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Yamamoto S, Miyaguchi S, Ogawa T, Inukai Y, Otsuru N, Onishi H. Effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation to the supplementary motor area on motor learning. Front Behav Neurosci 2024; 18:1378059. [PMID: 38741685 PMCID: PMC11089168 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1378059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a noninvasive method for brain stimulation that artificially modulates oscillatory brain activity in the cortical region directly beneath the electrodes by applying a weak alternating current. Beta (β) oscillatory activity in the supplementary motor area (SMA) is involved in motor planning and maintenance, whereas gamma (γ) oscillatory activity is involved in the updating of motor plans. However, the effect of applying tACS to the SMA on motor learning has not yet been investigated. This study assessed the effects of applying tACS to the SMA on motor learning. Forty-two right-handed healthy adults (age 20.6 ± 0.5 years, 24 men and 18 women) were included. Motor learning was assessed using a visuomotor tracking task with pinch tension of the right thumb and right forefinger. Each trial lasted 60 s, and the error rates were measured. Conductive rubber electrodes were attached to the SMA and the left shoulder for tACS. Stimulation was applied at an intensity of 1.0 mA and frequencies of 70 and 20 Hz in the γ-tACS and β-tACS treatment groups, respectively. The sham group was only administered a fade-in/out. The visuomotor tracking task was performed for 10 trials before tACS and 10 trials after tACS. Two trials were conducted on the following day to determine motor skill retention. The average deviation measured during 60 s was considered the error value. Pre-stimulation learning rate was calculated as the change in error rate. Post-stimulation learning rate and retention rate were calculated as the change in error rate after stimulation and on the day after stimulation, respectively. In both the stimulation groups, differences in pre-stimulation learning, post-stimulation learning, and retention rates were not significant. However, in the γ-tACS group, baseline performance and pre-stimulation learning rate were positively correlated with post-stimulation learning rate. Therefore, applying γ-tACS to the SMA can increase post-stimulation learning rate in participants exhibiting low baseline performance and high pre-stimulation learning rate. Our findings suggest that motor learning can be effectively enhanced by applying γ-tACS to the SMA based on an individual's motor and learning abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunpei Yamamoto
- Graduate School, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shota Miyaguchi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takuma Ogawa
- Graduate School, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yasuto Inukai
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naofumi Otsuru
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hideaki Onishi
- Institute for Human Movement and Medical Sciences, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan
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2
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Hashemirad F, Zoghi M, Fitzgerald PB, Hashemirad M, Jaberzadeh S. Site Dependency of Anodal Transcranial Direct-Current Stimulation on Reaction Time and Transfer of Learning during a Sequential Visual Isometric Pinch Task. Brain Sci 2024; 14:408. [PMID: 38672057 PMCID: PMC11048073 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14040408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Considering the advantages of brain stimulation techniques in detecting the role of different areas of the brain in human sensorimotor behaviors, we used anodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (a-tDCS) over three different brain sites of the frontoparietal cortex (FPC) in healthy participants to elucidate the role of these three brain areas of the FPC on reaction time (RT) during a sequential visual isometric pinch task (SVIPT). We also aimed to assess if the stimulation of these cortical sites affects the transfer of learning during SVIPT. A total of 48 right-handed healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of the four a-tDCS groups: (1) left primary motor cortex (M1), (2) left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), (3) left posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and (4) sham. A-tDCS (0.3 mA, 20 min) was applied concurrently with the SVIPT, in which the participants precisely controlled their forces to reach seven different target forces from 10 to 40% of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) presented on a computer screen with the right dominant hand. Four test blocks were randomly performed at the baseline and 15 min after the intervention, including sequence and random blocks with either hand. Our results showed significant elongations in the ratio of RTs between the M1 and sham groups in the sequence blocks of both the right-trained and left-untrained hands. No significant differences were found between the DLPFC and sham groups and the PPC and sham groups in RT measurements within the SVIPT. Our findings suggest that RT improvement within implicit learning of an SVIPT is not mediated by single-session a-tDCS over M1, DLPFC, or PPC. Further research is needed to understand the optimal characteristics of tDCS and stimulation sites to modulate reaction time in a precision control task such as an SVIPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Hashemirad
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran 1985713871, Iran
- Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3199, Australia;
| | - Maryam Zoghi
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Ballart, VIC 3199, Australia;
| | - Paul B. Fitzgerald
- School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, NSW 2601, Australia;
| | | | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3199, Australia;
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Ocklenburg S, Guo ZV. Cross-hemispheric communication: Insights on lateralized brain functions. Neuron 2024; 112:1222-1234. [PMID: 38458199 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
On the surface, the two hemispheres of vertebrate brains look almost perfectly symmetrical, but several motor, sensory, and cognitive systems show a deeply lateralized organization. Importantly, the two hemispheres are connected by various commissures, white matter tracts that cross the brain's midline and enable cross-hemispheric communication. Cross-hemispheric communication has been suggested to play an important role in the emergence of lateralized brain functions. Here, we review current advances in understanding cross-hemispheric communication that have been made using modern neuroscientific tools in rodents and other model species, such as genetic labeling, large-scale recordings of neuronal activity, spatiotemporally precise perturbation, and quantitative behavior analyses. These findings suggest that the emergence of lateralized brain functions cannot be fully explained by largely static factors such as genetic variation and differences in structural brain asymmetries. In addition, learning-dependent asymmetric interactions between the left and right hemispheres shape lateralized brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ocklenburg
- Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; ICAN Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany; Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Zengcai V Guo
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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4
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Losey DM, Hennig JA, Oby ER, Golub MD, Sadtler PT, Quick KM, Ryu SI, Tyler-Kabara EC, Batista AP, Yu BM, Chase SM. Learning leaves a memory trace in motor cortex. Curr Biol 2024; 34:1519-1531.e4. [PMID: 38531360 PMCID: PMC11097210 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
How are we able to learn new behaviors without disrupting previously learned ones? To understand how the brain achieves this, we used a brain-computer interface (BCI) learning paradigm, which enables us to detect the presence of a memory of one behavior while performing another. We found that learning to use a new BCI map altered the neural activity that monkeys produced when they returned to using a familiar BCI map in a way that was specific to the learning experience. That is, learning left a "memory trace" in the primary motor cortex. This memory trace coexisted with proficient performance under the familiar map, primarily by altering neural activity in dimensions that did not impact behavior. Forming memory traces might be how the brain is able to provide for the joint learning of multiple behaviors without interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darby M Losey
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jay A Hennig
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Machine Learning Department, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Emily R Oby
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Matthew D Golub
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Patrick T Sadtler
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kristin M Quick
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Stephen I Ryu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA 94301, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Tyler-Kabara
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Aaron P Batista
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Byron M Yu
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Steven M Chase
- Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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5
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Bonte M, Brem S. Unraveling individual differences in learning potential: A dynamic framework for the case of reading development. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2024; 66:101362. [PMID: 38447471 PMCID: PMC10925938 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2024.101362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Children show an enormous capacity to learn during development, but with large individual differences in the time course and trajectory of learning and the achieved skill level. Recent progress in developmental sciences has shown the contribution of a multitude of factors including genetic variation, brain plasticity, socio-cultural context and learning experiences to individual development. These factors interact in a complex manner, producing children's idiosyncratic and heterogeneous learning paths. Despite an increasing recognition of these intricate dynamics, current research on the development of culturally acquired skills such as reading still has a typical focus on snapshots of children's performance at discrete points in time. Here we argue that this 'static' approach is often insufficient and limits advancements in the prediction and mechanistic understanding of individual differences in learning capacity. We present a dynamic framework which highlights the importance of capturing short-term trajectories during learning across multiple stages and processes as a proxy for long-term development on the example of reading. This framework will help explain relevant variability in children's learning paths and outcomes and fosters new perspectives and approaches to study how children develop and learn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene Bonte
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience and Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Silvia Brem
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland; Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Switzerland; URPP Adaptive Brain Circuits in Development and Learning (AdaBD), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Roshchupkina L, Wens V, Coquelet N, Urbain C, de Tiege X, Peigneux P. Motor learning- and consolidation-related resting state fast and slow brain dynamics across wake and sleep. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7531. [PMID: 38553500 PMCID: PMC10980824 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58123-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Motor skills dynamically evolve during practice and after training. Using magnetoencephalography, we investigated the neural dynamics underpinning motor learning and its consolidation in relation to sleep during resting-state periods after the end of learning (boost window, within 30 min) and at delayed time scales (silent 4 h and next day 24 h windows) with intermediate daytime sleep or wakefulness. Resting-state neural dynamics were investigated at fast (sub-second) and slower (supra-second) timescales using Hidden Markov modelling (HMM) and functional connectivity (FC), respectively, and their relationship to motor performance. HMM results show that fast dynamic activities in a Temporal/Sensorimotor state network predict individual motor performance, suggesting a trait-like association between rapidly recurrent neural patterns and motor behaviour. Short, post-training task re-exposure modulated neural network characteristics during the boost but not the silent window. Re-exposure-related induction effects were observed on the next day, to a lesser extent than during the boost window. Daytime naps did not modulate memory consolidation at the behavioural and neural levels. These results emphasise the critical role of the transient boost window in motor learning and memory consolidation and provide further insights into the relationship between the multiscale neural dynamics of brain networks, motor learning, and consolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliia Roshchupkina
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit Affiliated at CRCN - Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.
- UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Brussels, Belgium.
- LN2T - Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie et Neuroimagerie Translationnelles, ULB, Brussels, Belgium.
