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Wang H, Wang Y. Middle ear innovation in Early Cretaceous eutherian mammals. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6831. [PMID: 37884521 PMCID: PMC10603157 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The middle ear ossicles in modern mammals are repurposed from postdentary bones in non-mammalian cynodonts. Recent discoveries by palaeontological and embryonic studies have developed different models for the middle ear evolution in mammaliaforms. However, little is known about the evolutionary scenario of the middle ear in early therians. Here we report a detached middle ear preserved in a new eutherian mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota. The well-preserved articulation of the malleus and incus suggest that the saddle-shaped incudomallear joint is a major apomorphy of Early Cretaceous eutherians. By contrast to the distinct saddle-like incudomallear articulation in therians, differences between the overlapping versus the half-overlapping incudomallear joints in monotremes and stem mammals would be relatively minor. The middle ear belongs to the microtype by definition, indicating its adaptation to high-frequency hearing. Current evidence indicates that significant evolutionary innovations of the middle ear in modern therians evolved in Early Cretaceous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100044, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuanqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100044, Beijing, China.
- College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China.
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Grossnickle DM, Smith SM, Wilson GP. Untangling the Multiple Ecological Radiations of Early Mammals. Trends Ecol Evol 2019; 34:936-949. [PMID: 31229335 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ecological diversification of early mammals is one of the most globally transformative events in Earth's history and the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution (KTR) and end-Cretaceous mass extinction are commonly hailed as catalysts. However, a confounding issue when examining this diversification is that it comprised nested radiations of mammalian subclades within the broader scope of mammalian evolution. In the past 200 million years, various independent groups experienced large-scale radiations, each involving ecological diversification from ancestral lineages of small insectivores; examples include Jurassic mammaliaforms, Late Cretaceous metatherians, and Cenozoic placentals. Here, we review these ecological radiations, highlighting the nuanced complexity of early mammal evolution, the value of ecomorphological fossil data, and the importance of phylogenetic context in macroevolutionary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephanie M Smith
- Integrative Research Center, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gregory P Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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D'Emic MD, Foreman BZ, Jud NA, Britt BB, Schmitz M, Crowley JL. Chronostratigraphic Revision of the Cloverly Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Western Interior, USA). BULLETIN OF THE PEABODY MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2019. [DOI: 10.3374/014.060.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. D'Emic
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794 USA
| | - Brady Z. Foreman
- Department of Geology, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225 USA —
| | - Nathan A. Jud
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA —
| | - Brooks B. Britt
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602 USA —
| | - Mark Schmitz
- Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 USA —,
| | - James L. Crowley
- Department of Geosciences, Boise State University, Boise, ID 83725 USA —,
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Meng J. Mesozoic mammals of China: implications for phylogeny and early evolution of mammals. Natl Sci Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwu070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
All Mesozoic mammaliaforms reported from China are briefly documented herein. These forms can be divided into at least five major assemblages: Lufeng, Yanliao (Daohugou), Jehol, Fuxin and Bayan Mandahu, ranging from the Early Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous periods. Although the temporal and geographic distributions of these mammaliaforms are not dense, the records do reveal a pattern that is generally consistent with patterns that have been recognized globally. The initial stage of mammalian evolution was represented by stem mammaliaforms or primitive ‘triconodonts’ from the Lufeng. This was followed by the Middle-Late Jurassic Yanliao episode that showed a high diversity and disparity of mammaliaforms in which terrestrial, swimming, arboreal and gliding species were present. The disparity, at least in molar morphology and types of locomotion, decreased but the diversity persisted into the Cretaceous, a period that was dominated by eutriconodontans, multituberculates and trechnotherians. The superb specimens from nearly all major groups of Mesozoic mammals in China provided a great amount of information that contributed to our understanding on some major issues in phylogeny and the early evolution of mammals, such as divergences of mammals and the evolution of the mammalian middle ear. A hypothesis on the transformation of the allotherian tooth pattern is proposed as an example to illustrate the potential for future studies of mammalian evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Meng
