1
|
Liebtrau M, Polman A. Angular Dispersion of Free-Electron-Light Coupling in an Optical Fiber-Integrated Metagrating. ACS PHOTONICS 2024; 11:1125-1136. [PMID: 38523743 PMCID: PMC10958598 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Free electrons can couple to optical material excitations on nanometer-length and attosecond-time scales, opening-up unique opportunities for both the generation of radiation and the manipulation of the electron wave function. Here, we exploit the Smith-Purcell effect to experimentally study the coherent coupling of free electrons and light in a circular metallo-dielectric metagrating that is fabricated onto the input facet of a multimode optical fiber. Using hyperspectral angle-resolved (HSAR) far-field imaging inside a scanning electron microscope, we probe the angular dispersion of Smith-Purcell radiation (SPR) that is simultaneously generated in free space and inside the fiber by an electron beam that grazes the metagrating at a nanoscale distance. Furthermore, we analyze the spectral distribution of SPR that is emitted into guided optical modes and correlate it with the numerical aperture of the fiber. By varying the electron energy between 5 and 30 keV, we observe the emission of SPR from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared spectral range, and up to the third emission order. In addition, we detect incoherent cathodoluminescence that is generated by electrons penetrating the input facet of the fiber and scattering inelastically. As a result, our HSAR measurements reveal a Fano resonance that is coupled to a Rayleigh anomaly of the metagrating, and that overlaps with the angular dispersion of second-order SPR at 20 keV. Our findings demonstrate the potential of optical fiber-integrated metasurfaces as a versatile platform to implement novel ultrafast light sources and to synthesize complex free-electron quantum states with light.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Liebtrau
- Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute
AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Polman
- Center for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute
AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pan Y, Cohen E, Karimi E, Gover A, Schönenberger N, Chlouba T, Wang K, Nehemia S, Hommelhoff P, Kaminer I, Aharonov Y. Weak measurements and quantum-to-classical transitions in free electron-photon interactions. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:267. [PMID: 37938234 PMCID: PMC10632359 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
How does the quantum-to-classical transition of measurement occur? This question is vital for both foundations and applications of quantum mechanics. Here, we develop a new measurement-based framework for characterizing the classical and quantum free electron-photon interactions and then experimentally test it. We first analyze the transition from projective to weak measurement in generic light-matter interactions and show that any classical electron-laser-beam interaction can be represented as an outcome of weak measurement. In particular, the appearance of classical point-particle acceleration is an example of an amplified weak value resulting from weak measurement. A universal factor, [Formula: see text], quantifies the measurement regimes and their transition from quantum to classical, where [Formula: see text] corresponds to the ratio between the electron wavepacket size and the optical wavelength. This measurement-based formulation is experimentally verified in both limits of photon-induced near-field electron microscopy and the classical acceleration regime using a DLA. Our results shed new light on the transition from quantum to classical electrodynamics, enabling us to employ the essence of the wave-particle duality of both light and electrons in quantum measurement for exploring and applying many quantum and classical light-matter interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Pan
- School of Physical Science and Technology and Center for Transformative Science, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 3200003, Israel.
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Eliahu Cohen
- Faculty of Engineering and the Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290002, Israel.