- Faculté des Sciences Psychologiques et de l'Éducation, Campus du Solbosch - CP 191, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Vincent Wens
- UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Brussels, Belgium
- LN2T - Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie et Neuroimagerie Translationnelles, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Functional Neuroimaging, Service of Nuclear Medicine, HUB - Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Hospital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Coquelet
- UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Brussels, Belgium
- LN2T - Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie et Neuroimagerie Translationnelles, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Functional Neuroimaging, Service of Nuclear Medicine, HUB - Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Hospital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Charline Urbain
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit Affiliated at CRCN - Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Brussels, Belgium
- LN2T - Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie et Neuroimagerie Translationnelles, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier de Tiege
- UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Brussels, Belgium
- LN2T - Laboratoire de Neuroanatomie et Neuroimagerie Translationnelles, ULB, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Functional Neuroimaging, Service of Nuclear Medicine, HUB - Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles, Hospital Erasme, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF - Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit Affiliated at CRCN - Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- UNI - ULB Neuroscience Institute, Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Hashimoto J, Fujita E, Tanimoto K, Kondo S, Matsumoto-Miyai K. Effects of Cardiac Glycoside Digoxin on Dendritic Spines and Motor Learning Performance in Mice. Neuroscience 2024; 541:77-90. [PMID: 38278474 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Synapse formation following the generation of postsynaptic dendritic spines is essential for motor learning and functional recovery after brain injury. The C-terminal fragment of agrin cleaved by neurotrypsin induces dendritic spine formation in the adult hippocampus. Since the α3 subunit of sodium-potassium ATPase (Na/K ATPase) is a neuronal receptor for agrin in the central nervous system, cardiac glycosides might facilitate dendritic spine formation and subsequent improvements in learning. This study investigated the effects of cardiac glycoside digoxin on dendritic spine turnover and learning performance in mice. Golgi-Cox staining revealed that intraperitoneal injection of digoxin less than its IC50 in the brain significantly increased the density of long spines (≥2 µm) in the cerebral cortex in wild-type mice and neurotrypsin-knockout (NT-KO) mice showing impairment of activity-dependent spine formation. Although the motor learning performance of NT-KO mice was significantly lower than control wild-type mice under the control condition, low doses of digoxin enhanced performance to a similar degree in both strains. In NT-KO mice, lower digoxin doses equivalent to clinical doses also significantly improved motor learning performance. These data suggest that lower doses of digoxin could modify dendritic spine formation or recycling and facilitate motor learning in compensation for the disruption of neurotrypsin-agrin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Hashimoto
- Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino-City, Osaka 583-8555, Japan
| | - Erika Fujita
- Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino-City, Osaka 583-8555, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino-City, Osaka 583-8555, Japan
| | - Suzuo Kondo
- Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino-City, Osaka 583-8555, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Matsumoto-Miyai
- Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 3-7-30 Habikino, Habikino-City, Osaka 583-8555, Japan.
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8
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Dexheimer B, Sainburg R, Sharp S, Philip BA. Roles of Handedness and Hemispheric Lateralization: Implications for Rehabilitation of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems: A Rapid Review. Am J Occup Ther 2024; 78:7802180120. [PMID: 38305818 PMCID: PMC11017742 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2024.050398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Handedness and motor asymmetry are important features of occupational performance. With an increased understanding of the basic neural mechanisms surrounding handedness, clinicians will be better able to implement targeted, evidence-based neurorehabilitation interventions to promote functional independence. OBJECTIVE To review the basic neural mechanisms behind handedness and their implications for central and peripheral nervous system injury. DATA SOURCES Relevant published literature obtained via MEDLINE. FINDINGS Handedness, along with performance asymmetries observed between the dominant and nondominant hands, may be due to hemispheric specializations for motor control. These specializations contribute to predictable motor control deficits that are dependent on which hemisphere or limb has been affected. Clinical practice recommendations for occupational therapists and other rehabilitation specialists are presented. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE It is vital that occupational therapists and other rehabilitation specialists consider handedness and hemispheric lateralization during evaluation and treatment. With an increased understanding of the basic neural mechanisms surrounding handedness, clinicians will be better able to implement targeted, evidence-based neurorehabilitation interventions to promote functional independence. Plain-Language Summary: The goal of this narrative review is to increase clinicians' understanding of the basic neural mechanisms related to handedness (the tendency to select one hand over the other for specific tasks) and their implications for central and peripheral nervous system injury and rehabilitation. An enhanced understanding of these mechanisms may allow clinicians to better tailor neurorehabilitation interventions to address motor deficits and promote functional independence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Dexheimer
- Brooke Dexheimer, PhD, OTD, OTR/L, is Assistant Professor, Department of Occupational Therapy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond;
| | - Robert Sainburg
- Robert Sainburg, PhD, OTR, is Professor and Huck Institutes Distinguished Chair, Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, and Department of Neurology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey
| | - Sydney Sharp
- Sydney Sharp, is Occupational Therapy Doctoral Student, Department of Occupational Therapy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond
| | - Benjamin A Philip
- Benjamin A. Philip, PhD, is Assistant Professor, Program in Occupational Therapy, Department of Neurology and Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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Jäger AP, Bailey A, Huntenburg JM, Tardif CL, Villringer A, Gauthier CJ, Nikulin V, Bazin P, Steele CJ. Decreased long-range temporal correlations in the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal reflect motor sequence learning up to 2 weeks following training. Hum Brain Mapp 2024; 45:e26539. [PMID: 38124341 PMCID: PMC10915743 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased long-range temporal correlations (LRTC) in brain signals can be used to measure cognitive effort during task execution. Here, we examined how learning a motor sequence affects long-range temporal memory within resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging signal. Using the Hurst exponent (HE), we estimated voxel-wise LRTC and assessed changes over 5 consecutive days of training, followed by a retention scan 12 days later. The experimental group learned a complex visuomotor sequence while a complementary control group performed tightly matched movements. An interaction analysis revealed that HE decreases were specific to the complex sequence and occurred in well-known motor sequence learning associated regions including left supplementary motor area, left premotor cortex, left M1, left pars opercularis, bilateral thalamus, and right striatum. Five regions exhibited moderate to strong negative correlations with overall behavioral performance improvements. Following learning, HE values returned to pretraining levels in some regions, whereas in others, they remained decreased even 2 weeks after training. Our study presents new evidence of HE's possible relevance for functional plasticity during the resting-state and suggests that a cortical subset of sequence-specific regions may continue to represent a functional signature of learning reflected in decreased long-range temporal dependence after a period of inactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna‐Thekla P. Jäger
- Department of NeurologyMax Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB)Charité—Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Brain Language LabFreie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Alexander Bailey
- Temerty Faculty of MedicineUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Julia M. Huntenburg
- Department of NeurologyMax Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Biological CyberneticsTuebingenGermany
| | - Christine L. Tardif
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringMcGill UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
- Montreal Neurological InstituteMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of NeurologyMax Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB)Charité—Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- Clinic for Cognitive NeurologyLeipzigGermany
- Leipzig University Medical Centre, IFB Adiposity DiseasesLeipzigGermany
- Collaborative Research Centre 1052‐A5University of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Claudine J. Gauthier
- Department of Physics/School of HealthConcordia UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
- Montreal Heart InstituteMontrealQuébecCanada
| | - Vadim Nikulin
- Department of NeurologyMax Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
| | - Pierre‐Louis Bazin
- Department of NeurologyMax Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral SciencesUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Christopher J. Steele
- Department of NeurologyMax Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- Department of Psychology/School of HealthConcordia UniversityMontrealQuébecCanada
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10
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Maaravi-Hesseg R, Cohen S, Karni A. Sequence-specific delayed gains in motor fluency evolve after movement observation training in the absence of early sleep. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4024. [PMID: 38369529 PMCID: PMC10874966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Following physical practice, delayed, consolidation-phase, gains in the performance of the trained finger-to-thumb opposition sequence (FOS) can be expressed, in young adults, only after a sleep interval is afforded. These delayed gains are order-of-movements specific. However, in several perceptual learning tasks, time post-learning, rather than an interval of sleep, may suffice for the expression of delayed performance gains. Here we tested whether the affordance of a sleep interval is necessary for the expression of delayed performance gains after FOS training by repeated observation. Participants were trained by observing videos displaying a left hand repeatedly performing a 5-element FOS. To assess post-session observation-related learning and delayed gains participants were tested in performing the observed (trained) and an unobserved (new, the 5-elements mirror-reversed) FOS sequences. Repeated observation of a FOS conferred no advantage to its performance, compared to the unobserved FOS, immediately after practice. However, a clear advantage for the observed FOS emerged by 12 h post-training, irrespective of whether this interval included sleep or not; the largest gains appeared by 24 h post-training. These results indicate that time-dependent, offline consolidation processes take place after observation training even in the absence of sleep; akin to perceptual learning rather than physical FOS practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinatia Maaravi-Hesseg
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, IL, Israel.
- E. J. Safra Brain Research Centre for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, IL, Israel.
