID. Even in the molecular era, such analysis is still important, as correlation of pathological features with clinical symptoms provides clues for a timely diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Gupta
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Rawat
- Department of Paediatrics (Allergy and Immunology Unit), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Parimal Agrawal
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankur Jindal
- Department of Paediatrics (Allergy and Immunology Unit), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Ritambhra Nada
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Biman Saikia
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Koon Wing Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ranjana Walker Minz
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Surjit Singh
- Department of Paediatrics (Allergy and Immunology Unit), Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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16
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Thomas DC. The phagocyte respiratory burst: Historical perspectives and recent advances. Immunol Lett 2017; 192:88-96. [PMID: 28864335 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
When exposed to certain stimuli, phagocytes (including neutrophils, macrophages and eosinophils) undergo marked changes in the way they handle oxygen. Firstly, their rate of oxygen uptake increases greatly. This is accompanied by (i) the production of large amounts of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide and (ii) the metabolism of large quantities of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt. We now know that the oxygen used is not for respiration but for the production of powerful microbiocidal agents downstream of the initial production of superoxide. Concomitantly, glucose is oxidised through the hexose monophosphate shunt to re-generate the NADPH that has been consumed through the reduction of molecular oxygen to generate superoxide. This phagocyte respiratory burst is generated by an NADPH oxidase multi-protein complex that has a catalytic core consisting of membrane-bound gp91phox (CYBB) and p22phox (CYBA) sub-units and cytosolic components p47phox (NCF1), p67phox (NCF2) and p40phox (NCF4). Finally, another cytosolic component, the small G-protein Rac (Rac2 in neutrophils and Rac1 in macrophages) is also required for full activation. The importance of the complex in host defence is underlined by chronic granulomatous disease, a severe life-limiting immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the genes encoding the individual subunits. In this review, I will discuss the experimental evidence that underlies our knowledge of the respiratory burst, outlining how elegant biochemical analysis, coupled with study of patients deficient in the various subunits has helped elucidate the function of this essential part of innate immunity. I will also discuss some exciting recent studies that shed new light on how the abundance of the various components is controlled. Finally, I will explore the emerging role of reactive oxygen species such as superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the pathogenesis of major human diseases including auto-inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Box 157, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom.
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17
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The NADPH Oxidase and Microbial Killing by Neutrophils, With a Particular Emphasis on the Proposed Antimicrobial Role of Myeloperoxidase within the Phagocytic Vacuole. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 4. [PMID: 27726789 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0018-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to a consideration of the way in which the NADPH oxidase of neutrophils, NOX2, functions to enable the efficient killing of bacteria and fungi. It includes a critical examination of the current dogma that its primary purpose is the generation of hydrogen peroxide as substrate for myeloperoxidase-catalyzed generation of hypochlorite. Instead, it is demonstrated that NADPH oxidase functions to optimize the ionic and pH conditions within the vacuole for the solubilization and optimal activity of the proteins released into this compartment from the cytoplasmic granules, which kill and digest the microbes. The general role of other NOX systems as electrochemical generators to alter the pH and ionic composition in compartments on either side of a membrane in plants and animals will also be examined.
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18
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Thomas DC, Clare S, Sowerby JM, Pardo M, Juss JK, Goulding DA, van der Weyden L, Storisteanu D, Prakash A, Espéli M, Flint S, Lee JC, Hoenderdos K, Kane L, Harcourt K, Mukhopadhyay S, Umrania Y, Antrobus R, Nathan JA, Adams DJ, Bateman A, Choudhary JS, Lyons PA, Condliffe AM, Chilvers ER, Dougan G, Smith KG. Eros is a novel transmembrane protein that controls the phagocyte respiratory burst and is essential for innate immunity. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1111-1128. [PMID: 28351984 PMCID: PMC5379978 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The phagocyte respiratory burst is crucial for innate immunity. The transfer of electrons to oxygen is mediated by a membrane-bound heterodimer, comprising gp91phox and p22phox subunits. Deficiency of either subunit leads to severe immunodeficiency. We describe Eros (essential for reactive oxygen species), a protein encoded by the previously undefined mouse gene bc017643, and show that it is essential for host defense via the phagocyte NAPDH oxidase. Eros is required for expression of the NADPH oxidase components, gp91phox and p22phox Consequently, Eros-deficient mice quickly succumb to infection. Eros also contributes to the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETS) and impacts on the immune response to melanoma metastases. Eros is an ortholog of the plant protein Ycf4, which is necessary for expression of proteins of the photosynthetic photosystem 1 complex, itself also an NADPH oxio-reductase. We thus describe the key role of the previously uncharacterized protein Eros in host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Thomas
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - John M. Sowerby
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Mercedes Pardo
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Jatinder K. Juss
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - David A. Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Louise van der Weyden
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Daniel Storisteanu
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Ananth Prakash
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England, UK
| | - Marion Espéli
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Shaun Flint
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - James C. Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Kim Hoenderdos