- Division of Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
- Key Laboratory of Vertebrate Evolution and Human Origins of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China
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Kusuhashi N, Tsutsumi Y, Saegusa H, Horie K, Ikeda T, Yokoyama K, Shiraishi K. A new Early Cretaceous eutherian mammal from the Sasayama Group, Hyogo, Japan. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20130142. [PMID: 23536594 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We here describe a new Early Cretaceous (early Albian) eutherian mammal, Sasayamamylos kawaii gen. et sp. nov., from the 'Lower Formation' of the Sasayama Group, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. Sasayamamylos kawaii is characterized by a robust dentary, a distinct angle on the ventral margin of the dentary at the posterior end of the mandibular symphysis, a lower dental formula of 3-4 : 1 : 4 : 3, a robust lower canine, a non-molariform lower ultimate premolar, and a secondarily reduced entoconid on the molars. To date, S. kawaii is the earliest known eutherian mammal possessing only four premolars, which demonstrates that the reduction in the premolar count in eutherians started in the late Early Cretaceous. The occurrence of S. kawaii implies that the relatively rapid diversification of eutherians in the mid-Cretaceous had already started by the early Albian.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Kusuhashi
- Department of Earth's Evolution and Environment, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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A radiation of arboreal basal eutherian mammals beginning in the Late Cretaceous of India. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:16333-8. [PMID: 21930906 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108723108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
India's Late Cretaceous fossil mammals include the only undisputed pre-Tertiary Gondwanan eutherians, such as Deccanolestes. Recent studies have suggested a relationship between Deccanolestes and African and European Paleocene adapisoriculids, which have been variably identified as stem euarchontans, stem primates, lipotyphlan insectivores, or afrosoricids. Support for a close relationship between Deccanolestes and any of these placental mammal clades would be unique in representing a confirmed Mesozoic record of a placental mammal. However, some paleogeographic reconstructions place India at its peak isolation from all other continents during the latest Cretaceous, complicating reconstructions of the biogeographic history of the placental radiation. Recent fieldwork in India has recovered dozens of better-preserved specimens of Cretaceous eutherians, including several new species. Here, we incorporate these new specimens into an extensive phylogenetic analysis that includes every clade with a previously hypothesized relationship to Deccanolestes. Our results support a robust relationship between Deccanolestes and Paleocene adapisoriculids, but do not support a close affinity between these taxa and any placental clade, demonstrating that Deccanolestes is not a Cretaceous placental mammal and reinforcing the sizeable gap between molecular and fossil divergence time estimates for the placental mammal radiation. Instead, our expanded data push Adapisoriculidae, including Deccanolestes, into a much more basal position than in earlier analyses, strengthening hypotheses that scansoriality and arboreality were prevalent early in eutherian evolution. This comprehensive phylogeny indicates that faunal exchange occurred between India, Africa, and Europe in the Late Cretaceous-Early Paleocene, and suggests a previously unrecognized ∼30 to 45 Myr "ghost lineage" for these Gondwanan eutherians.
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Hu Y, Meng J, Li C, Wang Y. New basal eutherian mammal from the Early Cretaceous Jehol biota, Liaoning, China. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:229-36. [PMID: 19419990 PMCID: PMC2842663 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2009.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A new genus and species of eutherian mammal, Acristatherium yanensis gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Early Cretaceous Jehol biota, China. The new taxon is based on a partial skull that is preserved in three dimensions from the Lujiatun bed of the Yixian Formation and dated 123.2+/-1.0 Ma. Its right upper and lower dentitions are nearly complete and it has a dental formula 4.1.5.3/3.1.5.3. The new mammal reveals several craniodental characteristics of Early Cretaceous eutherians previously unknown in fossil records of therians, such as a possible vestige of the septomaxilla. The craniodental features of the new taxon are compared with those of relevant Early Cretaceous eutherians and therians. Phylogenetic analyses based on a data matrix containing 70 taxa and 408 characters place A. yanensis as the most basal eutherian in the selected group. The morphological differences between Acristatherium and Eomaia indicate that eutherians already had a significant degree of generic diversification ca 125 Ma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoming Hu
- Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Meng
- Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79 Street, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Chuankui Li
- Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
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Seiffert ER. A new estimate of afrotherian phylogeny based on simultaneous analysis of genomic, morphological, and fossil evidence. BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7:224. [PMID: 17999766 PMCID: PMC2248600 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The placental mammalian clade Afrotheria is now supported by diverse forms of genomic data, but interordinal relationships within, and morphological support for, the group remains elusive. As a means for addressing these outstanding problems, competing hypotheses of afrotherian interordinal relationships were tested through simultaneous parsimony analysis of a large data set (> 4,590 parsimony informative characters) containing genomic data (> 17 kb of nucleotide data, chromosomal associations, and retroposons) and 400 morphological characters scored across 16 extant and 35 extinct afrotherians. RESULTS Parsimony analysis of extant taxa alone recovered the interordinal topology (Afrosoricida, ((Macroscelidea, Tubulidentata), (Hyracoidea, (Proboscidea, Sirenia)))). Analysis following addition of extinct taxa instead supported Afroinsectivora (Afrosoricida + Macroscelidea) and Pseudoungulata (Tubulidentata + Paenungulata), as well as Tethytheria (Proboscidea + Sirenia). This latter topology is, however, sensitive to taxon deletion and different placements of the placental root, and numerous alternative interordinal arrangements within Afrotheria could not be statistically rejected. Relationships among extinct stem members of each afrotherian clade were more stable, but one alleged stem macroscelidean (Herodotius) never grouped with that clade and instead consistently joined pseudoungulates or paenungulates. When character transformations were optimized onto a less resolved afrotherian tree that reflects uncertainty about the group's interordinal phylogeny, a total of 21 morphological features were identified as possible synapomorphies of crown Afrotheria, 9 of which optimized unambiguously across all character treatments and optimization methods. CONCLUSION Instability in afrotherian interordinal phylogeny presumably reflects rapid divergences during two pulses of cladogenesis - the first in the Late Cretaceous, at and just after the origin of crown Afrotheria, and the second in the early Cenozoic, with the origin of crown Paenungulata. Morphological evidence for divergences during these two pulses either never existed or has largely been "erased" by subsequent evolution along long ordinal branches. There may, nevertheless, be more morphological character support for crown Afrotheria than is currently assumed; the features identified here as possible afrotherian synapomorphies can be further scrutinized through future phylogenetic analyses with broader taxon sampling, as well as recovery of primitive fossil afrotherians from the Afro-Arabian landmass, where the group is likely to have first diversified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik R Seiffert
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8081, USA.
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CIFELLI RICHARDL. Chapter 5: Marsupial Mammals from the Albian–Cenomanian (Early–Late Cretaceous) Boundary, Utah. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2004. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2004)285<0062:c>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Robinson TJ, Seiffert ER. Afrotherian origins and interrelationships: new views and future prospects. Curr Top Dev Biol 2004; 63:37-60. [PMID: 15536013 DOI: 10.1016/s0070-2153(04)63002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Terence J Robinson
- Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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WIBLE JOHNR, NOVACEK MICHAELJ, ROUGIER GUILLERMOW. NEW DATA ON THE SKULL AND DENTITION IN THE MONGOLIAN LATE CRETACEOUS EUTHERIAN MAMMAL ZALAMBDALESTES. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2004. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090(2004)281<0001:ndotsa>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Woodburne MO, Rich TH, Springer MS. The evolution of tribospheny and the antiquity of mammalian clades. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2003; 28:360-85. [PMID: 12878472 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00113-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of tribosphenic molars is a key innovation in the history of Mammalia. Tribospheny allows for both shearing and grinding occlusal functions. Marsupials and placentals are advanced tribosphenic mammals (i.e., Theria) that show additional modifications of the tribosphenic dentition including loss of the distal metacristid and development of double-rank postvallum/prevallid shear. The recent discovery of Eomaia [Nature 416 (2002) 816], regarded as the oldest eutherian mammal, implies that the marsupial-placental split is at least 125 million years old. The conventional scenario for the evolution of tribosphenic and therian mammals