| | - Sigal Cohen
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, IL, Israel
| | - Avi Karni
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, IL, Israel
- E. J. Safra Brain Research Centre for the Study of Learning Disabilities, University of Haifa, 3498838, Haifa, IL, Israel
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11
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Wang Y, Huynh AT, Bao S, Buchanan JJ, Wright DL, Lei Y. Memory consolidation of sequence learning and dynamic adaptation during wakefulness. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad507. [PMID: 38185987 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Motor learning involves acquiring new movement sequences and adapting motor commands to novel conditions. Labile motor memories, acquired through sequence learning and dynamic adaptation, undergo a consolidation process during wakefulness after initial training. This process stabilizes the new memories, leading to long-term memory formation. However, it remains unclear if the consolidation processes underlying sequence learning and dynamic adaptation are independent and if distinct neural regions underpin memory consolidation associated with sequence learning and dynamic adaptation. Here, we first demonstrated that the initially labile memories formed during sequence learning and dynamic adaptation were stabilized against interference through time-dependent consolidation processes occurring during wakefulness. Furthermore, we found that sequence learning memory was not disrupted when immediately followed by dynamic adaptation and vice versa, indicating distinct mechanisms for sequence learning and dynamic adaptation consolidation. Finally, by applying patterned transcranial magnetic stimulation to selectively disrupt the activity in the primary motor (M1) or sensory (S1) cortices immediately after sequence learning or dynamic adaptation, we found that sequence learning consolidation depended on M1 but not S1, while dynamic adaptation consolidation relied on S1 but not M1. For the first time in a single experimental framework, this study revealed distinct neural underpinnings for sequence learning and dynamic adaptation consolidation during wakefulness, with significant implications for motor skill enhancement and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Wang
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Angelina T Huynh
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Shancheng Bao
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - John J Buchanan
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - David L Wright
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
| | - Yuming Lei
- Program of Motor Neuroscience, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States
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12
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Murray GM, Sessle BJ. Pain-sensorimotor interactions: New perspectives and a new model. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2024; 15:100150. [PMID: 38327725 PMCID: PMC10847382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2024.100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
How pain and sensorimotor behavior interact has been the subject of research and debate for many decades. This article reviews theories bearing on pain-sensorimotor interactions and considers their strengths and limitations in the light of findings from experimental and clinical studies of pain-sensorimotor interactions in the spinal and craniofacial sensorimotor systems. A strength of recent theories is that they have incorporated concepts and features missing from earlier theories to account for the role of the sensory-discriminative, motivational-affective, and cognitive-evaluative dimensions of pain in pain-sensorimotor interactions. Findings acquired since the formulation of these recent theories indicate that additional features need to be considered to provide a more comprehensive conceptualization of pain-sensorimotor interactions. These features include biopsychosocial influences that range from biological factors such as genetics and epigenetics to psychological factors and social factors encompassing environmental and cultural influences. Also needing consideration is a mechanistic framework that includes other biological factors reflecting nociceptive processes and glioplastic and neuroplastic changes in sensorimotor and related brain and spinal cord circuits in acute or chronic pain conditions. The literature reviewed and the limitations of previous theories bearing on pain-sensorimotor interactions have led us to provide new perspectives on these interactions, and this has prompted our development of a new concept, the Theory of Pain-Sensorimotor Interactions (TOPSMI) that we suggest gives a more comprehensive framework to consider the interactions and their complexity. This theory states that pain is associated with plastic changes in the central nervous system (CNS) that lead to an activation pattern of motor units that contributes to the individual's adaptive sensorimotor behavior. This activation pattern takes account of the biological, psychological, and social influences on the musculoskeletal tissues involved in sensorimotor behavior and on the plastic changes and the experience of pain in that individual. The pattern is normally optimized in terms of biomechanical advantage and metabolic cost related to the features of the individual's musculoskeletal tissues and aims to minimize pain and any associated sensorimotor changes, and thereby maintain homeostasis. However, adverse biopsychosocial factors and their interactions may result in plastic CNS changes leading to less optimal, even maladaptive, sensorimotor changes producing motor unit activation patterns associated with the development of further pain. This more comprehensive theory points towards customized treatment strategies, in line with the management approaches to pain proposed in the biopsychosocial model of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M. Murray
- Discipline of Restorative and Reconstructive Dentistry, Sydney School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Darcy Road, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Barry J. Sessle
- Faculty of Dentistry and Temerty Faculty of Medicine Department of Physiology, and Centre for the Study of Pain, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada
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13
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Yamada T, Watanabe T, Sasaki Y. Plasticity-stability dynamics during post-training processing of learning. Trends Cogn Sci 2024; 28:72-83. [PMID: 37858389 PMCID: PMC10842181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Learning continues beyond the end of training. Post-training learning is supported by changes in plasticity and stability in the brain during both wakefulness and sleep. However, the lack of a unified measure for assessing plasticity and stability dynamics during training and post-training periods has limited our understanding of how these dynamics shape learning. Focusing primarily on procedural learning, we integrate work using behavioral paradigms and a recently developed measure, the excitatory-to-inhibitory (E/I) ratio, to explore the delicate balance between plasticity and stability and its relationship to post-training learning. This reveals plasticity-stability cycles during both wakefulness and sleep that enhance learning and protect it from new learning during post-training processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Yamada
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Takeo Watanabe
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yuka Sasaki
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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14
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Eisenstein T, Furman-Haran E, Tal A. Increased cortical inhibition following brief motor memory reactivation supports reconsolidation and overnight offline learning gains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303985120. [PMID: 38113264 PMCID: PMC10756311 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303985120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Practicing motor skills stabilizes and strengthens motor memories by repeatedly reactivating and reconsolidating them. The conventional view, by which a repetitive practice is required for substantially improving skill performance, has been recently challenged by behavioral experiments, in which even brief reactivations of the motor memory have led to significant improvements in skill performance. However, the mechanisms which facilitate brief reactivation-induced skill improvements remain elusive. While initial memory consolidation has been repeatedly associated with increased neural excitation and disinhibition, reconsolidation has been shown to involve a poorly understood mixture of both excitatory and inhibitory alterations. Here, we followed a 3-d reactivation-reconsolidation framework to examine whether the excitatory/inhibitory mechanisms which underlie brief reactivation and repetitive practice differ. Healthy volunteers practiced a motor sequence learning task using either brief reactivation or repetitive practice and were assessed using ultrahigh field (7T) magnetic resonance spectroscopy at the primary motor cortex (M1). We found that increased inhibition (GABA concentrations) and decreased excitation/inhibition (glutamate/GABA ratios) immediately following the brief reactivation were associated with overnight offline performance gains. These gains were on par with those exhibited following repetitive practice, where no correlations with inhibitory or excitatory changes were observed. Our findings suggest that brief reactivation and repetitive practice depend on fundamentally different neural mechanisms and that early inhibition-and not excitation-is particularly important in supporting the learning gains exhibited by brief reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamir Eisenstein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Edna Furman-Haran
- Life Sciences Core Facilities, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Assaf Tal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
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15
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Bufacchi RJ, Battaglia-Mayer A, Iannetti GD, Caminiti R. Cortico-spinal modularity in the parieto-frontal system: A new perspective on action control. Prog Neurobiol 2023; 231:102537. [PMID: 37832714 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2023.102537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Classical neurophysiology suggests that the motor cortex (MI) has a unique role in action control. In contrast, this review presents evidence for multiple parieto-frontal spinal command modules that can bypass MI. Five observations support this modular perspective: (i) the statistics of cortical connectivity demonstrate functionally-related clusters of cortical areas, defining functional modules in the premotor, cingulate, and parietal cortices; (ii) different corticospinal pathways originate from the above areas, each with a distinct range of conduction velocities; (iii) the activation time of each module varies depending on task, and different modules can be activated simultaneously; (iv) a modular architecture with direct motor output is faster and less metabolically expensive than an architecture that relies on MI, given the slow connections between MI and other cortical areas; (v) lesions of the areas composing parieto-frontal modules have different effects from lesions of MI. Here we provide examples of six cortico-spinal modules and functions they subserve: module 1) arm reaching, tool use and object construction; module 2) spatial navigation and locomotion; module 3) grasping and observation of hand and mouth actions; module 4) action initiation, motor sequences, time encoding; module 5) conditional motor association and learning, action plan switching and action inhibition; module 6) planning defensive actions. These modules can serve as a library of tools to be recombined when faced with novel tasks, and MI might serve as a recombinatory hub. In conclusion, the availability of locally-stored information and multiple outflow paths supports the physiological plausibility of the proposed modular perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Bufacchi
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy; International Center for Primate Brain Research (ICPBR), Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology (CEBSIT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
| | - A Battaglia-Mayer
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Rome, Sapienza, Italy
| | - G D Iannetti
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - R Caminiti
- Neuroscience and Behaviour Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rome, Italy.
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16
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Apinis-Deshaies A, Tremblay J, Trempe M. Temporal and Spatial Accuracy of Reaching Movements do not Improve Off-line. J Mot Behav 2023; 56:241-252. [PMID: 38008910 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2023.2284786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Consolidation has been associated with performance gains without additional practice (i.e., off-line learning). However, the movement characteristics improving off-line remain poorly understood. To investigate this question, participants were trained to produce a sequence of planar reaching movements toward four different visual targets. The training session with feedback required them to learn the relative time of the movements, the total movement time and aim accurately at each target. The retention test was performed either 10-min or 24-h after. Results revealed that a 24-h consolidation interval did not result in better temporal or spatial accuracy. This finding suggests that off-line learning may be restricted to sequence production tasks in which the different segments must be regrouped ("chunked") together to accelerate their execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Apinis-Deshaies
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Medecine, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Jonathan Tremblay
- School of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Medecine, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Maxime Trempe
- Sport Studies Department, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Canada
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17
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Wessel MJ, Beanato E, Popa T, Windel F, Vassiliadis P, Menoud P, Beliaeva V, Violante IR, Abderrahmane H, Dzialecka P, Park CH, Maceira-Elvira P, Morishita T, Cassara AM, Steiner M, Grossman N, Neufeld E, Hummel FC. Noninvasive theta-burst stimulation of the human striatum enhances striatal activity and motor skill learning. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:2005-2016. [PMID: 37857774 PMCID: PMC10620076 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The stimulation of deep brain structures has thus far only been possible with invasive methods. Transcranial electrical temporal interference stimulation (tTIS) is a novel, noninvasive technology that might overcome this limitation. The initial proof-of-concept was obtained through modeling, physics experiments and rodent models. Here we show successful noninvasive neuromodulation of the striatum via tTIS in humans using computational modeling, functional magnetic resonance imaging studies and behavioral evaluations. Theta-burst patterned striatal tTIS increased activity in the striatum and associated motor network. Furthermore, striatal tTIS enhanced motor performance, especially in healthy older participants as they have lower natural learning skills than younger subjects. These findings place tTIS as an exciting new method to target deep brain structures in humans noninvasively, thus enhancing our understanding of their functional role. Moreover, our results lay the groundwork for innovative, noninvasive treatment strategies for brain disorders in which deep striatal structures play key pathophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Wessel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elena Beanato
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Traian Popa
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Windel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Vassiliadis
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Menoud
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Valeriia Beliaeva
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ines R Violante
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | | | - Patrycja Dzialecka
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Chang-Hyun Park
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Maceira-Elvira
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Takuya Morishita
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Antonino M Cassara
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Steiner
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nir Grossman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
- United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Esra Neufeld
- Foundation for Research on Information Technologies in Society, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Friedhelm C Hummel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute and Brain Mind Institute, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Sion, Switzerland.
- Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.
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18
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Kogan E, Lu J, Zuo Y. Cortical circuit dynamics underlying motor skill learning: from rodents to humans. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1292685. [PMID: 37965043 PMCID: PMC10641381 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1292685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Motor learning is crucial for the survival of many animals. Acquiring a new motor skill involves complex alterations in both local neural circuits in many brain regions and long-range connections between them. Such changes can be observed anatomically and functionally. The primary motor cortex (M1) integrates information from diverse brain regions and plays a pivotal role in the acquisition and refinement of new motor skills. In this review, we discuss how motor learning affects the M1 at synaptic, cellular, and circuit levels. Wherever applicable, we attempt to relate and compare findings in humans, non-human primates, and rodents. Understanding the underlying principles shared by different species will deepen our understanding of the neurobiological and computational basis of motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
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19
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Johnson BP, Iturrate I, Fakhreddine RY, Bönstrup M, Buch ER, Robertson EM, Cohen LG. Generalization of procedural motor sequence learning after a single practice trial. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2023; 8:45. [PMID: 37803003 PMCID: PMC10558563 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-023-00194-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
When humans begin learning new motor skills, they typically display early rapid performance improvements. It is not well understood how knowledge acquired during this early skill learning period generalizes to new, related skills. Here, we addressed this question by investigating factors influencing generalization of early learning from a skill A to a different, but related skill B. Early skill generalization was tested over four experiments (N = 2095). Subjects successively learned two related motor sequence skills (skills A and B) over different practice schedules. Skill A and B sequences shared ordinal (i.e., matching keypress locations), transitional (i.e., ordered keypress pairs), parsing rule (i.e., distinct sequence events like repeated keypresses that can be used as a breakpoint for segmenting the sequence into smaller units) structures, or possessed no structure similarities. Results showed generalization for shared parsing rule structure between skills A and B after only a single 10-second practice trial of skill A. Manipulating the initial practice exposure to skill A (1 to 12 trials) and inter-practice rest interval (0-30 s) between skills A and B had no impact on parsing rule structure generalization. Furthermore, this generalization was not explained by stronger sensorimotor mapping between individual keypress actions and their symbolic representations. In contrast, learning from skill A did not generalize to skill B during early learning when the sequences shared only ordinal or transitional structure features. These results document sequence structure that can be very rapidly generalized during initial learning to facilitate generalization of skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- B P Johnson
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, USA
- Washington University in St Louis, St. Louis, USA
| | - I Iturrate
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, USA
- Amazon EU, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Y Fakhreddine
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, USA
- UT Austin, Austin, USA
| | | | - E R Buch
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, USA.
| | - E M Robertson
- Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - L G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, USA.
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20
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Truong C, Ruffino C, Gaveau J, White O, Hilt PM, Papaxanthis C. Time of day and sleep effects on motor acquisition and consolidation. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2023; 8:30. [PMID: 37658041 PMCID: PMC10474136 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-023-00176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of the time-of-day and sleep on skill acquisition (i.e., skill improvement immediately after a training-session) and consolidation (i.e., skill retention after a time interval including sleep). Three groups were trained at 10 a.m. (G10am), 3 p.m. (G3pm), or 8 p.m. (G8pm) on a finger-tapping task. We recorded the skill (i.e., the ratio between movement duration and accuracy) before and immediately after the training to evaluate acquisition, and after 24 h to measure consolidation. We did not observe any difference in acquisition according to the time of the day. Interestingly, we found a performance improvement 24 h after the evening training (G8pm), while the morning (G10am) and the afternoon (G3pm) groups deteriorated and stabilized their performance, respectively. Furthermore, two control experiments (G8awake and G8sleep) supported the idea that a night of sleep contributes to the skill consolidation of the evening group. These results show a consolidation when the training is carried out in the evening, close to sleep, and forgetting when the training is carried out in the morning, away from sleep. This finding may have an important impact on the planning of training programs in sports, clinical, or experimental domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Truong
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Célia Ruffino
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
- EA4660, C3S Laboratory, C3S Culture Sport Health Society, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UPFR Sports, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Jérémie Gaveau
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Olivier White
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Pauline M Hilt
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
- Pôle Recherche et Santé Publique, CHU Dijon Bourgogne, F-21000, Dijon, France
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21
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Lynch CJ, Elbau I, Ng T, Ayaz A, Zhu S, Manfredi N, Johnson M, Wolk D, Power JD, Gordon EM, Kay K, Aloysi A, Moia S, Caballero-Gaudes C, Victoria LW, Solomonov N, Goldwaser E, Zebley B, Grosenick L, Downar J, Vila-Rodriguez F, Daskalakis ZJ, Blumberger DM, Williams N, Gunning FM, Liston C. Expansion of a frontostriatal salience network in individuals with depression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.09.551651. [PMID: 37645792 PMCID: PMC10461904 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.09.551651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Hundreds of neuroimaging studies spanning two decades have revealed differences in brain structure and functional connectivity in depression, but with modest effect sizes, complicating efforts to derive mechanistic pathophysiologic insights or develop biomarkers. 1 Furthermore, although depression is a fundamentally episodic condition, few neuroimaging studies have taken a longitudinal approach, which is critical for understanding cause and effect and delineating mechanisms that drive mood state transitions over time. The emerging field of precision functional mapping using densely-sampled longitudinal neuroimaging data has revealed unexpected, functionally meaningful individual differences in brain network topology in healthy individuals, 2-5 but these approaches have never been applied to individuals with depression. Here, using precision functional mapping techniques and 11 datasets comprising n=187 repeatedly sampled individuals and >21,000 minutes of fMRI data, we show that the frontostriatal salience network is expanded two-fold in most individuals with depression. This effect was replicable in multiple samples, including large-scale, group-average data (N=1,231 subjects), and caused primarily by network border shifts affecting specific functional systems, with three distinct modes of encroachment occurring in different individuals. Salience network expansion was unexpectedly stable over time, unaffected by changes in mood state, and detectable in children before the subsequent onset of depressive symptoms in adolescence. Longitudinal analyses of individuals scanned up to 62 times over 1.5 years identified connectivity changes in specific frontostriatal circuits that tracked fluctuations in specific symptom domains and predicted future anhedonia symptoms before they emerged. Together, these findings identify a stable trait-like brain network topology that may confer risk for depression and mood-state dependent connectivity changes in frontostriatal circuits that predict the emergence and remission of depressive symptoms over time.
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22
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Iwane F, Dash D, Salamanca-Giron RF, Hayward W, Bönstrup M, Buch ER, Cohen LG. Combined low-frequency brain oscillatory activity and behavior predict future errors in human motor skill. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3145-3154.e5. [PMID: 37442139 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Human skills are composed of sequences of individual actions performed with utmost precision. When occasional errors occur, they may have serious consequences, for example, when pilots are manually landing a plane. In such cases, the ability to predict an error before it occurs would clearly be advantageous. Here, we asked whether it is possible to predict future errors in a keyboard procedural human motor skill. We report that prolonged keypress transition times (KTTs), reflecting slower speed, and anomalous delta-band oscillatory activity in cingulate-entorhinal-precuneus brain regions precede upcoming errors in skill. Combined anomalous low-frequency activity and prolonged KTTs predicted up to 70% of future errors. Decoding strength (posterior probability of error) increased progressively approaching the errors. We conclude that it is possible to predict future individual errors in skill sequential performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiaki Iwane
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Debadatta Dash
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - William Hayward
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marlene Bönstrup
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ethan R Buch
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leonardo G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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23
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Villa MC, Geminiani GC, Zettin M, Cicerale A, Ronga I, Duca S, Sacco K. Re-learning mental representation of walking after a brain lesion. Effects of a cognitive-motor training with a robotic orthosis. Front Neurorobot 2023; 17:1177201. [PMID: 37583648 PMCID: PMC10425221 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2023.1177201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stroke-related deficits often include motor impairments and gait dysfunction, leading to a limitation of social activities and consequently affecting the quality of life of stroke survivors. Neurorehabilitation takes advantage of the contribution of different techniques in order to achieve more benefits for patients. Robotic devices help to improve the outcomes of physical rehabilitation. Moreover, motor imagery seems to play a role in neurological rehabilitation since it leads to the activation of the same brain areas as actual movements. This study investigates the use of a combined physical and cognitive protocol for gait rehabilitation in stroke patients. Methods Specifically, we tested the efficacy of a 5-week training program using a robotic orthosis (P.I.G.R.O.) in conjunction with motor imagery training. Twelve chronic stroke patients participated in the study. We evaluated balance and gait performance before and after the training. Six of them underwent fMRI examination before and after the training to assess the effects of the protocol on brain plasticity mechanisms in motor and imagery tasks. Results Our results show that the rehabilitation protocol can effectively improve gait performance and balance and reduce the risk of falls in stroke patients. Furthermore, the fMRI results suggest that rehabilitation is associated with cerebral plastic changes in motor networks. Discussion The present findings, if confirmed by future research, have the potential to advance the development of new, more effective rehabilitation approaches for stroke patients, improving their quality of life and reducing the burden of stroke-related disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Chiara Villa
- BraIn Plasticity and Behavior Changes (BIP) at Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Molinette Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuliano C. Geminiani
- BraIn Plasticity and Behavior Changes (BIP) at Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Molinette Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
| | - Marina Zettin
- BraIn Plasticity and Behavior Changes (BIP) at Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Centro Puzzle-Rehabilitation of Acquired Brain Damages, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cicerale
- BraIn Plasticity and Behavior Changes (BIP) at Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Irene Ronga
- BraIn Plasticity and Behavior Changes (BIP) at Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sergio Duca
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Polytechnic of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuroradiology Unit, Koelliker Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Katiuscia Sacco
