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Mao W, Chang SM, Zhang YQ, Li Y, Du SC, Hu SJ, Yang A, Zhou KH. Positive medial cortical support versus anatomical reduction for trochanteric hip fractures: Finite element analysis and biomechanical testing. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 234:107502. [PMID: 37003038 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The anatomical reduction (AR) is usually considered the best option for fractures. Nevertheless, in unstable trochanteric hip fractures (UTHF), previous clinical reports found that the positive medial cortical support (PMCS, an over-reduction technique) attained higher mechanical stability, but this challenging clinical finding still needs experimental validation. METHODS This study constructed in-silico and biomechanical PMCS and AR models, with the use of the most clinically-representative geometry design of fracture models, the multi-directional design in FE analysis, and the subject-specific (osteoporotic) bone material properties, to make the models better mimic the actual condition in clinical settings. Then multiple performance variables (von-Mises stress, strain, integral axial stiffness, displacement, structural changes, etc.) were assessed to uncover details of integral and regional stability. RESULTS Among in-silico comparison, PMCS models showed significantly lower maximum displacement than AR models, and the maximum von Mises stress of implants (MVMS-I) was significantly lower in PMCS models than in AR models (highest MVMS-I in -30°-A3-AR of 1055.80 ± 93.37 MPa). Besides, PMCS models had significantly lower maximum von Mises stress along fracture surfaces (MVMS-F) (highest MVMS-F in 30°-A2-AR of 416.40 ± 38.01 MPa). Among biomechanical testing comparison, PMCS models showed significantly lower axial displacement. Significantly lower change of neck-shaft angle (CNSA) was observed in A2-PMCS models. A fair amount of AR models converted into the obvious negative medial cortical support (NMCS) condition, whereas all PMCS models kept the PMCS condition. The results were also validated through comparison to previous clinical data. CONCLUSIONS The PMCS is superior to the AR in the UTHF surgery. The current study opens up the second thought of the role of over-reduction technique in bone surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mao
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 450 Tengyue Road, Shanghai 200090, China; Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 801 Heqing Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shi-Min Chang
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 450 Tengyue Road, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Ying-Qi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 389 Xincun Road, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Yan Li
- Division of Orthopaedics and Biotechnology, Department of Clinical Science Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Theme Trauma and Reparative Medicine, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shou-Chao Du
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 450 Tengyue Road, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Sun-Jun Hu
- The Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 450 Tengyue Road, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Aolei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, 801 Heqing Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kai-Hua Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, No.1158 Gongyuan Dong Road, Shanghai 201700, China.
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Viswanathan K, Chandrasekar S. Fifty years of Schallamach waves: from rubber friction to nanoscale fracture. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210339. [PMID: 35909358 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The question of how soft polymers slide against hard surfaces is of significant scientific interest, given its practical implications. Specifically, such systems commonly show interesting stick-slip dynamics, wherein the interface moves intermittently despite uniform remote loading. The year 2021 marked the 50th anniversary of the publication of a seminal paper by Adolf Schallamach (Wear, 1971), which first revealed an intimate link between stick-slip and moving detachment waves, now called Schallamach waves. We place Schallamach's results in a broader context and review subsequent investigations of stick-slip, before discussing recent observations of solitary Schallamach waves. This variant is not observable in standard contacts so that a special cylindrical contact must be used to quantify its properties. The latter configuration also reveals the occurrence of a dual wave-the so-called separation pulse-that propagates in a direction opposite to Schallamach waves. We show how the dual wave and other, more general, Schallamach-type waves can be described using continuum theory and provide pointers for future research. In the process, fundamental analogues of Schallamach-type waves emerge in nanoscale mechanics and interface fracture. The result is an ongoing application of lessons learnt from Schallamach-type waves to better understand these latter phenomena. This article is part of the theme issue 'Nanocracks in nature and industry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Viswanathan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Srinivasan Chandrasekar
- Center for Materials Processing and Tribology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Thøgersen K, Aharonov E, Barras F, Renard F. Minimal model for the onset of slip pulses in frictional rupture. Phys Rev E 2021; 103:052802. [PMID: 34134208 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.103.052802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a minimal one-dimensional continuum model for the transition from cracklike to pulselike propagation of frictional rupture. In its nondimensional form, the model depends on only two free parameters: the nondimensional prestress and an elasticity ratio that accounts for the finite height of the system. The model predicts stable slip pulse solutions for slip boundary conditions, and unstable slip pulse solutions for stress boundary conditions. The results demonstrate that a mechanism based solely on elastic relaxation and redistribution of initial prestress can cause pulselike rupture, without any particular rate or slip dependences of dynamic friction. This means that pulselike propagation along frictional interfaces is likely a generic feature that can occur in systems of finite thickness over a wide range of friction constitutive laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Thøgersen
