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Chai Y, Liu Y, Liu Z, Wei W, Dong Y, Yang C, Chen M. Study on the Role and Mechanism of Exosomes Derived from Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Promoting Regeneration of Myelin Sheath in Rats with Sciatic Nerve Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-03960-9. [PMID: 38285287 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The prognosis of peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is usually poor, and currently, there is no effective treatment for PNI. Studies have shown that exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells could promote nerve regeneration by optimizing the function of endogenous Schwann cells (SCs), while the mechanism is unclear. Autophagy, a highly conserved intracellular catabolic process responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis, has been proved to be involved in the regulation of nerve repair after injury. We explored the effect of exosomes derived from dental pulp stem cells (DPSC-Exos) on the regeneration of myelin sheath in rats with sciatic nerve injury (SNI). In vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to clarify whether the effect of DPSC-Exos is associated with autophagy of SCs and to reveal the mechanism at the molecular level. Our results showed that the SCs of SNI rats exhibited the obvious autophagic characteristics, and the increase of P53 expression was an internal factor of autophagy. Our mechanism research indicated that DPSC-Exos could deliver miR-122-5p from DPSCs into SCs and suppressed the rapamycin (RAPA)-induced autophagy in SCs by inhibiting P53 expression. Rescue experiments showed that both the use of GW4869 and overexpression of exogenous P53 in SCs could reverse the inhibitory effect of DPSCs on the autophagy in SCs from co-culture system. In short, our study indicated that DPSC-Exos could promote the regeneration of the myelin sheath through suppressing the autophagy in SCs caused by PNI via miR-122-5p/P53 pathway; this provides researchers with another option for precise repair of PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chai
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yuemin Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhiyang Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wenbin Wei
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yabing Dong
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Chi Yang
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Minjie Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
- College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- National Center for Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
- Research Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Regenerative Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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Su D, Zhang R, Wang X, Ding Q, Che F, Zhang W, Wu W, Li P, Tang B. A new multi-parameter imaging platform for in vivo drug efficacy evaluation of ischemic stroke. Talanta 2024; 266:125133. [PMID: 37659227 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke with high incidence and disability rate severely endangers human health. Current clinical treatment strategies are quite limited, new drugs for ischemic stroke are urgently needed. However, most existing methods for the efficacy evaluation of new drugs possess deficiencies of divorcing from the true biological context, single detection indicator and complex operations, leading to evaluation biases and delaying drug development process. In this work, leveraging the advantages of fluorescence imaging with non-invasive, real-time, in-situ, high selectivity and high sensitivity, a new multi-parameter simultaneous fluorescence imaging platform (MPSFL-Platform) based on two fluorescence materials was constructed to evaluate the efficacy of new drug for ischemic stroke. Through simultaneous fluorescence observing three key indicators of ischemic stroke, malondialdehyde (MDA), formaldehyde (FA), and monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), the efficacy evaluations of three drugs for ischemic stroke were real-time and in-situ performed. Compared with edaravone and butylphthalide, edaravone dexborneol exhibited better therapeutic effect by using MPSFL-Platform. The successful establishment of MPSFL-Platform is serviceable to accelerate the conduction of preclinical trial and the exploration of pathophysiology mechanism for drugs related to ischemic stroke and other brain diseases, which is perspective to promote the efficiency of new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Su
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Ding
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Feida Che
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Qi-Lu Hospital of Shandong University and Brain Science Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Tang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, People's Republic of China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
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Ma X, Xin D, She R, Liu D, Ge J, Mei Z. Novel insight into cGAS-STING pathway in ischemic stroke: from pre- to post-disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275408. [PMID: 37915571 PMCID: PMC10616885 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, a primary cause of disability and the second leading cause of mortality, has emerged as an urgent public health issue. Growing evidence suggests that the Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)- Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway, a component of innate immunity, is closely associated with microglia activation, neuroinflammation, and regulated cell death in ischemic stroke. However, the mechanisms underlying this pathway remain inadequately understood. This article comprehensively reviews the existing literature on the cGAS-STING pathway and its multifaceted relationship with ischemic stroke. Initially, it examines how various risk factors and pre-disease mechanisms such as metabolic dysfunction and senescence (e.g., hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia) affect the cGAS-STING pathway in relation to ischemic stroke. Subsequently, we explore in depth the potential pathophysiological relationship between this pathway and oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, neuroinflammation as well as regulated cell death including ferroptosis and PANoptosis following cerebral ischemia injury. Finally, it suggests that intervention targeting the cGAS-STING pathway may serve as promising therapeutic strategies for addressing neuroinflammation associated with ischemic stroke. Taken together, this review concludes that targeting the microglia cGAS-STING pathway may shed light on the exploration of new therapeutic strategies against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Xin