- BraIn Plasticity and Behavior Changes (BIP) at Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Institute of Turin (NIT), University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Clinical Psychology Unit, Molinette Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Turin, Italy
- Centro Puzzle-Rehabilitation of Acquired Brain Damages, Turin, Italy
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering (DIATI), Polytechnic of Turin, Turin, Italy
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24
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Abeles D, Herszage J, Shahar M, Censor N. Initial motor skill performance predicts future performance, but not learning. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11359. [PMID: 37443195 PMCID: PMC10344907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
People show vast variability in skill performance and learning. What determines a person's individual performance and learning ability? In this study we explored the possibility to predict participants' future performance and learning, based on their behavior during initial skill acquisition. We recruited a large online multi-session sample of participants performing a sequential tapping skill learning task. We used machine learning to predict future performance and learning from raw data acquired during initial skill acquisition, and from engineered features calculated from the raw data. Strong correlations were observed between initial and final performance, and individual learning was not predicted. While canonical experimental tasks developed and selected to detect average effects may constrain insights regarding individual variability, development of novel tasks may shed light on the underlying mechanism of individual skill learning, relevant for real-life scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekel Abeles
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jasmine Herszage
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Moni Shahar
- AI and Data Science Center of Tel Aviv University (TAD), 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nitzan Censor
- School of Psychological Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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25
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Pierrieau E, Berret B, Lepage JF, Bernier PM. From Motivation to Action: Action Cost Better Predicts Changes in Premovement Beta-Band Activity than Speed. J Neurosci 2023; 43:5264-5275. [PMID: 37339875 PMCID: PMC10342222 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0213-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although premovement beta-band event-related desynchronization (β-ERD; 13-30 Hz) from sensorimotor regions is modulated by movement speed, current evidence does not support a strict monotonic association between the two. Given that β-ERD is thought to increase information encoding capacity, we tested the hypothesis that it might be related to the expected neurocomputational cost of movement, here referred to as action cost. Critically, action cost is greater both for slow and fast movements compared with a medium or "preferred" speed. Thirty-one right-handed participants performed a speed-controlled reaching task while recording their EEG. Results revealed potent modulations of beta power as a function of speed, with β-ERD being significantly greater both for movements performed at high and low speeds compared with medium speed. Interestingly, medium-speed movements were more often chosen by participants than low-speed and high-speed movements, suggesting that they were evaluated as less costly. In line with this, modeling of action cost revealed a pattern of modulation across speed conditions that strikingly resembled the one found for β-ERD. Indeed, linear mixed models showed that estimated action cost predicted variations of β-ERD significantly better than speed. This relationship with action cost was specific to beta power, as it was not found when averaging activity in the mu band (8-12 Hz) and gamma band (31-49 Hz) bands. These results demonstrate that increasing β-ERD may not merely speed up movements, but instead facilitate the preparation of high-speed and low-speed movements through the allocation of additional neural resources, thereby enabling flexible motor control.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Heightened beta activity has been associated with movement slowing in Parkinson's disease, and modulations of beta activity are commonly used to decode movement parameters in brain-computer interfaces. Here we show that premovement beta activity is better explained by the neurocomputational cost of the action rather than its speed. Instead of being interpreted as a mere reflection of changes in movement speed, premovement changes in beta activity might therefore be used to infer the amount of neural resources that are allocated for motor planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Pierrieau
- Programme de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Bastien Berret
- CIAMS (Complexité, Innovation, Activités, Motrices, et Sportives), Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France
- CIAMS (Complexité, Innovation, Activités, Motrices, et Sportives), Université d'Orléans, 45067 Orléans, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Lepage
- Programme de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
- Département de Pédiatrie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Pierre-Michel Bernier
- Département de Kinanthropologie, Faculté des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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26
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Faraji J, Metz GAS. Toward reframing brain-social dynamics: current assumptions and future challenges. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1211442. [PMID: 37484686 PMCID: PMC10359502 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1211442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary analyses suggest that the human social brain and sociality appeared together. The two fundamental tools that accelerated the concurrent emergence of the social brain and sociality include learning and plasticity. The prevailing core idea is that the primate brain and the cortex in particular became reorganised over the course of evolution to facilitate dynamic adaptation to ongoing changes in physical and social environments. Encouraged by computational or survival demands or even by instinctual drives for living in social groups, the brain eventually learned how to learn from social experience via its massive plastic capacity. A fundamental framework for modeling these orchestrated dynamic responses is that social plasticity relies upon neuroplasticity. In the present article, we first provide a glimpse into the concepts of plasticity, experience, with emphasis on social experience. We then acknowledge and integrate the current theoretical concepts to highlight five key intertwined assumptions within social neuroscience that underlie empirical approaches for explaining the brain-social dynamics. We suggest that this epistemological view provides key insights into the ontology of current conceptual frameworks driving future research to successfully deal with new challenges and possible caveats in favour of the formulation of novel assumptions. In the light of contemporary societal challenges, such as global pandemics, natural disasters, violent conflict, and other human tragedies, discovering the mechanisms of social brain plasticity will provide new approaches to support adaptive brain plasticity and social resilience.
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27
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Mill RD, Cole MW. Neural representation dynamics reveal computational principles of cognitive task learning. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.27.546751. [PMID: 37425922 PMCID: PMC10327096 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.27.546751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
During cognitive task learning, neural representations must be rapidly constructed for novel task performance, then optimized for robust practiced task performance. How the geometry of neural representations changes to enable this transition from novel to practiced performance remains unknown. We hypothesized that practice involves a shift from compositional representations (task-general activity patterns that can be flexibly reused across tasks) to conjunctive representations (task-specific activity patterns specialized for the current task). Functional MRI during learning of multiple complex tasks substantiated this dynamic shift from compositional to conjunctive representations, which was associated with reduced cross-task interference (via pattern separation) and behavioral improvement. Further, we found that conjunctions originated in subcortex (hippocampus and cerebellum) and slowly spread to cortex, extending multiple memory systems theories to encompass task representation learning. The formation of conjunctive representations hence serves as a computational signature of learning, reflecting cortical-subcortical dynamics that optimize task representations in the human brain.
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28
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Kim H, Lee G, Lee J, Kim YH. Alterations in learning-related cortical activation and functional connectivity by high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation after stroke: an fNIRS study. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1189420. [PMID: 37332855 PMCID: PMC10275383 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1189420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Motor learning is a key component of stroke neurorehabilitation. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) was recently developed as a tDCS technique that increases the accuracy of current delivery to the brain using arrays of small electrodes. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether HD-tDCS alters learning-related cortical activation and functional connectivity in stroke patients using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Methods Using a sham-controlled crossover study design, 16 chronic stroke patients were randomly assigned to one of two intervention conditions. Both groups performed the sequential finger tapping task (SFTT) on five consecutive days, either with (a) real HD-tDCS or (b) with sham HD-tDCS. HD-tDCS (1 mA for 20 min, 4 × 1) was administered to C3 or C4 (according to lesion side). fNIRS signals were measured during the SFTT with the affected hand before (baseline) and after each intervention using fNIRS measurement system. Cortical activation and functional connectivity of NIRS signals were analyzed using a statistical parametric mapping open-source software package (NIRS-SPM), OptoNet II®. Results In the real HD-tDCS condition, oxyHb concentration increased significantly in the ipsilesional primary motor cortex (M1). Connectivity between the ipsilesional M1 and the premotor cortex (PM) was noticeably strengthened after real HD-tDCS compared with baseline. Motor performance also significantly improved, as shown in response time during the SFTT. In the sham HD-tDCS condition, functional connectivity between contralesional M1 and sensory cortex was enhanced compared with baseline. There was tendency toward improvement in SFTT response time, but without significance. Discussion The results of this study indicated that HD-tDCS could modulate learning-related cortical activity and functional connectivity within motor networks to enhance motor learning performance. HD-tDCS can be used as an additional tool for enhancing motor learning during hand rehabilitation for chronic stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heegoo Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Gihyoun Lee
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsoo Lee
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Kim
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Center for Prevention and Rehabilitation, Heart Vascular Stroke Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Haeundae Sharing and Happiness Hospital, Pusan, Republic of Korea
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29
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Lv X, Funahashi S, Li C, Wu J. Variational relevance evaluation of individual fMRI data enables deconstruction of task-dependent neural dynamics. Commun Biol 2023; 6:491. [PMID: 37147471 PMCID: PMC10163018 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04804-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In neuroimaging research, univariate analysis has always been used to localize "representations" at the microscale, whereas network approaches have been applied to characterize transregional "operations". How are representations and operations linked through dynamic interactions? We developed the variational relevance evaluation (VRE) method to analyze individual task fMRI data, which selects informative voxels during model training to localize the "representation", and quantifies the dynamic contributions of single voxels across the whole-brain to different cognitive functions to characterize the "operation". Using 15 individual fMRI data files for higher visual area localizers, we evaluated the characterization of selected voxel positions of VRE and revealed different object-selective regions functioning in similar dynamics. Using another 15 individual fMRI data files for memory retrieval after offline learning, we found similar task-related regions working in different neural dynamics for tasks with diverse familiarities. VRE demonstrates a promising horizon in individual fMRI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Lv
- School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shintaro Funahashi
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical Application, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Jinglong Wu
- School of Medical Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China.