- The Njord Centre, Departments of Physics and Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Einat Aharonov
- Institute of Earth Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
| | - Fabian Barras
- The Njord Centre, Departments of Physics and Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - François Renard
- The Njord Centre, Departments of Physics and Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Evaluation of Cortical Bone Microdamage and Primary Stability of Orthodontic Miniscrew Using a Human Bone Analogue. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14081825. [PMID: 33917087 PMCID: PMC8067727 DOI: 10.3390/ma14081825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Orthodontic miniscrews have gained popularity; however, they have some drawbacks, including screw loosening that results from bone resorption caused by excess microdamage created during screw insertion. Pilot hole preparation through the cortical bone is considered beneficial to avoid such microdamage, while an overly large pilot hole impairs primary stability. Hence, we used a human bone analogue to evaluate the microdamage and primary stability to estimate the optimal pilot hole size that would minimize the screw loosening risk. Ti6Al4V orthodontic miniscrews and 1.0-mm-thick synthetic cortical bone pieces were prepared. Various compressive loads were applied in indentation tests to test pieces' surfaces, and the microdamaged areas were confirmed as stress-whitening zones. Screw insertion tests were performed in which a miniscrew was inserted into the test pieces' pilot hole with a diameter of 0.7-1.2 mm in 0.1-mm intervals, and the stress-whitening area was measured. The insertion and removal torque were also measured to evaluate primary stability. The stress-whitening areas of the 1.0-1.2 mm pilot hole diameter groups were significantly smaller than those of the other groups (p < 0.05), whereas the 0.9 and 1.0 mm pilot hole diameter groups showed higher primary stability than other groups. In conclusion, the bone analogue could be utilized to evaluate microdamage in cortical bones and the primary stability of miniscrews.
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Thøgersen K, Sveinsson HA, Amundsen DS, Scheibert J, Renard F, Malthe-Sørenssen A. Minimal model for slow, sub-Rayleigh, supershear, and unsteady rupture propagation along homogeneously loaded frictional interfaces. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:043004. [PMID: 31771025 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.043004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In nature and experiments, a large variety of rupture speeds and front modes along frictional interfaces are observed. Here, we introduce a minimal model for the rupture of homogeneously loaded interfaces with velocity strengthening dynamic friction, containing only two dimensionless parameters; τ[over ¯], which governs the prestress, and α[over ¯], which is set by the interfacial viscosity. This model contains a large variety of front types, including slow fronts, sub-Rayleigh fronts, supershear fronts, slip pulses, cracks, arresting fronts, and fronts that alternate between arresting and propagating phases. Our results indicate that this wide range of front types is an inherent property of frictional systems with velocity strengthening branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Thøgersen
- Physics of Geological Processes, The NJORD Centre, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Henrik Andersen Sveinsson
- Physics of Geological Processes, The NJORD Centre, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Julien Scheibert
- Univ Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, ENISE, ENTPE, CNRS, Laboratoire de Tribologie et Dynamique des Systèmes LTDS, UMR 5513, F-69134, Ecully, France
| | - François Renard
- Physics of Geological Processes, The NJORD Centre, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTerre, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Anders Malthe-Sørenssen
- Physics of Geological Processes, The NJORD Centre, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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The structure of slip-pulses and supershear ruptures driving slip in bimaterial friction. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11787. [PMID: 27278687 PMCID: PMC4906223 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The most general frictional motion in nature involves bimaterial interfaces, when contacting bodies possess different elastic properties. Frictional motion occurs when the contacts composing the interface separating these bodies detach via propagating rupture fronts. Coupling between slip and normal stress variations is unique to bimaterial interfaces. Here we use high speed simultaneous measurements of slip velocities, real contact area and stresses to explicitly reveal this bimaterial coupling and its role in determining different classes of rupture modes and their structures. We directly observe slip-pulses, highly localized slip accompanied by large local reduction of the normal stress near the rupture tip. These pulses propagate in the direction of motion of the softer material at a selected (maximal) velocity and continuously evolve while propagating. In the opposite direction bimaterial coupling favors crack-like ‘supershear' fronts. The robustness of these structures shows the importance of bimaterial coupling to frictional motion and modes of frictional dissipation. Friction commonly involves different material types (bimaterials) at their sliding interface. Here, in laboratory experiments Shlomai and Fineberg reveal effects uniquely due to biomaterial coupling, with slip-pulses and crack-like supershear fronts dominating opposing propagation directions.