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - Leanne Kane
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Katherine Harcourt
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Subhankar Mukhopadhyay
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Yagnesh Umrania
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - Robin Antrobus
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - James A. Nathan
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England, UK
| | - David J. Adams
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Alex Bateman
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, England, UK
| | - Jyoti S. Choudhary
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Paul A. Lyons
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Alison M. Condliffe
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Edwin R. Chilvers
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, England, UK
| | - Kenneth G.C. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, England, UK
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19
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Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a crucial substrate for thyroid peroxidase, a key enzyme involved in thyroid hormone synthesis. However, as a potent oxidant, H2O2 might also be responsible for the high level of oxidative DNA damage observed in thyroid tissues, such as DNA base lesions and strand breakages, which promote chromosomal instability and contribute to the development of tumours. Although the role of H2O2 in thyroid hormone synthesis is well established, its precise mechanisms of action in pathological processes are still under investigation. The NADPH oxidase/dual oxidase family are the only oxidoreductases whose primary function is to produce reactive oxygen species. As such, the function and expression of these enzymes are tightly regulated. Thyrocytes express dual oxidase 2, which produces most of the H2O2 for thyroid hormone synthesis. Thyrocytes also express dual oxidase 1 and NADPH oxidase 4, but the roles of these enzymes are still unknown. Here, we review the structure, expression, localization and function of these enzymes. We focus on their potential role in thyroid cancer, which is characterized by increased expression of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabii Ameziane-El-Hassani
- Institut Gustave Roussy, UMR 8200 CNRS, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif F-94805, France
- Unité de Biologie et de Recherche Médicale, Centre National de l'Energie, des Sciences et des Techniques Nucléaires, BP 1382, Rabat M-10001, Morocco
| | - Martin Schlumberger
- Institut Gustave Roussy, UMR 8200 CNRS, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif F-94805, France
- University Paris-Saclay, Orsay F-91400, France
| | - Corinne Dupuy
- Institut Gustave Roussy, UMR 8200 CNRS, 114 Rue Edouard Vaillant, Villejuif F-94805, France
- University Paris-Saclay, Orsay F-91400, France
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Segal AW. NADPH oxidases as electrochemical generators to produce ion fluxes and turgor in fungi, plants and humans. Open Biol 2016; 6:160028. [PMID: 27249799 PMCID: PMC4892433 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The NOXs are a family of flavocytochromes whose basic structure has been largely conserved from algae to man. This is a very simple system. NADPH is generally available, in plants it is a direct product of photosynthesis, and oxygen is a largely ubiquitous electron acceptor, and the electron-transporting core of an FAD and two haems is the minimal required to pass electrons across the plasma membrane. These NOXs have been shown to be essential for diverse functions throughout the biological world and, lacking a clear mechanism of action, their effects have generally been attributed to free radical reactions. Investigation into the function of neutrophil leucocytes has demonstrated that electron transport through the prototype NOX2 is accompanied by the generation of a charge across the membrane that provides the driving force propelling protons and other ions across the plasma membrane. The contention is that the primary function of the NOXs is to supply the driving force to transport ions, the nature of which will depend upon the composition and characteristics of the local ion channels, to undertake a host of diverse functions. These include the generation of turgor in fungi and plants for the growth of filaments and invasion by appressoria in the former, and extension of pollen tubes and root hairs, and stomatal closure, in the latter. In neutrophils, they elevate the pH in the phagocytic vacuole coupled to other ion fluxes. In endothelial cells of blood vessels, they could alter luminal volume to regulate blood pressure and tissue perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony W Segal
- Division of Medicine, UCL, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
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Impact of reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the control of parasite loads and inflammation in Leishmania amazonensis infection. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:193. [PMID: 27056545 PMCID: PMC4825088 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1472-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Reactive oxygen species (ROS) protect the host against a large number of pathogenic microorganisms. ROS have different effects on parasites of the genus Leishmania: some parasites are susceptible to their action, while others seem to be resistant. The role of ROS in L. amazonensis infection in vivo has not been addressed to date. Methods In this study, C57BL/6 wild-type mice (WT) and mice genetically deficient in ROS production by phagocytes (gp91phox−/−) were infected with metacyclic promastigotes of L. amazonensis to address the effect of ROS in parasite control. Inflammatory cytokines, parasite loads and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were evaluated. In parallel, in vitro infection of peritoneal macrophages was assessed to determine parasite killing, cytokine, NO and ROS production. Results In vitro results show induction of ROS production by infected peritoneal macrophages, but no effect in parasite killing. Also, ROS do not seem to be important to parasite killing in vivo, but they control lesion sizes at early stages of infection. IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10 production did not differ among mouse strains. Myeloperoxidase assay showed augmented neutrophils influx 6 h and 72 h post - infection in gp91phox−/− mice, indicating a larger inflammatory response in gp91phox−/− even at early time points. At later time points, neutrophil numbers in lesions correlated with lesion size: larger lesions in gp91phox−/− at earlier times of infection corresponded to larger neutrophil infiltrates, while larger lesions in WT mice at the later points of infection also displayed larger numbers of neutrophils. Conclusion ROS do not seem to be important in L. amazonensis killing, but they regulate the inflammatory response probably by controlling neutrophils numbers in lesions.