| | - Ebrahim Karimi
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Avraham Gover
- Department of Electrical Engineering Physical Electronics, Center for Laser-Matter Interaction (LMI), Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Norbert Schönenberger
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tomáš Chlouba
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kangpeng Wang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Saar Nehemia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Peter Hommelhoff
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Staudtstraße 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Yakir Aharonov
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 6997801, Israel
- Institute for Quantum Studies, Chapman University, Orange, CA, 92866, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chlouba T, Shiloh R, Kraus S, Brückner L, Litzel J, Hommelhoff P. Coherent nanophotonic electron accelerator. Nature 2023; 622:476-480. [PMID: 37853151 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Particle accelerators are essential tools in a variety of areas of industry, science and medicine1-4. Typically, the footprint of these machines starts at a few square metres for medical applications and reaches the size of large research centres. Acceleration of electrons with the help of laser light inside of a photonic nanostructure represents a microscopic alternative with potentially orders-of-magnitude decrease in cost and size5-16. Despite large efforts in research on dielectric laser acceleration17,18, including complex electron phase space control with optical forces19-21, noteworthy energy gains have not been shown so far. Here we demonstrate a scalable nanophotonic electron accelerator that coherently combines particle acceleration and transverse beam confinement, and accelerates and guides electrons over a considerable distance of 500 μm in a just 225-nm-wide channel. We observe a maximum coherent energy gain of 12.3 keV, equalling a substantial 43% energy increase of the initial 28.4 keV to 40.7 keV. We expect this work to lead directly to the advent of nanophotonic accelerators offering high acceleration gradients up to the GeV m-1 range utilizing high-damage-threshold dielectric materials22 at minimal size requirements14. These on-chip particle accelerators will enable transformative applications in medicine, industry, materials research and science14,23,24.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Chlouba
- Physics Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Roy Shiloh
- Physics Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI), Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Stefanie Kraus
- Physics Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leon Brückner
- Physics Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Litzel
- Physics Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Hommelhoff
- Physics Department, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL), Erlangen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zheng D, Huang S, Li J, Tian Y, Zhang Y, Li Z, Tian H, Yang H, Li J. Efficiently accelerated free electrons by metallic laser accelerator. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5857. [PMID: 37730686 PMCID: PMC10511530 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Strong electron-photon interactions occurring in a dielectric laser accelerator provide the potential for development of a compact electron accelerator. Theoretically, metallic materials exhibiting notable surface plasmon-field enhancements can possibly generate a high electron acceleration capability. Here, we present a design for metallic material-based on-chip laser-driven accelerators that show a remarkable electron acceleration capability, as demonstrated in ultrafast electron microscopy investigations. Under phase-matching conditions, efficient and continuous acceleration of free electrons on a periodic nanostructure can be achieved. Importantly, an asymmetric spectral structure in which the vast majority of the electrons are in the energy-gain states has been obtained by means of a periodic bowtie-structure accelerator. Due to the presence of surface plasmon enhancement and nonlinear optical effects, the maximum acceleration gradient can reach as high as 0.335 GeV/m. This demonstrates that metallic laser accelerator could provide a way to develop compact accelerators on chip.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dingguo Zheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Siyuan Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhao Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongwen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Huanfang Tian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
| | - Huaixin Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, 523808, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jianqi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, China.
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, 523808, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Karnieli A, Roitman D, Liebtrau M, Tsesses S, Van Nielen N, Kaminer I, Arie A, Polman A. Cylindrical Metalens for Generation and Focusing of Free-Electron Radiation. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5641-5650. [PMID: 35791573 PMCID: PMC9335868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces constitute a powerful approach to generate and control light by engineering optical material properties at the subwavelength scale. Recently, this concept was applied to manipulate free-electron radiation phenomena, rendering versatile light sources with unique functionalities. In this Letter, we experimentally demonstrate spectral and angular control over coherent light emission by metasurfaces that interact with free-electrons under grazing incidence. Specifically, we study metalenses based on chirped metagratings that simultaneously emit and shape Smith-Purcell radiation in the visible and near-infrared spectral regime. In good agreement with theory, we observe the far-field signatures of strongly convergent and divergent cylindrical radiation wavefronts using in situ hyperspectral angle-resolved light detection in a scanning electron microscope. Furthermore, we theoretically explore simultaneous control over the polarization and wavefront of Smith-Purcell radiation via a split-ring-resonator metasurface, enabling tunable operation by spatially selective mode excitation at nanometer resolution. Our work highlights the potential of merging metasurfaces with free-electron excitations for versatile and highly tunable radiation sources in wide-ranging spectral regimes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Karnieli
- Raymond
and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dolev Roitman
- Raymond
and Beverly Sackler School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Matthias Liebtrau
- Center
for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shai Tsesses
- Andrew
and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Nika Van Nielen
- Center
for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Andrew
and Erna Viterbi Department of Electrical Engineering, Technion−Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ady Arie
- School