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Viswanathan K, Mahato A, Chandrasekar S. Nucleation and propagation of solitary Schallamach waves. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 91:012408. [PMID: 25679629 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.91.012408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We isolate single Schallamach waves--detachment fronts that mediate inhomogeneous sliding between an elastomer and a hard surface--to study their creation and dynamics. Based on measurements of surface displacement using high-speed in situ imaging, we establish a Burgers vector for the waves. The crystal dislocation analogs of nucleation stress, defect pinning, and configurational force are demonstrated. It is shown that many experimentally observed features can be quantitatively described using a conventional model of a dislocation line in an elastic medium. We also highlight the evolution of nucleation features, such as surface wrinkles, with consequences for interface delamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koushik Viswanathan
- Center for Materials Processing and Tribology Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2023, USA
| | - Anirban Mahato
- Center for Materials Processing and Tribology Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2023, USA
| | - Srinivasan Chandrasekar
- Center for Materials Processing and Tribology Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2023, USA
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8
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Friction coefficient dependence on electrostatic tribocharging. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2384. [PMID: 23934227 PMCID: PMC3740278 DOI: 10.1038/srep02384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Friction between dielectric surfaces produces patterns of fixed, stable electric charges that in turn contribute electrostatic components to surface interactions between the contacting solids. The literature presents a wealth of information on the electronic contributions to friction in metals and semiconductors but the effect of triboelectricity on friction coefficients of dielectrics is as yet poorly defined and understood. In this work, friction coefficients were measured on tribocharged polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), using three different techniques. As a result, friction coefficients at the macro- and nanoscales increase many-fold when PTFE surfaces are tribocharged, but this effect is eliminated by silanization of glass spheres rolling on PTFE. In conclusion, tribocharging may supersede all other contributions to macro- and nanoscale friction coefficients in PTFE and probably in other insulating polymers.
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9
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Capozza R, Barel I, Urbakh M. Probing and tuning frictional aging at the nanoscale. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1896. [PMID: 23719489 PMCID: PMC3667487 DOI: 10.1038/srep01896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-dependent increase of frictional strength, or frictional aging, is a widely observed phenomenon both at macro and nanoscales. The frictional aging at the nanoscale may result from nucleation of capillary bridges and strengthening of chemical bonding, and it imposes serious constraints and limitations on the performance and lifetime of micro- and nanomachines. Here, by analytical model and numerical simulations, we investigate the effect of inplane oscillations on friction in nanoscale contacts which exhibit aging. We demonstrate that adding a low amplitude oscillatory component to the pulling force, when applied at the right frequency, can significantly suppress aging processes and thereby reduce friction. The results obtained show that frictional measurements performed in this mode can provide significant information on the mechanism of frictional aging and stiffness of interfacial contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Capozza
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
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10
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Tang XS, Loke YC, Lu P, Sinha SK, O'Shea SJ. Friction measurement on free standing plates using atomic force microscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:013702. [PMID: 23387654 DOI: 10.1063/1.4773534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A method is introduced to measure friction on small, free standing objects, specifically microfabricated silicon plates, based on atomic force microscopy (AFM). An AFM tip is brought into contact with the plate resting on a substrate. The substrate is displaced laterally and, provided the AFM tip does not slide over the plate, the twisting of the AFM cantilever is used to measure the friction of the underlying plate-substrate interface. The method can measure nano-Newton to micro-Newton forces (both friction and applied load) and provides a means to measure friction of macroscopic structures at low load.