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Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is the most common symptomatic phagocytic defect. It is caused by mutations in genes encoding protein subunits of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex. CGD is characterized by a defective intracellular killing of phagocytosed organisms due to a defective oxidative burst in the neutrophils and macrophages. It is inherited in either X-linked recessive or autosomal recessive pattern. Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus species are the most common organisms reported. Infections with Burkholderia, Serratia, and Nocardia warrant a screen for CGD. Suppurative lymphadenitis, cutaneous abscesses, pneumonia and diarrhea constitute the most common problems in children with CGD. A small percentage of children develop autoimmune manifestations (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, colitis, autoimmune hepatitis) and warrant immunosuppression. X-linked carriers of CGD are at an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases. Nitroblue-tetrazolium dye reduction test and dihydro-rhodamine assay by flow cytometry are the screening tests for this disorder. While most children do well on long term antibiotic and antifungal prophylaxis, those with severe forms warrant hematopoietic stem cell transplant. The role of regular interferon-γ injections is debatable. Evidence for white cell transfusions is sparse, and gene therapy is under trial.This current review highlights various aspects and studies in CGD. X-linked form of CGD has been noted to carry a poorer prognosis compared to autosomal recessive variants. However, recent evidence suggests that outcome in CGD is determined by the amount of residual NADPH oxidase activity irrespective of mode of inheritance.
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INF-γ Enhances Nox2 Activity by Upregulating phox Proteins When Applied to Differentiating PLB-985 Cells but Does Not Induce Nox2 Activity by Itself. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136766. [PMID: 26317224 PMCID: PMC4552644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cytokine and drug interferon-γ enhances superoxide anion production by the antimicrobicidal Nox2 enzyme of neutrophils. Because mature neutrophils have a short lifespan, we hypothesized that the effects of interferon-γ on these cells might be mediated by its prolonged exposure to differentiating neutrophil precursors in the bone marrow rather than its brief exposure to mature circulating neutrophils. Effects of INF-γ on Nox2 Activity To address this possibility we exposed the myeloid PLB-985 cell line to interferon-γ for 3 days in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide which induces terminal differentiation of these cells. Interferon-γ was found to enhance superoxide production by Nox2 in a concentration dependent manner. In contrast, application of interferon-γ alone for 3 days failed to induce detectible Nox2 activity. Additionally, application of interferon-γ for 3 hours to pre-differentiated PLB-985 cells, which models studies using isolated neutrophils, was much less effective at enhancing superoxide anion production. Effects of INF-γ on phox Protein Levels Addition of interferon-γ during differentiation was found to upregulate the Nox2 proteins gp91phox and p47phox in concert with elevated transcription of their genes. The p22phox protein was upregulated in the absence of increased transcription presumably reflecting stabilization resulting from binding to the elevated gp91phox. Thus, increased levels of gp91phox, p47phox and p22phox likely account for the interferon-γ mediated enhancement of dimethyl sulfoxide-induced Nox2 activity. In contrast, although interferon-γ alone also increased various phox proteins and their mRNAs, the pattern was very different to that seen with interferon-γ plus dimethyl sulfoxide. In particular, p47phox was not induced thus explaining the inability of interferon -γ alone to enhance Nox2 activity. Short application of interferon-γ to already differentiated cells failed to increase any phox proteins. Conclusions Our findings indicate that interferon-γ has complex effects on phox protein expression and that these are different in cells undergoing terminal differentiation. Understanding these changes may indicate additional therapeutic uses for this cytokine in human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Gupta
- Department of Histopathology; and Pediatric Allergy-Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics; PGIMER, Chandigarh. India. Correspondence to: Dr Kirti Gupta, Additional Professor, Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India.
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Dreyer AK, Hoffmann D, Lachmann N, Ackermann M, Steinemann D, Timm B, Siler U, Reichenbach J, Grez M, Moritz T, Schambach A, Cathomen T. TALEN-mediated functional correction of X-linked chronic granulomatous disease in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2015; 69:191-200. [PMID: 26295532 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) is an inherited disorder of the immune system. It is characterized by a defect in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in phagocytic cells due to mutations in the NOX2 locus, which encodes gp91phox. Because the success of retroviral gene therapy for X-CGD has been hampered by insertional activation of proto-oncogenes, targeting the insertion of a gp91phox transgene into potential safe harbor sites, such as AAVS1, may represent a valid alternative. To conceptually evaluate this strategy, we generated X-CGD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which recapitulate the cellular disease phenotype upon granulocytic differentiation. We examined AAVS1-specific zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) for their efficacy to target the insertion of a myelo-specific gp91phox cassette to AAVS1. Probably due to their lower cytotoxicity, TALENs were more efficient than ZFNs in generating correctly targeted iPSC colonies, but all corrected iPSC clones showed no signs of mutations at the top-ten predicted off-target sites of both nucleases. Upon differentiation of the corrected X-CGD iPSCs, gp91phox mRNA levels were highly up-regulated and the derived granulocytes exhibited restored ROS production that induced neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. In conclusion, we demonstrate that TALEN-mediated integration of a myelo-specific gp91phox transgene into AAVS1 of patient-derived iPSCs represents a safe and efficient way to generate autologous, functionally corrected granulocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Kathrin Dreyer
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmann
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; RG Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; JRG Translational Hematology of Congenital Diseases, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mania Ackermann
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; RG Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Doris Steinemann
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara Timm
- Institute for Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Siler
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janine Reichenbach
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland; Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Swiss Center for Regenerative Medicine, Zurich Centre for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Grez
- Institute for Tumor Biology and Experimental Therapy, Georg-Speyer-Haus, 60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Moritz
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; RG Reprogramming and Gene Therapy, REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Institute for Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79108 Freiburg, Germany.