of Electrical Engineering, Fleischman Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Albert Polman
- Center
for Nanophotonics, NWO-Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Harvey TR, Henke JW, Kfir O, Lourenço-Martins H, Feist A, García de Abajo FJ, Ropers C. Probing Chirality with Inelastic Electron-Light Scattering. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:4377-4383. [PMID: 32383890 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Circular dichroism spectroscopy is an essential technique for understanding molecular structure and magnetic materials; however, spatial resolution is limited by the wavelength of light, and sensitivity sufficient for single-molecule spectroscopy is challenging. We demonstrate that electrons can efficiently measure the interaction between circularly polarized light and chiral materials with deeply subwavelength resolution. By scanning a nanometer-sized focused electron beam across an optically excited chiral nanostructure and measuring the electron energy spectrum at each probe position, we produce a high-spatial-resolution map of near-field dichroism. This technique offers a nanoscale view of a fundamental symmetry and could be employed as "photon staining" to increase biomolecular material contrast in electron microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler R Harvey
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jan-Wilke Henke
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ofer Kfir
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Armin Feist
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claus Ropers
- Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ultrafast Transmission Electron Microscopy: Historical Development, Instrumentation, and Applications. ADVANCES IN IMAGING AND ELECTRON PHYSICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aiep.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
|
8
|
Hughes T, Veronis G, Wootton KP, Joel England R, Fan S. Method for computationally efficient design of dielectric laser accelerator structures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:15414-15427. [PMID: 28788967 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.015414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric microstructures have generated much interest in recent years as a means of accelerating charged particles when powered by solid state lasers. The acceleration gradient (or particle energy gain per unit length) is an important figure of merit. To design structures with high acceleration gradients, we explore the adjoint variable method, a highly efficient technique used to compute the sensitivity of an objective with respect to a large number of parameters. With this formalism, the sensitivity of the acceleration gradient of a dielectric structure with respect to its entire spatial permittivity distribution is calculated by the use of only two full-field electromagnetic simulations, the original and 'adjoint'. The adjoint simulation corresponds physically to the reciprocal situation of a point charge moving through the accelerator gap and radiating. Using this formalism, we perform numerical optimizations aimed at maximizing acceleration gradients, which generate fabricable structures of greatly improved performance in comparison to previously examined geometries.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wootton KP, McNeur J, Leedle KJ. Dielectric Laser Accelerators: Designs, Experiments, and Applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1142/s179362681630005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Novel laser-powered accelerating structures at the miniaturized scale of an optical wavelength [Formula: see text] open a pathway to high repetition rate, attosecond scale electron bunches that can be accelerated with gradients exceeding 1 GeV/m. Although the theoretical and computational study of dielectric laser accelerators dates back many decades, recently the first experimental realizations of this novel class of accelerators have been demonstrated. We review recent developments in fabrication, testing, and demonstration of these micron scale devices. In particular, prospects for applications of this accelerator technology are evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. P. Wootton
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J. McNeur
- Department of Physics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - K. J. Leedle
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yi L, Pukhov A, Shen B. Direct acceleration of electrons by a CO2 laser in a curved plasma waveguide. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28147. [PMID: 27320197 PMCID: PMC4913320 DOI: 10.1038/srep28147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Laser plasma interaction with micro-engineered targets at relativistic intensities has been greatly promoted by recent progress in the high contrast lasers and the manufacture of advanced micro- and nano-structures. This opens new possibilities for the physics of laser-matter interaction. Here we propose a novel approach that leverages the advantages of high-pressure CO2 laser, laser-waveguide interaction, as well as micro-engineered plasma structure to accelerate electrons to peak energy greater than 1 GeV with narrow slice energy spread (~1%) and high overall efficiency. The acceleration gradient is 26 GV/m for a 1.3 TW CO2 laser system. The micro-bunching of a long electron beam leads to the generation of a chain of ultrashort electron bunches with the duration roughly equal to half-laser-cycle. These results open a way for developing a compact and economic electron source for diverse applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longqing Yi
- Institut fuer Theoretische Physik I, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, 40225 Germany.,State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 800-211, Shanghai 201800, China
| | - Alexander Pukhov
- Institut fuer Theoretische Physik I, Heinrich-Heine-Universitaet Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, 40225 Germany
| | - Baifei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 800-211, Shanghai 201800, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA (CICIFSA), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Leedle KJ, Ceballos A, Deng H, Solgaard O, Pease RF, Byer RL, Harris JS. Dielectric laser acceleration of sub-100 keV electrons with silicon dual-pillar grating structures. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:4344-4347. [PMID: 26371932 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.004344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present the demonstration of high-gradient laser acceleration and deflection of electrons with silicon dual-pillar grating structures using both evanescent inverse Smith-Purcell modes and coupled modes. Our devices accelerate subrelativistic 86.5 and 96.3 keV electrons by 2.05 keV over 5.6 μm distance for accelerating gradients of 370 MeV/m with a 3 nJ mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser. We also show that dual pillars can produce uniform accelerating gradients with a coupled-mode field profile. These results represent a significant step toward making practical dielectric laser accelerators for ultrafast, medical, and high-energy applications.