hypothesizes that each group evolved once, in the northern hemisphere, and is based on a predominantly Laurasian fossil record. With the recent discovery of the oldest tribosphenic mammal (Ambondro) from the Mesozoic of Gondwana, Flynn et al. [Nature 401 (1999) 57] suggested that tribospheny evolved in Gondwana rather than in Laurasia. Luo et al. [Nature 409 (2001) 53; Acta Palaeontol. Pol. 47 (2002) 1] argued for independent origins of tribospheny in northern (Boreosphenida) and southern (Australosphenida) hemisphere clades, with the latter including Ambondro, ausktribosphenids, and monotremes. Here, we present cladistic evidence for a single origin of tribosphenic molars. Further, Ambondro may be a stem eutherian, making the split between marsupials and placentals at least 167 m.y. old. To test this hypothesis, we used the relaxed molecular clock approach of Thorne/Kishino with amino acid data sets for BRCA1 [J. Mammal. Evol. 8 (2001) 239] and the IGF2 receptor [Mammal. Genome 12 (2001) 513]. Point estimates for the marsupial-placental split were 182-190 million years based on BRCA1 and 185-187 million years based on the IGF2 receptor. These estimates are fully compatible with the results of our cladistic analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O Woodburne
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
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David Archibald J. Timing and biogeography of the eutherian radiation: fossils and molecules compared. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2003; 28:350-9. [PMID: 12878471 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Theria includes Eutheria and its sister taxon Metatheria. Placentalia includes extant eutherians plus their most recent common ancestor. The oldest eutherian is from 125mya (million years ago). Molecular studies place this origin at about 130-185mya. Older dates cannot be refuted based on fossil evidence as earliest eutherian remains are scarce. Earliest superordinal clades (hence Placentalia) range from 64-104mya (median 84mya) based on molecules, similar to 85-90mya based on fossils. Superordinal clades Archonta, Ferungulata, Glires, and Paenungulata based on fossils are similar to molecularly based clades, except Afrotheria was not predicted by fossils. Both fossils and molecules recognize 16 of 18 extant placental orders. Fossils place the origins of orders around 65mya as do some molecular studies, but others suggest ordinal diversification as old as 100mya. Fossil evidence supports a Laurasian origin for Eutheria (and Metatheria) and Placentalia, although some molecular studies suggest a Gondwanan origin for both taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Archibald
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-4614, USA.
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14
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Helgen K. Major mammalian clades: a review under consideration of molecular and palaeontological evidence. Mamm Biol 2003. [DOI: 10.1078/1616-5047-1610057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Kobayashi Y, Winkler DA, Jacobs LL. Origin of the tooth-replacement pattern in therian mammals: evidence from a 110 Myr old fossil. Proc Biol Sci 2002; 269:369-73. [PMID: 11886624 PMCID: PMC1690902 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2001.1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Living placental and marsupial mammals (therians) use distinctive tooth-replacement patterns that have not yet been traced back fully to their time of divergence in the Early Cretaceous (>100 Myr ago). Slaughteria eruptens, a small 110 Myr old fossil mammal from Texas, USA, is near the base of that divergence. Using ultra-high-resolution X-ray CT analysis we demonstrate that Slaughteria preserves an unrecognized pattern of tooth replacement with simple posterior premolars replacing molariform precursors. Differing from both placentals that have a more complex posterior adult premolar, and from marsupials, in which only one premolar is replaced, Slaughteria provides the first direct evidence of a tooth-replacement pattern that is plausible for the common ancestor of all therians. By our interpretation Slaughteria has only one adult molar in place and contains two mental foramina in the jaw, thus changing characters that are critical to reconstruction of mammalian relationships and to species discrimination and interpretations of diversity for Early Cretaceous mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitsugu Kobayashi
- Department of Geological Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275, USA
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ROUGIER GW, NOVACEK MJ, McKENNA MC, WIBLE JR. Gobiconodonts from the Early Cretaceous of Oshih (Ashile), Mongolia. AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2001. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2001)348<0001:gfteco>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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WIBLE JOHNR, ROUGIER GUILLERMOW, NOVACEK MICHAELJ, McKENNA MALCOLMC. Earliest Eutherian Ear Region: A Petrosal Referred to Prokennalestes from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES 2001. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0082(2001)322<0001:eeerap>2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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