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Tan C, Day R, Bao S, Turk J, Zhao QD. Group VIA phospholipase A2 mediates enhanced macrophage migration in diabetes mellitus by increasing expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:768-78. [PMID: 24482376 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously demonstrated that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4 (Nox4) mediates increased monocyte priming and chemotaxis under conditions of diabetic metabolic stress, and emerging data indicate that group VIA phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) also participates in regulating monocyte chemotaxis. Here, we examined relationships between iPLA2β expression and Nox4 action in mouse peritoneal macrophages subjected to diabetic metabolic stress. APPROACH AND RESULTS Increased iPLA2β expression and activity were observed in macrophages from low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice that were fed a high-fat diet, and this was associated with time-dependent increases in atherosclerotic lesion size and macrophage content. Incubating macrophages with 30 mmol/L D-glucose, 100 μg/mL low-density lipoprotein, or both (D-glucose+low-density lipoprotein) induced a robust increase in iPLA2β expression and activity and in cell migration in response to monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. The increases in iPLA2β activity and cell migration were prevented by a bromoenol lactone iPLA2β suicide inhibitor or an iPLA2β antisense oligonucleotide. Incubating macrophages under conditions that mimic diabetic metabolic stress ex vivo resulted in increased Nox4 expression and activity and hydrogen peroxide generation compared with controls. Bromoenol lactone prevented those effects without affecting Nox2 expression. Nox4 inhibition eliminated diabetic metabolic stress-induced acceleration of macrophage migration. Lysophosphatidic acid restored Nox4 expression, hydrogen peroxide generation, and migration to bromoenol lactone-treated cells, and a lysophosphatidic acid receptor antagonist abrogated iPLA2β-mediated increases in Nox4 expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these observations identify iPLA2β and lysophosphatidic acid derived from its action as critical in regulating macrophage Nox4 activity and migration in the diabetic state in vivo and under similar conditions ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Tan
- From the Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio (C.T., R.D., Q.D.Z.); and Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (S.B., J.T.)
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Lee CF, Ullevig S, Kim HS, Asmis R. Regulation of Monocyte Adhesion and Migration by Nox4. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66964. [PMID: 23825596 PMCID: PMC3688996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We showed that metabolic disorders promote thiol oxidative stress in monocytes, priming monocytes for accelerated chemokine-induced recruitment, and accumulation at sites of vascular injury and the progression of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to identify both the source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsible for thiol oxidation in primed and dysfunctional monocytes and the molecular mechanisms through which ROS accelerate the migration and recruitment of monocyte-derived macrophages. We found that Nox4, a recently identified NADPH oxidase in monocytes and macrophages, localized to focal adhesions and the actin cytoskeleton, and associated with phospho-FAK, paxillin, and actin, implicating Nox4 in the regulation of monocyte adhesion and migration. We also identified Nox4 as a new, metabolic stress-inducible source of ROS that controls actin S-glutathionylation and turnover in monocytes and macrophages, providing a novel mechanistic link between Nox4-derived H2O2 and monocyte adhesion and migration. Actin associated with Nox4 was S-glutathionylated, and Nox4 association with actin was enhanced in metabolically-stressed monocytes. Metabolic stress induced Nox4 and accelerated monocyte adhesion and chemotaxis in a Nox4-dependent mechanism. In conclusion, our data suggest that monocytic Nox4 is a central regulator of actin dynamics, and induction of Nox4 is the rate-limiting step in metabolic stress-induced monocyte priming and dysfunction associated with accelerated atherosclerosis and the progression of atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Fung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sarah Ullevig
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hong Seok Kim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Reto Asmis
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kochan G, Stephenson H, Breckpot K, Escors D. Human Gene Therapy with Retrovirus and Lentivirus Vectors. SPRINGERBRIEFS IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0402-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Ghouleh IA, Khoo NK, Knaus UG, Griendling KK, Touyz RM, Thannickal VJ, Barchowsky A, Nauseef WM, Kelley EE, Bauer PM, Darley-Usmar V, Shiva S, Cifuentes-Pagano E, Freeman BA, Gladwin MT, Pagano PJ. Oxidases and peroxidases in cardiovascular and lung disease: new concepts in reactive oxygen species signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1271-88. [PMID: 21722728 PMCID: PMC3205968 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in numerous physiological and pathophysiological responses. Increasing evidence implicates ROS as signaling molecules involved in the propagation of cellular pathways. The NADPH oxidase (Nox) family of enzymes is a major source of ROS in the cell and has been related to the progression of many diseases and even environmental toxicity. The complexity of this family's effects on cellular processes stems from the fact that there are seven members, each with unique tissue distribution, cellular localization, and expression. Nox proteins also differ in activation mechanisms and the major ROS detected as their product. To add to this complexity, mounting evidence suggests that other cellular oxidases or their products may be involved in Nox regulation. The overall redox and metabolic status of the cell, specifically the mitochondria, also has implications on ROS signaling. Signaling of such molecules as electrophilic fatty acids has an impact on many redox-sensitive pathologies and thus, as anti-inflammatory molecules, contributes to the complexity of ROS regulation. This review is based on the proceedings of a recent international Oxidase Signaling Symposium at the University of Pittsburgh's Vascular Medicine Institute and Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and encompasses further interaction and discussion among the presenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad Al Ghouleh