Collapse
|
12
|
Feist A, Echternkamp KE, Schauss J, Yalunin SV, Schäfer S, Ropers C. Quantum coherent optical phase modulation in an ultrafast transmission electron microscope. Nature 2015; 521:200-3. [DOI: 10.1038/nature14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
13
|
Demonstration of electron acceleration in a laser-driven dielectric microstructure. Nature 2013; 503:91-4. [DOI: 10.1038/nature12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
14
|
Breuer J, Hommelhoff P. Laser-based acceleration of nonrelativistic electrons at a dielectric structure. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2013; 111:134803. [PMID: 24116785 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.111.134803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A proof-of-principle experiment demonstrating dielectric laser acceleration of nonrelativistic electrons in the vicinity of a fused-silica grating is reported. The grating structure is utilized to generate an electromagnetic surface wave that travels synchronously with and efficiently imparts momentum on 28 keV electrons. We observe a maximum acceleration gradient of 25 MeV/m. We investigate in detail the parameter dependencies and find excellent agreement with numerical simulations. With the availability of compact and efficient fiber laser technology, these findings may pave the way towards an all-optical compact particle accelerator. This work also represents the demonstration of the inverse Smith-Purcell effect in the optical regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Breuer
- Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics, Hans-Kopfermann-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Affiliation(s)
- Philip E. Batson
- Institute for Advanced Materials, Devices and Nanotechnology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Park ST, Zewail AH. Enhancing image contrast and slicing electron pulses in 4D near field electron microscopy. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
17
|
García de Abajo FJ, Asenjo-Garcia A, Kociak M. Multiphoton absorption and emission by interaction of swift electrons with evanescent light fields. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:1859-1863. [PMID: 20415459 DOI: 10.1021/nl100613s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a theory to describe the interaction of swift electrons with strong evanescent light fields. This allows us to explain recent experimental results of multiple energy losses and gains for electrons passing near illuminated nanostructures. A complex evolution of the electron state over attosecond time scales is unveiled, giving rise to non-Poissonian distributions of multiphoton features in the electron spectra. Prospects for application to nanoscale-resolved transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopy are discussed.
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Zakowicz W. Whispering-gallery-mode resonances: a new way to accelerate charged particles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:114801. [PMID: 16197010 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.114801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Looking for future high energy accelerators we point at a very strong interaction between relativistic electrons and powerful electromagnetic fields existing in the vicinity of a dielectric cylinder in conditions of resonantly excited whispering gallery modes (WGM). A particular example of the WGM resonance, corresponding to angular index n=22, shows that the accelerating fields are almost 100 times stronger than these in the incident wave. That yields an acceleration rate of about 5 GeV/m with the incident microwave radiation beam of the wavelength lambda=1 cm and a moderately high intensity of P=1 MW/cm2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Władysław Zakowicz
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, Warsaw 02-668, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kawata S, Maruyama T, Watanabe H, Takahashi I. Inverse-bremsstrahlung electron acceleration. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 1991; 66:2072-2075. [PMID: 10043384 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.66.2072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
|
21
|
McChesney M, Tanneau F, Regnault A, Sansonetti P, Montagnier L, Kieny MP, Rivière Y. Detection of primary cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 by deletion of the env amino-terminal signal sequence. Eur J Immunol 1990; 20:215-20. [PMID: 2106442 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830200131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A heterogenous population of envelope glycoprotein-specific cytotoxic effector cells are found in the peripheral blood of individuals infected with HIV-1, and in many cases env-specific lysis is not restricted by MHC molecules and is not blocked by antibody to CD3 (Rivière, Y. et al., J. Virol. 1989, 63:2270). In order to detect env-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-1-infected donors, a mutant env gene with deletion of the amino-terminal signal sequence was inserted into vaccinia virus. This deletion of the amino-terminal signal sequence was inserted into vaccinia virus. This deletion results in synthesis of an envelope protein that is not glycosylated and not expressed at the surface of infected cells. Target cells infected with this recombinant vaccinia virus are not lysed by antibody-mediated cellular cytotoxicity, but they are recognized by secondary CTL. Comparing lysis of target cells expressing gp160 of HIV-1 and the signal peptide deletion mutant, primary env-specific CTL were detected in some individuals infected with HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M McChesney
- Département de Médecine, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|