- Researh Center for Medical Artificial Intelligence, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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30
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Bruno S, Benedetti D, Bazzani A, Ferri F, Granieri I, Cruz-Sanabria F, Fiori S, d'Ascanio P, Frumento P, Faraguna U. School Attendance, Chronotype, and Day-of-the-Week Effect in Adolescent Male Basketball Players. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:185-196. [PMID: 36680409 DOI: 10.1177/07487304221144340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents' conflict between circadian rhythm and early school start time is more pronounced in evening chronotypes, who tend to reduce sleep duration during school days compensating during the free days by oversleeping (i.e., social jetlag). Cumulative weekly sleep debt may impair sport performance, which relies on physical and cognitive skills modulated by sleep. We hypothesized that chronotype predicts sport performance, and that it may interact with the day of the week. Moreover, given the role sleep plays in motor memory consolidation, we tested the hypothesis that school attendance, and the related chronic sleep deprivation, might be detrimental for participants in a training phase. Ninety-three adolescent male basketball players performed multiple free throw sessions (n = 7880) during both the school and holiday periods. Chronotype and its interaction with the day of the week significantly predicted shooting accuracy when attending school, but not on holidays. Evening types' performance gradually decreased from Monday to Friday. Participants with a more unstable performance (i.e., who did not complete the acquisition of the free throw motor scheme) worsened their accuracy when attending school. Our results suggest that the impact of chronotype and day of the week on sport performance is related to the presence of an externally imposed sleep/wake schedule and is consistent with evening types' increased likelihood of experiencing social jetlag. Possibly due to early school start time, attending school worsened the performance of participants in a training phase. Further investigations are required to assess whether reducing the mismatch between biological and social clocks might improve sport performance, along with other aspects of adolescents' life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bruno
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Davide Benedetti
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Bazzani
- Institute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferri
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Iacopo Granieri
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francy Cruz-Sanabria
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Simona Fiori
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paola d'Ascanio
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Frumento
- Department of Political Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ugo Faraguna
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
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31
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Egger S, Wälchli M, Rüeger E, Taube W. Short-term balance consolidation relies on the primary motor cortex: a rTMS study. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5169. [PMID: 36997548 PMCID: PMC10063530 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32065-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional adaptations occur in the primary motor cortex (M1) after only a few balance learning sessions. Nevertheless, the role of M1 in consolidating balance tasks remains to be discussed, as direct evidence is missing due to the fact that it is unclear whether adaptations in M1 are indeed the driving force for balance improvements or merely the consequence of improved balance. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the primary motor cortex is involved in the learning and consolidation of balance tasks. Thirty participants were randomly allocated into a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) or sham-rTMS group. The experimental design included a single balance acquisition phase, followed by either 15 min of low-frequency rTMS (1 Hz at 115% of resting motor threshold to disrupt the involvement of M1) or sham-rTMS, and finally a retention test 24 h later. During the acquisition phase, no differences in balance improvements were observed between the two groups. However, significant differences between the rTMS and the sham-rTMS group were found from the end of the acquisition phase to the retention test. While the rTMS group had a performance loss, the sham-rTMS group displayed significant off-line gains (p = 0.001). For the first time, this finding may propose a causal relationship between the involvement of M1 and the acquisition and consolidation of a balance task.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Egger
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
- Medicine Section, Department of Neurosciences and Movement Sciences, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Bd de Pérolles 90, Office F440, 1700, Fribourg/Freiburg, Switzerland.
| | - M Wälchli
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - E Rüeger
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - W Taube
- Department of Neurosciences and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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32
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Polskaia N, St-Amant G, Fraser S, Lajoie Y. Involvement of the prefrontal cortex in motor sequence learning: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study. Brain Cogn 2023; 166:105940. [PMID: 36621187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Our previous functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) study on motor sequence learning (Polskaia et al., 2020) did not detect the same decrease in activity in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) associated with movement automaticity, as reported by Wu et al. (2004). This was partly attributed to insufficient practice time to reach neural efficiency. Therefore, we sought to expand on our previous work to better understand the contribution of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to motor sequence learning by examining learning across a longer period of time. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: control or trained. fNIRS was acquired at three time points: pre-test, post-test, and retention. Participants performed four sequences (S1, S2, S3, and S4) of right-hand finger tapping. The trained group also underwent four days of practice of S1 and S2. No group differences in the left DLPFC and ventrolateral (VLPFC) were found between sessions for S1 and S2. Our findings revealed increased contribution from the right VLPFC in post-test for the trained group, which may reflect the active retrieval of explicit information from long-term memory. Our results suggest that despite additional practice time, explicit motor sequence learning requires the continued involvement of the PFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Polskaia
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Science, University of Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Gabrielle St-Amant
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Science, University of Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Ottawa, Canada.
| | - Yves Lajoie
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Science, University of Ottawa, Canada.
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33
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Höbler F, Bitan T, Tremblay L, De Nil L. Explicit benefits: Motor sequence acquisition and short-term retention in adults who do and do not stutter. JOURNAL OF FLUENCY DISORDERS 2023; 75:105959. [PMID: 36736073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.105959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Motor sequencing skills have been found to distinguish individuals who experience developmental stuttering from those who do not stutter, with these differences extending to non-verbal sequencing behaviour. Previous research has focused on measures of reaction time and practice under externally cued conditions to decipher the motor learning abilities of persons who stutter. Without the confounds of extraneous demands and sensorimotor processing, we investigated motor sequence learning under conditions of explicit awareness and focused practice among adults with persistent development stuttering. Across two consecutive practice sessions, 18 adults who stutter (AWS) and 18 adults who do not stutter (ANS) performed the finger-to-thumb opposition sequencing (FOS) task. Both groups demonstrated significant within-session performance improvements, as evidenced by fast on-line learning of finger sequences on day one. Additionally, neither participant group showed deterioration of their learning gains the following day, indicating a relative stabilization of finger sequencing performance during the off-line period. These findings suggest that under explicit and focused conditions, early motor learning gains and their short-term retention do not differ between AWS and ANS. Additional factors influencing motor sequencing performance, such as task complexity and saturation of learning, are also considered. Further research into explicit motor learning and its generalization following extended practice and follow-up in persons who stutter is warranted. The potential benefits of motor practice generalizability among individuals who stutter and its relevance to supporting treatment outcomes are suggested as future areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Höbler
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, 500 University Avenue, Suite 160, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada; Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, 500 University Avenue, Suite 160, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada.
| | - Tali Bitan
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, 500 University Avenue, Suite 160, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada; Department of Psychology and IIPDM, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel
| | - Luc Tremblay
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Clara Benson Building, 320 Huron St., Room 231, Toronto, ON M5S 3J7, Canada; KITE Research Institute, Toronto Rehabilitation Institute - University Health Network, 550 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Luc De Nil
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, 500 University Avenue, Suite 160, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada; Department of Speech-Language Pathology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Rehabilitation Sciences Building, 500 University Avenue, Suite 160, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
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Herszage J, Bönstrup M, Cohen LG, Censor N. Reactivation-induced motor skill modulation does not operate at a rapid micro-timescale level. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2930. [PMID: 36808164 PMCID: PMC9941091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Abundant evidence shows that consolidated memories are susceptible to modifications following their reactivation. Processes of memory consolidation and reactivation-induced skill modulation have been commonly documented after hours or days. Motivated by studies showing rapid consolidation in early stages of motor skill acquisition, here we asked whether motor skill memories are susceptible to modifications following brief reactivations, even at initial stages of learning. In a set of experiments, we collected crowdsourced online motor sequence data to test whether post-encoding interference and performance enhancement occur following brief reactivations in early stages of learning. Results indicate that memories forming during early learning are not susceptible to interference nor to enhancement within a rapid reactivation-induced time window, relative to control conditions. This set of evidence suggests that reactivation-induced motor skill memory modulation might be dependent on consolidation at the macro-timescale level, requiring hours or days to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Herszage
- grid.12136.370000 0004 1937 0546School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Sharet Building, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marlene Bönstrup
- grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leonardo G. Cohen
- grid.416870.c0000 0001 2177 357XHuman Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Nitzan Censor
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Sharet Building, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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Stee W, Peigneux P. Does Motor Memory Reactivation through Practice and Post-Learning Sleep Modulate Consolidation? Clocks Sleep 2023; 5:72-84. [PMID: 36810845 PMCID: PMC9944088 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep5010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrieving previously stored information makes memory traces labile again and can trigger restabilization in a strengthened or weakened form depending on the reactivation condition. Available evidence for long-term performance changes upon reactivation of motor memories and the effect of post-learning sleep on their consolidation remains scarce, and so does the data on the ways in which subsequent reactivation of motor memories interacts with sleep-related consolidation. Eighty young volunteers learned (Day 1) a 12-element Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT) before a post-training Regular Sleep (RS) or Sleep Deprivation (SD) night, either followed (Day 2) by morning motor reactivation through a short SRTT testing or no motor activity. Consolidation was assessed after three recovery nights (Day 5). A 2 × 2 ANOVA carried on proportional offline gains did not evidence significant Reactivation (Morning Reactivation/No Morning Reactivation; p = 0.098), post-training Sleep (RS/SD; p = 0.301) or Sleep*Reactivation interaction (p = 0.257) effect. Our results are in line with prior studies suggesting a lack of supplementary performance gains upon reactivation, and other studies that failed to disclose post-learning sleep-related effects on performance improvement. However, lack of overt behavioural effects does not detract from the possibility of sleep- or reconsolidation-related covert neurophysiological changes underlying similar behavioural performance levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Whitney Stee
- UR2NF—Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit Affiliated at CRCN—Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI—ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- GIGA—Cyclotron Research Centre—In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège (ULiège), 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Peigneux
- UR2NF—Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit Affiliated at CRCN—Centre for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences and UNI—ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
- GIGA—Cyclotron Research Centre—In Vivo Imaging, University of Liège (ULiège), 4000 Liège, Belgium
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36
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Kim J, Joshi A, Frank L, Ganguly K. Cortical-hippocampal coupling during manifold exploration in motor cortex. Nature 2023; 613:103-110. [PMID: 36517602 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05533-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Systems consolidation-a process for long-term memory stabilization-has been hypothesized to occur in two stages1-4. Whereas new memories require the hippocampus5-9, they become integrated into cortical networks over time10-12, making them independent of the hippocampus. How hippocampal-cortical dialogue precisely evolves during this and how cortical representations change in concert is unknown. Here, we use a skill learning task13,14 to monitor the dynamics of cross-area coupling during non-rapid eye movement sleep along with changes in primary motor cortex (M1) representational stability. Our results indicate that precise cross-area coupling between hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and M1 can demarcate two distinct stages of processing. We specifically find that each animal demonstrates a sharp increase in prefrontal cortex and M1 sleep slow oscillation coupling with stabilization of performance. This sharp increase then predicts a drop in hippocampal sharp-wave ripple (SWR)-M1 slow oscillation coupling-suggesting feedback to inform hippocampal disengagement and transition to a second stage. Notably, the first stage shows significant increases in hippocampal SWR-M1 slow oscillation coupling in the post-training sleep and is closely associated with rapid learning and variability of the M1 low-dimensional manifold. Strikingly, even after consolidation, inducing new manifold exploration by changing task parameters re-engages hippocampal-M1 coupling. We thus find evidence for dynamic hippocampal-cortical dialogue associated with manifold exploration during learning and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaekyung Kim