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Nicholas K.H. Khoo
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Ulla G. Knaus
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kathy K. Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rhian M. Touyz
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Univ of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victor J. Thannickal
- Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Aaron Barchowsky
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - William M. Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
- Department of Microbiology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
| | - Eric E. Kelley
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Phillip M. Bauer
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Eugenia Cifuentes-Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Bruce A. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Mark T. Gladwin
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Patrick J. Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Won HY, Jang EJ, Min HJ, Hwang ES. Enhancement of Allergen-induced Airway Inflammation by NOX2 Deficiency. Immune Netw 2011; 11:169-74. [PMID: 21860610 PMCID: PMC3153669 DOI: 10.4110/in.2011.11.3.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background NADPH oxidase (NOX) modulates cell proliferation, differentiation and immune response through generation of reactive oxygen species. Particularly, NOX2 is recently reported to be important for regulating Treg cell differentiation of CD4+ T cells. Methods We employed ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation in wild-type and NOX2-deficient mice and analyzed tissue histopathology and cytokine profiles. Results We investigated whether NOX2-deficiency affects T cell-mediated airway inflammation. Ovalbumin injection which activates T cell-mediated allergic response increased airway inflammation in wild-type mice, as evidenced by increased immune cell infiltration, allergic cytokine expression, and goblet cell hyperplasia in the lung. Interestingly, NOX2 knockout (KO) mice were more susceptible to allergen-induced lung inflammation compared to wild-type mice. Immune cells including neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils were drastically infiltrated into the lung of NOX2 KO mice and mucus secretion was substantially increased in deficiency of NOX2. Furthermore, inflammatory allergic cytokines and eotaxin were significantly elevated in NOX2 KO mice, in accordance with enhanced generation of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-17 and interferon-γ by CD4+ T cells. Conclusion These results indicate that NOX2 deficiency favorably produces inflammatory cytokines by T cells and thus increases the susceptibility to severe airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Yeon Won
- College of Pharmacy and Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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Song E, Jaishankar GB, Saleh H, Jithpratuck W, Sahni R, Krishnaswamy G. Chronic granulomatous disease: a review of the infectious and inflammatory complications. Clin Mol Allergy 2011; 9:10. [PMID: 21624140 PMCID: PMC3128843 DOI: 10.1186/1476-7961-9-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic Granulomatous Disease is the most commonly encountered immunodeficiency involving the phagocyte, and is characterized by repeated infections with bacterial and fungal pathogens, as well as the formation of granulomas in tissue. The disease is the result of a disorder of the NADPH oxidase system, culminating in an inability of the phagocyte to generate superoxide, leading to the defective killing of pathogenic organisms. This can lead to infections with Staphylococcus aureus, Psedomonas species, Nocardia species, and fungi (such as Aspergillus species and Candida albicans). Involvement of vital or large organs can contribute to morbidity and/or mortality in the affected patients. Major advances have occurred in the diagnosis and treatment of this disease, with the potential for gene therapy or stem cell transplantation looming on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, USA.
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Spontaneous and aging-dependent development of arthritis in NADPH oxidase 2 deficiency through altered differentiation of CD11b+ and Th/Treg cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:9548-53. [PMID: 21593419 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1012645108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that NADPH oxidase (NOX) and its reactive oxygen species (ROS) products modulate a variety of cellular events, including proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. In this study, we investigated the functions of NOX2 and ROS in immune modulation using NOX2 knockout (KO) mice. Interestingly, NOX2 KO mice spontaneously developed arthritis with onset at 6-7 wk of age and high incidence (60%) at 15-18 wk of age. Arthritis severity in NOX2 KO mice was proportionally increased with age and higher in females than in males. Bone destruction was confirmed by microcomputed tomography scanning and histological analyses of joints. Inflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and RANKL, and serum level of anti-type II collagen IgG were significantly increased in NOX2 KO mice. In addition, NOX2 deficiency perturbed the immune system upon aging. NOX2 KO mice demonstrated preferred development of CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid cells with profound production of proinflammatory cytokines and augmented expression of IL-17 through the activation of STAT3 and RORγt in vivo. NOX2 deficiency increased differentiation of effector Th cells in vitro and decreased CD25+FoxP3+ Treg cells both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, adoptive transfer of NOX2-deficient CD4(+) T cells into RAG KO mice increased arthritic inflammation compared with WT cells. These results demonstrated that NOX2 deficiency affected the development of CD11b+ myeloid cells and Th17/Treg cells, and thus promoted inflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory arthritis development, strongly supporting a crucial role for ROS generation in the modulation of Th17/Treg cell development and its related inflammatory immune response upon aging.