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Affiliation(s)
- X S Tang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research, 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602
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11
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Wagner KC, Wang Y, Regen SL, Vezenov DV. Yield strength of glued Langmuir–Blodgett films determined by friction force microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:14037-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50444a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Audry MC, Fretigny C, Chateauminois A, Teissere J, Barthel E. Slip dynamics at a patterned rubber/glass interface during stick-slip motions. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2012; 35:83. [PMID: 22972225 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2012-12083-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report on an experimental study of heterogeneous slip instabilities generated during stick-slip motions at a contact interface between a smooth rubber substrate and a patterned glass lens. Using a sol-gel process, the glass lens is patterned with a lattice of parallel ridges (wavelength, 1.6 μm, amplitude 0.35 μm). Friction experiments using this patterned surface result in the systematic occurrence of stick-slip motions over three orders of magnitude in the imposed driving velocity while stable friction is achieved with a smooth surface. Using a contact imaging method, real-time displacement fields are measured at the surface of the rubber substrate. Stick-slip motions are found to involve the localized propagation of transverse interface shear cracks whose velocity is observed to be remarkably independent on the driving velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Audry
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie des Polymères et des Milieux Dispersés, UMR CNRS 7615, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles (ESPCI), Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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13
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The Holistic Strategy in Multi-Scale Modeling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-380985-8.00002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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14
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Kulikov O, Hornung K, Wagner M. Low viscous hydrophilic processing additives for extrusion of polyethylene at reduced temperatures. POLYM ENG SCI 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Barel I, Urbakh M, Jansen L, Schirmeisen A. Multibond dynamics of nanoscale friction: the role of temperature. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2010; 104:066104. [PMID: 20366835 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.066104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The main challenge in predicting sliding friction is related to the complexity of highly nonequilibrium processes, the kinetics of which are controlled by the interface temperature. Our experiments reveal a nonmonotonic enhancement of dry nanoscale friction at cryogenic temperatures for different material classes. Concerted simulations show that it emerges from two competing processes acting at the interface: the thermally activated formation as well as rupturing of an ensemble of atomic contacts. These results provide a new conceptual framework to describe the dynamics of dry friction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Barel
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
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17
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Reguzzoni M, Ferrario M, Zapperi S, Righi MC. Onset of frictional slip by domain nucleation in adsorbed monolayers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:1311-6. [PMID: 20080546 PMCID: PMC2824350 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0909993107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been known for centuries that a body in contact with a substrate will start to slide when the lateral force exceeds the static friction force. Yet the microscopic mechanisms ruling the crossover from static to dynamic friction are still the object of active research. Here, we analyze the onset of slip of a xenon (Xe) monolayer sliding on a copper (Cu) substrate. We consider thermal-activated creep under a small external lateral force, and observe that slip proceeds by the nucleation and growth of domains in the commensurate interface between the film and the substrate. We measure the activation energy for the nucleation process considering its dependence on the external force, the substrate corrugation, and particle interactions in the film. To understand the results, we use the classical theory of nucleation and compute analytically the activation energy which turns out to be in excellent agreement with numerical results. We discuss the relevance of our results to understand experiments on the sliding of adsorbed monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Reguzzoni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia - S3 and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 213/A, I-41100, Modena, Italy; and
| | - Mauro Ferrario
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia - S3 and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 213/A, I-41100, Modena, Italy; and
| | - Stefano Zapperi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia - S3 and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 213/A, I-41100, Modena, Italy; and
- Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della MateriaInstitute for Scientific Information Foundation Viale San Severo 65, 10133 Turin, Italy
| | - Maria Clelia Righi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Nazionale per la Fisica della Materia - S3 and Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 213/A, I-41100, Modena, Italy; and
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18
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Bergé L, Skupin S, Steinmeyer G. Temporal self-restoration of compressed optical filaments. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2008; 101:213901. [PMID: 19113411 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.213901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We numerically investigate the propagation of a self-compressed optical filament through a gas-glass-gas interface. Few-cycle light pulses survive a sudden and short order-of-magnitude increase of nonlinearity and dispersion, even when all conservative estimates predict temporal spreading or spatial breakup. Spatiotemporal distortions are shown to self-heal upon further propagation when the pulse refocuses in the second gas. This self-healing mechanism has important implications for pulse compression techniques handled by filamentation and explains the robustness of such sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bergé
- CEA-DIF, DPTA, Bruyères-le-Châtel, 91297 Arpajon cedex, France
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19