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Abhilasha Joshi
- HHMI and Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Loren Frank
- HHMI and Departments of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karunesh Ganguly
- Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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de Carvalho M, Swash M. Upper and lower motor neuron neurophysiology and motor control. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 195:17-29. [PMID: 37562869 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
This chapter considers the principles that underlie neurophysiological studies of upper motor neuron or lower motor neuron lesions, based on an understanding of the normal structure and function of the motor system. Human motor neurophysiology consists of an evaluation of the active components of the motor system that are relevant to volitional movements. Relatively primitive motor skills include locomotion, much dependent on the spinal cord central pattern generator, reaching, involving proximal and distal muscles activation, and grasping. Humans are well prepared to perform complex movements like writing. The role of motor cortex is critical for the motor activity, very dependent on the continuous sensory feedback, and this is essential for adapting the force and speed control, which contributes to motor learning. Most corticospinal neurons in the brain project to brainstem and spinal cord, many with polysynaptic inhibitory rather than excitatory connections. The monosynaptic connections observed in humans and primates constitute a specialized pathway implicated in fractional finger movements. Spinal cord has a complex physiology, and local reflexes and sensory feedback are essential to control adapted muscular contraction during movement. The cerebellum has a major role in motor coordination, but also consistent roles in sensory activities, speech, and language, in motor and spatial memory, and in psychological activity. The motor unit is the final effector of the motor drive. The complex interplay between the lower motor neuron, its axon, motor end-plates, and muscle fibers allows a relevant plasticity in the movement output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamede de Carvalho
- Department of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa-Norte, Lisbon, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina-Instituto de Medicina Molecular-Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Michael Swash
- Faculdade de Medicina-Instituto de Medicina Molecular-Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neurology, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London and Royal London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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38
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Hsu G, Shereen AD, Cohen LG, Parra LC. Robust enhancement of motor sequence learning with 4 mA transcranial electric stimulation. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:56-67. [PMID: 36574814 PMCID: PMC10171179 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Motor learning experiments with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) at 2 mA have produced mixed results. We hypothesize that tDCS boosts motor learning provided sufficiently high field intensity on the motor cortex. METHODS In a single-blinded design, 108 healthy participants received either anodal (N = 36) or cathodal (N = 36) tDCS at 4 mA total, or no stimulation (N = 36) while they practiced a 12-min sequence learning task. Anodal stimulation was delivered across four electrode pairs (1 mA each), with anodes above the right parietal lobe and cathodes above the right frontal lobe. Cathodal stimulation, with reversed polarities, served as an active control for sensation, while the no-stimulation condition established baseline performance. fMRI-localized targets on the primary motor cortex in 10 subjects were used in current flow models to optimize electrode placement for maximal field intensity. A single electrode montage was then selected for all participants. RESULTS We found a significant difference in performance with anodal vs. cathodal stimulation (Cohen's d = 0.71) and vs. no stimulation (d = 0.56). This effect persisted for at least 1 h, and subsequent learning for a new sequence and the opposite hand also improved. Sensation ratings were comparable in the active groups and did not exceed moderate levels. Current flow models suggest the new electrode montage can achieve stronger motor cortex polarization than alternative montages. CONCLUSION The present paradigm shows a medium to large effect size and is well-tolerated. It may serve as a go-to experiment for future studies on motor learning and tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
| | - A Duke Shereen
- Advanced Science Research Center at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, USA
| | - Leonardo G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lucas C Parra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
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Mobility and balance rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 69:104424. [PMID: 36473240 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the benefits of neurological rehabilitation and the dose-response relationship for the treatment of mobility and balance in multiple sclerosis. METHODS We included studies investigating the effects of neurological rehabilitation on mobility and balance with the following eligibility criteria for inclusion: Population, People with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS); Intervention, method of rehabilitation interventions; Comparison, experimental (specific balance intervention) vs control (no intervention/no specific balance intervention); Outcome, balance clinical scales; Study Design, randomised controlled trials. We conducted a random effects dose-response meta-analysis to assess linear trend estimations and a one stage linear mixed effects meta-regression for estimating dose-response curves. RESULTS We retrieved 196 studies from a list of 5020 for full text review and 71 studies (n subjects=3306) were included. One study was a cross-over and 70 studies were randomized controlled trials and the mean sample size per study was 46.5 ± 28.6 (mean±SD) with a mean age of 48.3 ± 7.8years, disease duration of 11.6 ± 6.1years, and EDSS of 4.4 ± 1.4points. Twenty-nine studies (40.8%) had the balance outcome as the primary outcome, while 42 studies (59.1%) had balance as secondary outcome or did not specify primary and secondary outcomes. Thirty-three trials (46.5%) had no active intervention as comparator and 38 trials (53.5%) had an active control group. Individual level data from 20 studies (n subjects=1016) were analyzed showing a medium pooled effect size for balance interventions (SMD=0.41; 95% CIs 0.22 to 0.59). Moreover, we analyzed 14 studies (n subjects=696) having balance as primary outcome and BBS as primary endpoint yielding a mean difference of 3.58 points (95% CIs 1.79 to 5.38, p<0.0001). Finally, we performed meta regression of the 20 studies showing an association between better outcome, log of intensity defined as minutes per session (β=1.26; SEβ=0.51; p = 0.02) and task-oriented intervention (β=0.38; SEβ=0.17; p = 0.05). CONCLUSION Our analyses provide level 1 evidence on the effect of balance intervention to improve mobility. Furthermore, according to principles of neurological rehabilitation, high intensity and task-specific interventions are associated with better treatment outcomes.
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Cristini J, Parwanta Z, De las Heras B, Medina-Rincon A, Paquette C, Doyon J, Dagher A, Steib S, Roig M. Motor Memory Consolidation Deficits in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:865-892. [PMID: 37458048 PMCID: PMC10578244 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability to encode and consolidate motor memories is essential for persons with Parkinson's disease (PD), who usually experience a progressive loss of motor function. Deficits in memory encoding, usually expressed as poorer rates of skill improvement during motor practice, have been reported in these patients. Whether motor memory consolidation (i.e., motor skill retention) is also impaired is unknown. OBJECTIVE To determine whether motor memory consolidation is impaired in PD compared to neurologically intact individuals. METHODS We conducted a pre-registered systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42020222433) following PRISMA guidelines that included 46 studies. RESULTS Meta-analyses revealed that persons with PD have deficits in retaining motor skills (SMD = -0.17; 95% CI = -0.32, -0.02; p = 0.0225). However, these deficits are task-specific, affecting sensory motor (SMD = -0.31; 95% CI -0.47, -0.15; p = 0.0002) and visuomotor adaptation (SMD = -1.55; 95% CI = -2.32, -0.79; p = 0.0001) tasks, but not sequential fine motor (SMD = 0.17; 95% CI = -0.05, 0.39; p = 0.1292) and gross motor tasks (SMD = 0.04; 95% CI = -0.25, 0.33; p = 0.7771). Importantly, deficits became non-significant when augmented feedback during practice was provided, and additional motor practice sessions reduced deficits in sensory motor tasks. Meta-regression analyses confirmed that deficits were independent of performance during encoding, as well as disease duration and severity. CONCLUSION Our results align with the neurodegenerative models of PD progression and motor learning frameworks and emphasize the importance of developing targeted interventions to enhance motor memory consolidation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Cristini
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zohra Parwanta
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bernat De las Heras
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Almudena Medina-Rincon
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- Grupo de investigación iPhysio, San Jorge University, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
- Department of Physiotherapy, San Jorge University, Zaragoza, Aragón, Spain
| | - Caroline Paquette
- Department of Kinesiology & Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, QC,Canada
- Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Doyon
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Steib
- Department of Human Movement, Training and Active Aging, Institute of Sports and Sports Sciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Roig
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Wilf M, Dupuis C, Nardo D, Huber D, Sander S, Al-Kaar J, Haroud M, Perrin H, Fornari E, Crottaz-Herbette S, Serino A. Virtual reality-based sensorimotor adaptation shapes subsequent spontaneous and naturalistic stimulus-driven brain activity. Cereb Cortex 2022; 33:5163-5180. [PMID: 36288926 PMCID: PMC10152055 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our everyday life summons numerous novel sensorimotor experiences, to which our brain needs to adapt in order to function properly. However, tracking plasticity of naturalistic behavior and associated brain modulations is challenging. Here, we tackled this question implementing a prism adaptation-like training in virtual reality (VRPA) in combination with functional neuroimaging. Three groups of healthy participants (N = 45) underwent VRPA (with a shift either to the left/right side, or with no shift), and performed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions before and after training. To capture modulations in free-flowing, task-free brain activity, the fMRI sessions included resting-state and free-viewing of naturalistic videos. We found significant decreases in spontaneous functional connectivity between attentional and default mode (DMN)/fronto-parietal networks, only for the adaptation groups, more pronouncedly in the hemisphere contralateral to the induced shift. In addition, VRPA was found to bias visual responses to naturalistic videos: Following rightward adaptation, we found upregulation of visual response in an area in the parieto-occipital sulcus (POS) only in the right hemisphere. Notably, the extent of POS upregulation correlated with the size of the VRPA-induced after-effect measured in behavioral tests. This study demonstrates that a brief VRPA exposure can change large-scale cortical connectivity and correspondingly bias visual responses to naturalistic sensory inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meytal Wilf
- MySpace Lab, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Avenue Pierre Decker 5, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Center of Advanced Technologies in Rehabilitation (CATR), Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
| | - Celine Dupuis
- MindMaze SA, Chemin de Roseneck 5, 1006 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Davide Nardo
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Rd, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom.,Department of Education, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Diana Huber
- MySpace Lab, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Avenue Pierre Decker 5, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sibilla Sander
- MySpace Lab, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Avenue Pierre Decker 5, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joud Al-Kaar
- Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Avenue Pierre Decker 5, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Meriem Haroud
- MySpace Lab, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Avenue Pierre Decker 5, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Avenue Pierre Decker 5, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Henri Perrin
- MySpace Lab, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Avenue Pierre Decker 5, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Eleonora Fornari
- Biomedical Imaging Center (CIBM), Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 46, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sonia Crottaz-Herbette
- MindMaze SA, Chemin de Roseneck 5, 1006 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Neuropsychology and Neurorehabilitation Service, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Avenue Pierre Decker 5, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Serino
- MySpace Lab, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne, Avenue Pierre Decker 5, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.,MindMaze SA, Chemin de Roseneck 5, 1006 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Polskaia N, St-Amant G, Fraser S, Lajoie Y. Neural Correlates of Dual-Task Processing following Motor Sequence Learning: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Study. J Mot Behav 2022; 55:92-101. [PMID: 36210346 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2022.2131706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to examine cerebral oxygenation changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) associated with dual-task processing before and after motor sequence learning. Participants performed self-initiated sequential finger movements that were 4 and 12 units in length with a visual letter-counting task. After practice, dual-task sequence-4 performance revealed decreased activity in the right dorsolateral PFC, medial PFC, and orbitofrontal cortex. However, dual-task sequence-12 performance revealed increased activity in the right ventrolateral PFC when compared to the left hemisphere. The findings suggest that dual-task interference was reduced following practice for dual-task sequence-4. The results also suggest that increased right hemisphere activation is needed to maintain performance when the primary sequential task (e.g., dual-task sequence-12) has a high level of difficulty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Polskaia
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gabrielle St-Amant
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yves Lajoie
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Kadmon Harpaz N, Hardcastle K, Ölveczky BP. Learning-induced changes in the neural circuits underlying motor sequence execution. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 76:102624. [PMID: 36030613 PMCID: PMC11125547 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
As the old adage goes: practice makes perfect. Yet, the neural mechanisms by which rote repetition transforms a halting behavior into a fluid, effortless, and "automatic" action are not well understood. Here we consider the possibility that well-practiced motor sequences, which initially rely on higher-level decision-making circuits, become wholly specified in lower-level control circuits. We review studies informing this idea, discuss the constraints on such shift in control, and suggest approaches to pinpoint circuit-level changes associated with motor sequence learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naama Kadmon Harpaz
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University. https://twitter.com/@NKadmonHarpaz
| | - Kiah Hardcastle
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University. https://twitter.com/@kiahhardcastle
| | - Bence P Ölveczky
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Center for Brain Science, Harvard University.