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Daou S, El Chemaly A, Christofilopoulos P, Bernard L, Hoffmeyer P, Demaurex N. The potential role of cobalt ions released from metal prosthesis on the inhibition of Hv1 proton channels and the decrease in Staphyloccocus epidermidis killing by human neutrophils. Biomaterials 2011; 32:1769-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Chang YH, Yu HH, Lau YL, Chan KW, Chiang BL. A new autosomal recessive, heterozygous pair of mutations of CYBA in a patient with chronic granulomatous disease. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2010; 105:183-5. [PMID: 20674832 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Neutrophil granules store proteins that are critically important for the neutrophil to move from the vascular bed to tissues and to kill microorganisms. This is illustrated in nature when individual proteins are deleted due to inherited mutations of their cognate genes, and such deficiencies result in the conditions leucocyte adhesion deficiency and chronic granulomatous disease. The granules of the neutrophil have traditionally been divided into two or three major types but are instead a continuum where several subtypes can be identified with differences in protein content and propensity for mobilization. This is explained by the 'targeting by timing hypothesis' which states that granules are filled with granule proteins that are synthesized at the time the granule is formed. The heterogeneity of granules arises because the synthesis of granule proteins is individually controlled and major differences exist in the timings of biosynthesis during granulocytopoiesis. This is largely controlled by gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Häger
- Granulocyte Research Laboratory, Department of Haematology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lee CF, Qiao M, Schröder K, Zhao Q, Asmis R. Nox4 is a novel inducible source of reactive oxygen species in monocytes and macrophages and mediates oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced macrophage death. Circ Res 2010; 106:1489-97. [PMID: 20360249 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.215392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The enhanced formation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) promotes macrophage death, a process likely to contribute to the formation of necrotic cores and the progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Yet macrophage deficiency of phagocytic NADPH oxidase (Nox2), the primary source of ROS in macrophages, does not reduce atherosclerotic lesion development in mice. This suggests an as yet unidentified NADPH oxidase may be present in macrophages and responsible for the intracellular ROS formation induced by OxLDL. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify the source of intracellular ROS involved in macrophage death. METHODS AND RESULTS Nox4 was expressed in human monocytes and mature macrophages, and was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and to defined foci within the nucleus. Nox4 colocalized with p22(phox), and both proteins were upregulated in response to OxLDL stimulation, whereas Nox2/gp91(phox) levels remained unchanged. Induction of Nox4 expression, intracellular ROS formation and macrophage cytotoxicity induced by OxLDL were blocked by MEK1/2 inhibition, but not by inhibitors of p38-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), JNK (Jun N-terminal kinase), or JAK2 (Janus kinase 2). Small interfering RNA knockdown of Nox4 inhibited both intracellular ROS production and macrophage cytotoxicity induced by OxLDL, whereas Nox4 overexpression enhanced both OxLDL-stimulated ROS formation and macrophage death. CONCLUSIONS Nox4 is a novel source of intracellular ROS in human monocytes and macrophages. Induction of Nox4 by OxLDL is mediated by the MEK1/ERK pathway and required for OxLDL cytotoxicity in human macrophages, implicating monocytic Nox4 in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Fung Lee
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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El Chemaly A, Okochi Y, Sasaki M, Arnaudeau S, Okamura Y, Demaurex N. VSOP/Hv1 proton channels sustain calcium entry, neutrophil migration, and superoxide production by limiting cell depolarization and acidification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 207:129-39. [PMID: 20026664 PMCID: PMC2812533 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20091837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils kill microbes with reactive oxygen species generated by the NADPH oxidase, an enzyme which moves electrons across membranes. Voltage-gated proton channels (voltage-sensing domain only protein [VSOP]/Hv1) are required for high-level superoxide production by phagocytes, but the mechanism of this effect is not established. We show that neutrophils from VSOP/Hv1−/− mice lack proton currents but have normal electron currents, indicating that these cells have a fully functional oxidase that cannot conduct protons. VSOP/Hv1−/− neutrophils had a more acidic cytosol, were more depolarized, and produced less superoxide and hydrogen peroxide than neutrophils from wild-type mice. Hydrogen peroxide production was rescued by providing an artificial conductance with gramicidin. Loss of VSOP/Hv1 also aborted calcium responses to chemoattractants, increased neutrophil spreading, and decreased neutrophil migration. The migration defect was restored by the addition of a calcium ionophore. Our findings indicate that proton channels extrude the acid and compensate the charge generated by the oxidase, thereby sustaining calcium entry signals that control the adhesion and motility of neutrophils. Loss of proton channels thus aborts superoxide production and causes a severe signaling defect in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoun El Chemaly
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Nordenfelt P, Bauer S, Lönnbro P, Tapper H. Phagocytosis of Streptococcus pyogenes by all-trans retinoic acid-differentiated HL-60 cells: roles of azurophilic granules and NADPH oxidase. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7363. [PMID: 19806211 PMCID: PMC2752193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background New experimental approaches to the study of the neutrophil phagosome and bacterial killing prompted a reassessment of the usefulness of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-differentiated HL-60 cells as a neutrophil model. HL-60 cells are special in that they possess azurophilic granules while lacking the specific granules with their associated oxidase components. The resulting inability to mount an effective intracellular respiratory burst makes these cells more dependent on other mechanisms when killing internalized bacteria. Methodology/Principal Findings In this work phagocytosis and phagosome-related responses of ATRA-differentiated HL-60 cells were compared to those earlier described in human neutrophils. We show that intracellular survival of wild-type S. pyogenes bacteria in HL-60 cells is accompanied by inhibition of azurophilic granule–phagosome fusion. A mutant S. pyogenes bacterium, deficient in M-protein expression, is, on the other hand, rapidly killed in phagosomes that avidly fuse with azurophilic granules. Conclusions/Significance The current data extend our previous findings by showing that a system lacking in oxidase involvement also indicates a link between inhibition of azurophilic granule fusion and the intraphagosomal fate of S. pyogenes bacteria. We propose that differentiated HL-60 cells can be a useful tool to study certain aspects of neutrophil phagosome maturation, such as azurophilic granule fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pontus Nordenfelt