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Wibberley CAJ, Yielding G, Di Toro G. Recent advances in the understanding of fault zone internal structure: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1144/sp299.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIt is increasingly apparent that faults are typically not discrete planes but zones of deformed rock with a complex internal structure and three-dimensional geometry. In the last decade this has led to renewed interest in the consequences of this complexity for modelling the impact of fault zones on fluid flow and mechanical behaviour of the Earth's crust. A number of processes operate during the development of fault zones, both internally and in the surrounding host rock, which may encourage or inhibit continuing fault zone growth. The complexity of the evolution of a faulted system requires changes in the rheological properties of both the fault zone and the surrounding host rock volume, both of which impact on how the fault zone evolves with increasing displacement. Models of the permeability structure of fault zones emphasize the presence of two types of fault rock components: fractured conduits parallel to the fault and granular core zone barriers to flow. New data presented in this paper on porosity–permeability relationships of fault rocks during laboratory deformation tests support recently advancing concepts which have extended these models to show that poro-mechanical approaches (e.g., critical state soil mechanics, fracture dilatancy) may be applied to predict the fluid flow behaviour of complex fault zones during the active life of the fault. Predicting the three-dimensional heterogeneity of fault zone internal structure is important in the hydrocarbon industry for evaluating the retention capacity of faults in exploration contexts and the hydraulic behaviour in production contexts. Across-fault reservoir juxtaposition or non-juxtaposition, a key property in predicting retention or across-fault leakage, is strongly controlled by the three-dimensional complexity of the fault zone. Although algorithms such as shale gouge ratio greatly help predict capillary threshold pressures, quantification of the statistical variation in fault zone composition will allow estimations of uncertainty in fault retention capacity and hence prospect reserve estimations. Permeability structure in the fault zone is an important issue because bulk fluid flow rates through or along a fault zone are dependent on permeability variations, anisotropy and tortuosity of flow paths. A possible way forward is to compare numerical flow models using statistical variations of permeability in a complex fault zone in a given sandstone/shale context with field-scale estimates of fault zone permeability. Fault zone internal structure is equally important in understanding the seismogenic behaviour of faults. Both geometric and compositional complexities can control the nucleation, propagation and arrest of earthquakes. The presence and complex distribution of different fault zone materials of contrasting velocity-weakening and velocity-strengthening properties is an important factor in controlling earthquake nucleation and whether a fault slips seismogenically or creeps steadily, as illustrated by recent studies of the San Andreas Fault. A synthesis of laboratory experiments presented in this paper shows that fault zone materials which become stronger with increasing slip rate, typically then get weaker as slip rate continues to increase to seismogenic slip rates. Thus the probability that a nucleating rupture can propagate sufficiently to generate a large earthquake depends upon its success in propagating fast enough through these materials in order to give them the required velocity kick. This propagation success is hence controlled by the relative and absolute size distributions of velocity-weakening and velocity-strengthening rocks within the fault zone. Statistical characterisation of the distribution of such contrasting properties within complex fault zones may allow for better predictive models of rupture propagation in the future and provide an additional approach to earthquake size forecasting and early warnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. J. Wibberley
- Géosciences Azur, CNRS UMR6526, Université de Nice – Sophia Antipolis, 250 rue A. Einstein, 06560 Valbonne, France
- Present address: TOTAL, CSTJF, Av. Larribau, 64018 Pau, France (e-mail: )
| | - Graham Yielding
- Badley Geoscience Ltd, North Beck House, North Beck Lane, Hundleby, Lincolnshire PE23 5NB, UK
| | - Giulio Di Toro
- Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Via Giotto 1, 35137 Padova, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Via di Vigna Murata 605, Roma, Italy
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Rubinstein SM, Cohen G, Fineberg J. Dynamics of precursors to frictional sliding. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2007; 98:226103. [PMID: 17677864 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.98.226103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We measure the spatial and temporal behavior of the true contact area A along a rough spatially extended interface between two blocks in frictional contact. Upon the application of shear the onset of motion is preceded by a discrete sequence of cracklike precursors, which are initiated at shear levels that are well below the threshold for static friction. These precursors arrest well before traversing the entire interface. They systematically increase in length with the applied shear force and significantly redistribute the true contact area along the interface. Thus, when frictional sliding occurs, the initially uniform contact area along the interface has already evolved to one that is highly nonuniform in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rubinstein
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
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21
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Uri L, Dysthe DK, Feder J. Oscillatory ductile compaction dynamics in a cylinder. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2006; 74:031301. [PMID: 17025617 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.74.031301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2005] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ductile compaction is common in many natural systems, but the temporal evolution of such systems is rarely studied. We observe surprising oscillations in the weight measured at the bottom of a self-compacting ensemble of ductile grains. The oscillations develop during the first ten hours of the experiment, and usually persist through the length of an experiment (one week). The weight oscillations are connected to the grain-wall contacts, and are directly correlated with the observed strain evolution and the dynamics of grain-wall contacts during the compaction. Here, we present the experimental results and characteristic time constants of the system, and discuss possible reasons for the measured weight oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Uri
- Physics of Geological Processes, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1048 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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22
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Jarvis EAA, Carter EA. A nanoscale mechanism of fatigue in ionic solids. NANO LETTERS 2006; 6:505-9. [PMID: 16522052 DOI: 10.1021/nl0525655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We employ periodic density functional theory to explore the effect of cyclic tensile loading on the behavior of alumina in the threshold region of crack formation. We find evidence for nanoscale fatigue when the alumina lattice is subjected to uniaxial tensile loading and unloading and tensile stresses normal to the applied load. It is possible that such atomic-scale fatigue impacts the durability of ceramics, since the highly ionic bonding requires near-ideal lattice structures in order to maintain cohesive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A A Jarvis