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Expanding Rehabilitation Options for Dysphagia: Skill-Based Swallowing Training. Dysphagia 2022; 38:756-767. [PMID: 36097215 PMCID: PMC10182941 DOI: 10.1007/s00455-022-10516-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Over the past four decades, our understanding of swallowing neural control has expanded dramatically. However, until recently, advances in rehabilitation approaches for dysphagia have not kept pace, with a persistent focussing on strengthening peripheral muscle. This approach is no doubt very appropriate for some if not many of our patients. But what if the dysphagia is not due to muscles weakness? The purpose of this clinical manuscript is to reflect on where we have been, where we are now and perhaps where we need to go in terms of our understanding of swallowing motor control and rehabilitation of motor control impairments. This compilation is presented to clinicians in the hope that suggesting approaches "outside the box" will inspire clinicians to focus their attention "inside the box" to ultimately improve rehabilitation and long-term outcomes for patients with dysphagia.
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45
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Avraham E, Sacher Y, Maaravi-Hesseg R, Karni A, Doron R. Skill-learning by observation-training with patients after traumatic brain injury. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:940075. [PMID: 36118978 PMCID: PMC9471376 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.940075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in Western society, and often results in functional and neuropsychological abnormalities. Memory impairment is one of the most significant cognitive implications after TBI. In the current study we investigated procedural memory acquisition by observational training in TBI patients. It was previously found that while practicing a new motor skill, patients engage in all three phases of skill learning–fast acquisition, between-session consolidation, and long-term retention, though their pattern of learning is atypical compared to healthy participants. A different set of studies showed that training by observing a motor task, generally prompted effective acquisition and consolidation of procedural knowledge in healthy participants. The aim of our study was to (i) evaluate the potential benefit of action observation in TBI patients. (ii) Examine the possibility of general improvement in performance between the first (24 h post-training) and second (2 weeks post-training) stage of the study. (iii) Investigate the link between patients’ ability to benefit from observational learning (via performance gains–speed and accuracy) and common measures of injury (such as severity of injury, functional and cognitive measures).
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Avraham
- School of Behavioral Science, The Academic College, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- The Loewenstein Rehabilitation Medical Center, Ra’anana, Israel
- *Correspondence: Einat Avraham,
| | - Yaron Sacher
- The Loewenstein Rehabilitation Medical Center, Ra’anana, Israel
- Sackler Medical Faculty, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
- Yaron Sacher,
| | - Rinatia Maaravi-Hesseg
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Brain–Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Rinatia Maaravi-Hesseg,
| | - Avi Karni
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Brain–Behavior Research Center, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ravid Doron
- Department of Education and Psychology, The Open University, Ra’anana, Israel
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Higo N. Motor Cortex Plasticity During Functional Recovery Following Brain Damage. JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS AND MECHATRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.20965/jrm.2022.p0700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although brain damage causes functional impairment, it is often followed by partial or total recovery of function. Recovery is believed to occur primarily because of brain plasticity. Both human and animal studies have significantly contributed to uncovering the neuronal basis of plasticity. Recent advances in brain imaging technology have enabled the investigation of plastic changes in living human brains. In addition, animal experiments have revealed detailed changes at the neural and genetic levels. In this review, plasticity in motor-related areas of the cerebral cortex, which is one of the most well-studied areas of the neocortex in terms of plasticity, is reviewed. In addition, the potential of technological interventions to enhance plasticity and promote functional recovery following brain damage is discussed. Novel neurorehabilitation technologies are expected to be established based on the emerging research on plasticity from the last several decades.
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Visuomotor Tracking Task for Enhancing Activity in Motor Areas of Stroke Patients. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081063. [PMID: 36009126 PMCID: PMC9406091 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery of motor function following stroke requires interventions to enhance ipsilesional cortical activity. To improve finger motor function following stroke, we developed a movement task with visuomotor feedback and measured changes in motor cortex activity by electroencephalography. Stroke patients performed two types of movement task on separate days using the paretic fingers: a visuomotor tracking task requiring the patient to match a target muscle force pattern with ongoing feedback and a simple finger flexion/extension task without feedback. Movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) were recorded before and after the two motor interventions. The amplitudes of MRCPs measured from the ipsilesional hemisphere were significantly enhanced after the visuomotor tracking task but were unchanged by the simple manual movement task. Increased MRCP amplitude preceding movement onset revealed that the control of manual movement using visual feedback acted on the preparatory stage from motor planning to execution. A visuomotor tracking task can enhance motor cortex activity following a brief motor intervention, suggesting efficient induction of use-dependent cortical plasticity in stroke.
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Nahardiya G, Markus A, Bennet R, Shamay-Tsoory SG. The benefits of learning movement sequences in social interactions. Front Psychol 2022; 13:901900. [PMID: 36017441 PMCID: PMC9396234 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.901900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although we frequently acquire knowledge and skills through social interactions, the focus of most research on learning is on individual learning. Here we characterize Interaction Based Learning (IBL), which represents the acquisition of knowledge or skill through social interactions, and compare it to Observational Learning (OL)—learning by observation. To that end, we designed a movement synchronization paradigm whereby participants learned Tai-Chi inspired movement sequences from trained teachers in two separated sessions. We used a motion capture system to track the movement of 40 dyads comprised of a teacher and learner, who were randomly divided into OL or IBL groups, and calculated time-varying synchrony of three-dimensional movement velocity. While in the IBL group both the learner and the teacher could see each other through a transparent glass, in the OL group dyads interacted through a one-way mirror, such that the learners observed the teacher, but the teacher could not see the learners. Results show that although the number of movements recalled was not different between groups, we found improved movement smoothness in the IBL compared to the OL group, indicating movement acquisition was better in the IBL group. In addition, we found that motor synchronization levels in dyads improved over time, indicating that movement synchronization can be learned and retained. In the first session, the IBL group, but not the OL group, showed a significant improvement in synchronization. This suggests that dyadic interaction is important for learning movement sequences, and that bidirectional communication of signals and mutual feedback are essential for the consolidation of motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Nahardiya
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Andrey Markus
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- *Correspondence: Andrey Markus,
| | - Rotem Bennet
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Simone G. Shamay-Tsoory
- Department of Psychology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- The Integrated Brain and Behavior Research Center (IBBRC), Haifa, Israel
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Nakazawa K. Brain Reorganization and Neural Plasticity in Elite Athletes With Physical Impairments. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2022; 50:118-127. [PMID: 35175230 PMCID: PMC9197146 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Use-dependent and impairment-specific brain plasticity are hypothesized to interact and enhance neural reorganization in the central nervous system (CNS) of athletes with physical impairments. Paralympic brain studies are helpful in achieving a fundamental understanding of the underlying neural mechanism related to CNS reorganization after physical therapy or athletic training. Information learned from these individuals also provides new insights into sports- and rehabilitation-related neuroscience.
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Draaisma L, Wessel M, Moyne M, Morishita T, Hummel F. Targeting the frontoparietal network using bifocal transcranial alternating current stimulation during a motor sequence learning task in healthy older adults. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:968-979. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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