- Section for Clinical and Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Susanne Bauer
- Section for Clinical and Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Lönnbro
- Section for Clinical and Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hans Tapper
- Section for Clinical and Experimental Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Leto TL, Morand S, Hurt D, Ueyama T. Targeting and regulation of reactive oxygen species generation by Nox family NADPH oxidases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2009; 11:2607-19. [PMID: 19438290 PMCID: PMC2782575 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nox family NADPH oxidases serve a variety of functions requiring reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, including antimicrobial defense, biosynthetic processes, oxygen sensing, and redox-based cellular signaling. We explored targeting, assembly, and activation of several Nox family oxidases, since ROS production appears to be regulated both spatially and temporally. Nox1 and Nox3 are similar to the phagocytic (Nox2-based) oxidase, functioning as multicomponent superoxide-generating enzymes. Factors regulating their activities include cytosolic activator and organizer proteins and GTP-Rac. Their regulation varies, with the following rank order: Nox2 > Nox1 > Nox3. Determinants of subcellular targeting include: (a) formation of Nox-p22(phox) heterodimeric complexes allowing plasma membrane translocation, (b) phospholipids-binding specificities of PX domain-containing organizer proteins (p47(phox) or Nox organizer 1 (Noxo1 and p40(phox)), and (c) variably splicing of Noxo1 PX domains directing them to nuclear or plasma membranes. Dual oxidases (Duox1 and Duox2) are targeted by different mechanisms. Plasma membrane targeting results in H(2)O(2) release, not superoxide, to support extracellular peroxidases. Human Duox1 and Duox2 have no demonstrable peroxidase activity, despite their extensive homology with heme peroxidases. The dual oxidases were reconstituted by Duox activator 2 (Duoxa2) or two Duoxa1 variants, which dictate maturation, subcellular localization, and the type of ROS generated by forming stable complexes with Duox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Leto
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare inherited immunodeficiency disorder. The clinical presentation is varied depending on the degree of involvement of the NADPH oxidase system responsible for the oxidative burst of neutrophils. We present 3 cases of variant X-linked CGD in an effort to introduce the disease and highlight the importance and limitations of CGD screening. The variant X-linked form of CGD results in a less severe phenotype and frequently presents later in life. Variant X-linked CGD is difficult to diagnose, but is becoming more readily recognized based on improved testing methods. A high index of suspicion in the setting of unusual infections such as Burkholderia cepacia pneumonia is essential to make the diagnosis. Family screening can lead to early intervention, prophylaxis, and appropriate genetic counseling.
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Voltage-gated proton channel is expressed on phagosomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 382:274-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Köker MY, van Leeuwen K, de Boer M, Celmeli F, Metin A, Ozgür TT, Tezcan I, Sanal O, Roos D. Six different CYBA mutations including three novel mutations in ten families from Turkey, resulting in autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39:311-9. [PMID: 19292887 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the rarest forms of autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease (AR-CGD) is attributable to mutations in the CYBA gene, which encodes the alpha polypeptide of cytochrome b(558), (also known as p22-phox), a key transmembrane protein in the phagocyte NADPH oxidase system. This gene is localized on chromosome 16q24, encompasses 8.5 kb and contains six exons. MATERIALS AND METHODS We report here the clinical and molecular characterization of 12 AR-CGD patients from 10 consanguineous, unrelated Turkish families with clinical CGD and positive family history. The ages of the six male and six female patients were between 1and 18 years. Before mutation analysis, subgroup analysis of patients was made by flow cytometry with antibodies against NADPH-oxidase components and with the DHR assay (flow cytometric assay of NADPH oxidase activity in leucocytes). RESULTS Mutation analysis of CYBA showed six different mutations: a frameshift insertion in exon 3 (C after C166); a missense mutation in exon 2 (p.Gly24Arg), a splice-site deletion in intron 1 (4-bp deletion +4_+7 AGTG), a novel nonsense mutation in exon 6 (p.Cys113X), a novel large deletion of exons 3-6 and a novel 1-bp deletion in exon 6 (c.408delC). All mutations were present in homozygous form and all parents investigated were found to be heterozygotes for these mutations. CONCLUSIONS In our series of 40 CGD families, approximately 25% of the families have p22-phox defects, with six different mutations, including three novel mutations. The high rate of consanguineous marriages seems to be the underlying aetiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Y Köker
- Pediatric Immunology Unit, University of Hacettepe, Ankara, Turkey.
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Abstract
The production and deployment of phagocytes are central functions of the hematopoietic system. In the 1950s, radioisotopic studies demonstrated the high production rate and short lifespan of neutrophils and allowed researchers to follow the monocytes as they moved from the marrow through the blood to become tissue macrophages, histiocytes, and dendritic cells. Subsequently, the discovery of the colony-stimulating factors greatly improved understanding the regulation of phagocyte production. The discovery of the microbicidal myeloperoxidase-H2O2-halide system and the importance of NADPH oxidase to the generation of H2O2 also stimulated intense interest in phagocyte disorders. More recent research has focused on membrane receptors and the dynamics of the responses of phagocytes to external factors including immunoglobulins, complement proteins, cytokines, chemokines, integrins, and selectins. Phagocytes express toll-like receptors that aid in the clearance of a wide range of microbial pathogens and their products. Phagocytes are also important sources of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus participating in host defenses through a variety of mechanisms. Over the last 50 years, many genetic and molecular disorders of phagocytes have been identified, leading to improved diagnosis and treatment of conditions which predispose patients to the risk of recurrent fevers and infectious diseases.