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 8380, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8380, USA
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23
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Gesi A, Raffaelli O, Goracci C, Pashley DH, Tay FR, Ferrari M. Interfacial Strength of Resilon and Gutta-Percha to Intraradicular Dentin. J Endod 2005; 31:809-13. [PMID: 16249724 DOI: 10.1097/01.don.0000158230.15853.b7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Strengthening of Resilon-filled roots via an adhesive interface should be reflected by improvement in the interfacial strength and dislocation resistance between the root fillings and intraradicular dentin. This study compared the interfacial strengths of Resilon/Epiphany and gutta-percha/AH Plus using a thin-slice push-out test design. Failure modes of root slices after push-out testing were examined with environmental scanning electron microscopy. The gutta-percha group exhibited significantly higher interfacial strength than the Resilon group, when premature failures that occurred in Resilon root slices were included in the statistical analysis. The gutta-percha root slices failed exclusively along the gutta-percha/sealer interface. The Resilon root slices failed predominantly along the sealer/dentin interface with recognizable, fractured resin tags. Detachment of the Resilon from the Epiphany sealer was also surprisingly observed in some specimens. The similarly low interfacial strengths achieved with both types of root filling challenges the concept of strengthening root-filled teeth with the new endodontic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Gesi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Dental Materials, University of Siena, Italy
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24
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Wang W, Chen S. Hyperelasticity, viscoelasticity, and nonlocal elasticity govern dynamic fracture in rubber. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2005; 95:144301. [PMID: 16241660 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.95.144301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic cracks in rubber can spontaneously oscillate under certain biaxial strain conditions [R. D. Deegan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 014304 (2002)]. We have found that this unusual phenomenon can be understood from the unique mechanical properties of rubber: hyperelasticity, viscoelasticity, and nonlocal elasticity. While all these are important, the decisive role of nonlocality needs to be particularly emphasized. Through numerical simulations with a lattice model, we have quantitatively reproduced the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Wang
- Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, Chinese Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, Sichuan 621900, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Abstract
Most eukaryotic cells can crawl over surfaces. In general, this motility requires three distinct actions: polymerization at the leading edge, adhesion to the substrate, and retraction at the rear. Recent experiments with mouse embryonic fibroblasts showed that during spreading and crawling the lamellipodium undergoes periodic contractions that are substrate-dependent. Here I show that a simple model incorporating stick-slip adhesion and a simplified mechanism for the generation of contractile forces is sufficient to explain periodic lamellipodial contractions. This model also explains why treatment of cells with latrunculin modifies the period of these contractions. In addition, by coupling a diffusing chemical species that can bind actin, such as myosin light-chain kinase, with the contractile model leads to periodic rows and waves in the chemical species, similar to what is observed in experiments. This model provides a novel and simple explanation for the generation of contractile waves during cell spreading and crawling that is only dependent on stick-slip adhesion and the generation of contractile force and suggests new experiments to test this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles W Wolgemuth
- University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Cell Biology, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
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26
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Brener EA, Malinin SV, Marchenko VI. Fracture and friction: Stick-slip motion. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2005; 17:101-13. [PMID: 15864733 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2004-10112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Accepted: 03/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
We discuss the stick-slip motion of an elastic block sliding along a rigid substrate. We argue that for a given external shear stress this system shows a discontinuous nonequilibrium transition from a uniform stick state to uniform sliding at some critical stress which is nothing but the Griffith threshold for crack propagation. An inhomogeneous mode of sliding occurs when the driving velocity is prescribed instead of the external stress. A transition to homogeneous sliding occurs at a critical velocity, which is related to the critical stress. We solve the elastic problem for a steady-state motion of a periodic stick-slip pattern and derive equations of motion for the tip and resticking end of the slip pulses. In the slip regions we use the linear friction law and do not assume any intrinsic instabilities even at small sliding velocities. We find that, as in many other pattern forming system, the steady-state analysis itself does not select uniquely all the internal parameters of the pattern, especially the primary wavelength. Using some plausible analogy to first-order phase transitions we discuss a "soft" selection mechanism. This allows to estimate internal parameters such as crack velocities, primary wavelength and relative fraction of the slip phase as functions of the driving velocity. The relevance of our results to recent experiments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Brener
- Institut für Festkörperforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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27
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Mazyar OA, Xie H, Hase WL. Nonequilibrium energy dissipation at the interface of sliding model hydroxylated α-alumina surfaces. J Chem Phys 2005; 122:094713. [PMID: 15836168 DOI: 10.1063/1.1858856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the dynamics of energy transfer at the interface of a small nanoscale hydroxylated alpha-alumina surface sliding across a much larger surface of the same material. Sliding velocities of 0.05, 0.5, 5, and 50 ms and loads of 0, 0.0625, 5, 15, 25, and 100 nN were considered. Nonequilibrium energy distributions were found at the interface for each of these conditions. The velocity distribution P(v) for the atoms in a sublayer of the smaller surface oscillates during the sliding, reflecting the periodicity of the interfacial intermolecular potential. When averaged over the sliding, this P(v) for each of the sublayers is bimodal with Boltzmann and non-Boltzmann components. The non-Boltzmann component, with temperatures in excess of 1000 K and as high as 2500 K, is most important for the interfacial H-atom sublayer and becomes less important in moving to a sublayer further from the interface. Similarly, the temperature of the Boltzmann component decreases for sublayers further from the interface and approaches the 300 K temperature of the boundary. The temperature of the Boltzmann component decreases, but the importance of the non-Boltzmann component increases, as the sliding velocity is decreased. The temperature of the non-Boltzmann component is relatively insensitive to the sliding velocity. Friction forces are determined by calculating the energy dissipation during the sliding, and different regimes are found for variation in the friction force versus sliding velocity v(s) and applied load. For v(s) of 0.05, 0.5, and 5 ms, the friction force is inversely proportional to v(s) reflecting the increased time for energy dissipation as v(s) is decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg A Mazyar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409-1061, USA
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28
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Sarkar J, Sharma A, Shenoy V. Adhesion and debonding of soft elastic films: crack patterns, metastable pathways, and forces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:1457-1469. [PMID: 15697295 DOI: 10.1021/la048061o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We study the phenomenon of debonding in a thin soft elastic film sandwiched between two rigid plates as one of the plates is brought into intimate contact and then pulled away from contact proximity by application of a normal force. Nonlinear simulations based on minimization of total energy (composed of stabilizing elastic strain energy and destabilizing adhesive interaction energy) are employed to address the problems of contact hysteresis, cavitation, crack morphology, variation of contact area, snap-off distance, pull-off force, work done, and energy loss. Below a critical distance (d(c)) upon approach, simulations show the formation of columnar structures and nonrandom, regularly arranged nanocavities at the soft interface at a length scale of approximately 3h (h being the thickness of the film). The persistence of such instability upon withdrawal (distance >>d(c)) indicates a contact hysteresis, which is caused by an energy barrier that separates the metastable states of the patterned configuration and the global minimum state of the flat film. The energy and the pull-off force are found to be nonequilibrium and nonunique properties depending on the initial contact, defects, noise, etc. Three broad pathways of debonding leading to adhesive failure of the interface, depending on the stiffness of the film, step size of withdrawal, and the imposed noise, are identified: a catastrophic column collapse mode, a peeling mode involving a continuous decrease in the contact area, and a column splitting mode. The first two modes are caused by a very high stress concentration near the cavity edges. These metastable patterned configurations engender pull-off forces that are orders of magnitude smaller than that required to separate two flat surfaces from contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayati Sarkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, UP 208 016, India
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29
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Morphological features and mechanical behavior of one- and two-phase polymeric materials simulated by molecular dynamics. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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30
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Rubinstein SM, Cohen G, Fineberg J. Detachment fronts and the onset of dynamic friction. Nature 2004; 430:1005-9. [PMID: 15329715 DOI: 10.1038/nature02830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2004] [Accepted: 06/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The dynamics of friction have been studied for hundreds of years, yet many aspects of these everyday processes are not understood. One such aspect is the onset of frictional motion (slip). First described more than 200 years ago as the transition from static to dynamic friction, the onset of slip is central to fields as diverse as physics, tribology, mechanics of earthquakes and fracture. Here we show that the onset of frictional slip is governed by three different types of coherent crack-like fronts: these are observed by real-time visualization of the net contact area that forms the interface separating two blocks of like material. Two of these fronts, which propagate at subsonic and intersonic velocities, have been the subject of intensive recent interest. We show that a third type of front, which propagates an order of magnitude more slowly, is the dominant mechanism for the rupture of the interface. No overall motion (sliding) of the blocks occurs until either of the slower two fronts traverses the entire interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shmuel M Rubinstein
- The Racah Institute of Physics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem, Israel
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31
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Carpio A. Nonlinear stability of oscillatory wave fronts in chains of coupled oscillators. Phys Rev E 2004; 69:046601. [PMID: 15169112 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.69.046601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We present a stability theory for kink propagation in chains of coupled oscillators and a different algorithm for the numerical study of kink dynamics. The numerical solutions are computed using an equivalent integral equation instead of a system of differential equations. This avoids uncertainty about the impact of artificial boundary conditions and discretization in time. Stability results also follow from the integral version. Stable kinks have a monotone leading edge and move with a velocity larger than a critical value which depends on the damping strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carpio
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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32
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Gotsmann B, Dürig U. Thermally activated nanowear modes of a polymer surface induced by a heated tip. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:1495-1500. [PMID: 15803740 DOI: 10.1021/la036112w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We report on nanoscale wear induced by atomic force microscopy using a heated cantilever/tip on a 20 nm thick film of polystyrene. Wear modes dependent on tip temperature characteristics were identified. Below the glass transition temperature of the polymer, the formation of quasi one-dimensional surface ripples with a typical period on the order of 100 nm was observed. We found that the ripple height typically saturates at 20 nm and that the buildup rate depends on temperature and load. From these observations we can calculate an activation energy for the ripple formation, which is on the order of 0.4 eV, at temperatures close to but below the glass transition temperature of the polymer. In the glass transition regime the ripple formation is strongly enhanced. An abrupt change of the wear mode is observed as the polymer in contact with the tip is heated above the glass transition temperature. Here, polymer material is transported along with the propagating tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Gotsmann
- Zurich Research Laboratory, IBM Research, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland.