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Nauseef WM. Nox enzymes in immune cells. Semin Immunopathol 2008; 30:195-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s00281-008-0117-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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47
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Schäppi MG, Deffert C, Fiette L, Gavazzi G, Herrmann FR, Belli DC, Krause KH. Branched fungal β-glucan causes hyperinflammation and necrosis in phagocyte NADPH oxidase-deficient mice. J Pathol 2007; 214:434-44. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ledford JG, Kovarova M, Koller BH. Impaired host defense in mice lacking ONZIN. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:5132-43. [PMID: 17404296 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.8.5132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
ONZIN is a small, cysteine-rich peptide of unique structure that is conserved in all vertebrates examined to date. We show that ONZIN is expressed at high levels in epithelial cells of the intestinal tract, the lung, and in cells of the immune system including macrophages and granulocytes. Because this pattern of expression is suggestive of a role in innate immune function, we have generated mice lacking this protein and examined their ability to respond to challenge with infectious agents. Onzin(-/-) mice show a heightened innate immune response after induction of acute peritonitis with Klebsiella pneumoniae. This increased response is consistent with an increased bacterial burden in the Onzin(-/-) mice. Ex vivo studies show that, whereas phagocytosis is not altered in Onzin(-/-) neutrophils, phagocytes lacking this protein kill bacteria less effectively. This result identifies ONZIN as a novel class of intracellular protein required for optimal function of the neutrophils after uptake of bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie G Ledford
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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Bedard K, Krause KH. The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:245-313. [PMID: 17237347 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00044.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4827] [Impact Index Per Article: 283.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, superoxide generation by an NADPH oxidase was considered as an oddity only found in professional phagocytes. Over the last years, six homologs of the cytochrome subunit of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase were found: NOX1, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1, and DUOX2. Together with the phagocyte NADPH oxidase itself (NOX2/gp91(phox)), the homologs are now referred to as the NOX family of NADPH oxidases. These enzymes share the capacity to transport electrons across the plasma membrane and to generate superoxide and other downstream reactive oxygen species (ROS). Activation mechanisms and tissue distribution of the different members of the family are markedly different. The physiological functions of NOX family enzymes include host defense, posttranlational processing of proteins, cellular signaling, regulation of gene expression, and cell differentiation. NOX enzymes also contribute to a wide range of pathological processes. NOX deficiency may lead to immunosuppresion, lack of otoconogenesis, or hypothyroidism. Increased NOX activity also contributes to a large number or pathologies, in particular cardiovascular diseases and neurodegeneration. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge of the functions of NOX enzymes in physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bedard
- Biology of Ageing Laboratories, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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50
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Babior BM. The respiratory burst oxidase. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED AREAS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 65:49-95. [PMID: 1570769 DOI: 10.1002/9780470123119.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Sbarra and Karnovsky were the first to present evidence suggesting the presence in phagocytes of a special enzyme designed to generate reactive oxidants for purposes of host defense. In the years since their report appeared, a great deal has been learned about this enzyme, now known as the respiratory burst oxidase. It has been found to be a plasma membrane-bound heme- and flavin-containing enzyme, dormant in resting cells, that catalyzes the one-electron reduction of oxygen to O2- at the expense of NADPH: O2 + NADPH----O2- + NADP+ + H+ Its behavior in whole cells and its response to various activating stimuli have been described in detail, although important insights continue to emerge, as for example a very interesting new series of observations on differences in oxidase activation patterns between suspended and adherent cells. The enzyme has been shown by biochemical and genetic studies to consist of at least six components. In the resting cell, three of these components are in the cytosol and three in the plasma membrane, but when the cell passes from its resting to its activated state the cytosolic components are all transferred to the plasma membrane, presumably assembling the oxidase. Of the components initially bound to the membrane, two constitute cytochrome b558, a heme protein characteristic of the respiratory burst oxidase, and the third may represent an oxidase flavoprotein. With regard to the cytosolic components, one is a phosphoprotein and another is the NADPH-binding component, possibly a second oxidase flavoprotein. The nature of the third (p67phox) is a puzzle. Four of the six oxidase components have now been cloned and sequenced. These findings only scratch the surface, however, and many questions remain. How many oxidase components, for example, remain to be discovered, and how do they fit together to form the active enzyme? How is the route of activation of the oxidase integrated into the general signal transduction systems of the cell? How did the oxidase come to be? Could there be a widespread system that generates small amounts of O2- as an intercellular signaling molecule, as recent work is beginning to suggest, and did the ever-destructive respiratory burst oxidase arise from that innocuous system as the creation of some evolutionary Frankenstein--an oxidase from hell? Finally, will it be possible to develop drugs that specifically block the respiratory burst oxidase, and will such drugs prove to be clinically useful as anti-inflammatory agents?(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Babior
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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