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33
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Kessler DA, Levine H. Does the continuum theory of dynamic fracture work? PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2003; 68:036118. [PMID: 14524843 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.68.036118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2002] [Revised: 07/02/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the validity of the linear elastic fracture mechanics approach to dynamic fracture. We first test the predictions in a lattice simulation, using a formula of Eshelby for the time-dependent stress intensity factor. Excellent agreement with the theory is found. We then use the same method to analyze the experiment of Sharon and Fineberg. The data here are not consistent with the theoretical expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kessler
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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34
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Carpio A, Bonilla LL. Edge dislocations in crystal structures considered as traveling waves in discrete models. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2003; 90:135502. [PMID: 12689302 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.90.135502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The static stress needed to depin a 2D edge dislocation, the lower dynamic stress needed to keep it moving, its velocity, and displacement vector profile are calculated from first principles. We use a simplified discrete model whose far field distortion tensor decays algebraically with distance as in the usual elasticity. Dislocation depinning in the strongly overdamped case (including the effect of fluctuations) is analytically described. N parallel edge dislocations whose average interdislocation distance divided by the Burgers vector of a single dislocation is L>>1 can depin a given one if N=O(L). Then a limiting dislocation density can be defined and calculated in simple cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Carpio
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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35
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Brener EA, Spatschek R. Fast crack propagation by surface diffusion. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2003; 67:016112. [PMID: 12636569 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.67.016112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2002] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We present a continuum theory which describes the fast growth of a crack by surface diffusion. This mechanism overcomes the usual cusp singularity by a self-consistent selection of the crack tip radius. It predicts the saturation of the steady state crack velocity appreciably below the Rayleigh speed and tip blunting. Furthermore, it includes the possibility of a tip splitting instability for high applied tensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efim A Brener
- Institut für Festkörperforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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36
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Heizler SI, Kessler DA, Levine H. Mode-I fracture in a nonlinear lattice with viscoelastic forces. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2002; 66:016126. [PMID: 12241445 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.66.016126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We study mode-I fracture in a viscoelastic lattice model with a nonlinear force law, with a focus on the velocity and linear stability of the steady-state propagating solution. This study is a continuation both of the study of the piecewise-linear model in mode I, and the study of more general nonlinear force laws in mode-III fracture. At small driving, there is a strong dependency of the velocity curve on the dissipation and a strong sensitivity to the smoothness of the force law at large dissipation. At large driving we calculate, via a linear stability analysis, the critical velocity for the onset of instability as a function of the smoothness, the dissipation and the ratio of lattice spacing to critical extension. This critical velocity is seen to be very sensitive to these parameters. We confirm our calculations via direct numerical simulations of the initial value problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shay I Heizler
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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37
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Baumberger T, Caroli C, Ronsin O. Self-healing slip pulses along a gel/glass interface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2002; 88:075509. [PMID: 11863914 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.88.075509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present experimental evidence of self-healing shear cracks at a gel/glass interface. This system exhibits two dynamical regimes depending on the driving velocity: steady sliding at high velocity (>V(c) approximately 100--125 microm/s), characterized by a shear-thinning rheology, and periodic stick-slip dynamics at low velocity. In this last regime, slip occurs by propagation of pulses that restick via a "healing instability" occurring when the local sliding velocity reaches the macroscopic transition velocity V(c). At driving velocities close below V(c), the system exhibits complex spatiotemporal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Baumberger
- Groupe de Physique des Solides, Universités Paris 6 et 7, UMR CNRS 7588, 2 place Jussieu, 75251 Paris, Cedex 05, France
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38
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Lower SK, Hochella MF, Banfield JF, Rosso KM. Nanogeoscience: From the movement of electrons to lithosphere plates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002eo000036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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