- Institute of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Ruining She
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinwen Ge
- Hunan Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Zhigang Mei
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Chen B, Jin W. A comprehensive review of stroke-related signaling pathways and treatment in western medicine and traditional Chinese medicine. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1200061. [PMID: 37351420 PMCID: PMC10282194 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1200061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides insight into the complex network of signaling pathways and mechanisms involved in stroke pathophysiology. It summarizes the historical progress of stroke-related signaling pathways, identifying potential interactions between them and emphasizing that stroke is a complex network disease. Of particular interest are the Hippo signaling pathway and ferroptosis signaling pathway, which remain understudied areas of research, and are therefore a focus of the review. The involvement of multiple signaling pathways, including Sonic Hedgehog (SHH), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, and AMPK in pathophysiological mechanisms such as oxidative stress and apoptosis, highlights the complexity of stroke. The review also delves into the details of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapies such as Rehmanniae and Astragalus, providing an analysis of the recent status of western medicine in the treatment of stroke and the advantages and disadvantages of TCM and western medicine in stroke treatment. The review proposes that since stroke is a network disease, TCM has the potential and advantages of a multi-target and multi-pathway mechanism of action in the treatment of stroke. Therefore, it is suggested that future research should explore more treasures of TCM and develop new therapies from the perspective of stroke as a network disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhao Chen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weifeng Jin
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Liu A, Hu J, Yeh TS, Wang C, Tang J, Huang X, Chen B, Huangfu L, Yu W, Zhang L. Neuroprotective Strategies for Stroke by Natural Products: Advances and Perspectives. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:2283-2309. [PMID: 37458258 PMCID: PMC10556387 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666230717144752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is a disease with high prevalence and incidence. Its management focuses on rapid reperfusion with intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy. Both therapeutic strategies reduce disability, but the therapy time window is short, and the risk of bleeding is high. Natural products (NPs) have played a key role in drug discovery, especially for cancer and infectious diseases. However, they have made little progress in clinical translation and pose challenges to the treatment of stroke. Recently, with the investigation of precise mechanisms in cerebral ischemic stroke and the technological development of NP-based drug discovery, NPs are addressing these challenges and opening up new opportunities in cerebral stroke. Thus, in this review, we first summarize the structure and function of diverse NPs, including flavonoids, phenols, terpenes, lactones, quinones, alkaloids, and glycosides. Then we propose the comprehensive neuroprotective mechanism of NPs in cerebral ischemic stroke, which involves complex cascade processes of oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, apoptosis or ferroptosis-related cell death, inflammatory response, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Overall, we stress the neuroprotective effect of NPs and their mechanism on cerebral ischemic stroke for a better understanding of the advances and perspective in NPs application that may provide a rationale for the development of innovative therapeutic regimens in ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aifen Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jingyan Hu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Tzu-Shao Yeh
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Chengniu Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Jilong Tang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Xiaohong Huang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Liexiang Huangfu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Weili Yu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Choudhary N, Tewari D, Nabavi SF, Kashani HRK, Lorigooini Z, Filosa R, Khan FB, Masoudian N, Nabavi SM. Plant based food bioactives: A boon or bane for neurological disorders. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3279-3325. [PMID: 36369694 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2131729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Neurological disorders are the foremost occurring diseases across the globe resulting in progressive dysfunction, loss of neuronal structure ultimately cell death. Therefore, attention has been drawn toward the natural resources for the search of neuroprotective agents. Plant-based food bioactives have emerged as potential neuroprotective agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders. This comprehensive review primarily focuses on various plant food bioactive, mechanisms, therapeutic targets, in vitro and in vivo studies in the treatment of neurological disorders to explore whether they are boon or bane for neurological disorders. In addition, the clinical perspective of plant food bioactives in neurological disorders are also highlighted. Scientific evidences point toward the enormous therapeutic efficacy of plant food bioactives in the prevention or treatment of neurological disorders. Nevertheless, identification of food bioactive components accountable for the neuroprotective effects, mechanism, clinical trials, and consolidation of information flow are warranted. Plant food bioactives primarily act by mediating through various pathways including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, excitotoxicity, specific proteins, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reversing neurodegeneration and can be used for the prevention and therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. In conclusion, the plant based food bioactives are boon for neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Choudhary
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Adesh Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Adesh University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Advanced Medical Pharma (AMP-Biotec), Biopharmaceutical Innovation Centre Via Cortenocera, 82030, San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
- Nutringredientes Research Center, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFCE), Baturite, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Lorigooini
- Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Rosanna Filosa
- Advanced Medical Pharma (AMP-Biotec), Biopharmaceutical Innovation Centre Via Cortenocera, 82030, San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, 82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Farheen Badrealam Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, The United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551 United Arab Emirates
| | - Nooshin Masoudian
- Advanced Medical Pharma (AMP-Biotec), Biopharmaceutical Innovation Centre Via Cortenocera, 82030, San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Advanced Medical Pharma (AMP-Biotec), Biopharmaceutical Innovation Centre Via Cortenocera, 82030, San Salvatore Telesino, (BN), Italy
- Nutringredientes Research Center, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFCE), Baturite, Ceara, Brazil
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Dahchour A. Anxiolytic and antidepressive potentials of rosmarinic acid: A review with a focus on antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106421. [PMID: 36096427 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Depression and anxiety are the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders that have emerged as global health concerns. Anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs, such as benzodiazepines, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, and tricyclics, are the first line used in treating anxiety and depression. Although these drugs lack efficacy and have a delayed response time and numerous side effects, their widespread abuse and market continue to grow. Over time, traditional practices using natural and phytochemicals as alternative therapies to chemical drugs have emerged to treat many pathological conditions, including anxiety and depression. Recent preclinical studies have demonstrated that the phenolic compound, rosmarinic acid, is effective against several neuropsychiatric disorders, including anxiety and depression. In addition, rosmarinic acid showed various pharmacological effects, such as cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, lung protective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. However, the potentialities of the use of rosmarinic acid in the treatment of nervous system-related disorders, such as anxiety and depression, are less or not yet reviewed. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to present several preclinical and clinical studies, when available, from different databases investigating the effects of rosmarinic acid on anxiety and depression. These studies showed that rosmarinic acid produces advantageous effects on anxiety and depression through its powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review will examine and discuss the possibility that the anxiolytic and anti-depressive effects of rosmarinic acid could be associated with its potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelkader Dahchour
- Clinical Neurosciences Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez 30000, Morocco.
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Stegnjaić G, Lazarević M, Diamantis D, Djedović N, Jevtić B, Stanisavljević S, Dimitrijević M, Momčilović M, Tzakos AG, Miljković Đ. Phenethyl ester of rosmarinic acid ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunol Lett 2022; 251-252:9-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Sharifyrad M, Gohari S, Fathi M, Danafar H, Hosseini MJ, Mostafavi H, Manjili HK. The efficacy and neuroprotective effects of edaravone-loaded mPEG-b-PLGA polymeric nanoparticles on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line as in vitro model of ischemia. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Zhao Q, Shao X, Ding X, Lin S, Zhang D, Qin J, Wang W, Yu W, Zhang R, Tao L, Zhao W, Zhang H. PDPOB Exerts Multiaspect Anti-Ischemic Effects Associated with the Regulation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK Signaling Pathways. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4416-4427. [PMID: 34755509 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of new therapeutic agents for ischemic stroke remains an urgent need. Here, we identified a novel phenyl carboxylic acid derivative, n-pentyl 4-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-oxobutanoate (PDPOB), with anti-ischemic activities. The in vitro anti-ischemic neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory capacities of PDPOB were investigated using neuronal cells suffering from oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) and microglial cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). PDPOB attenuated the OGD/R-evoked cellular damage of SH-SY5Y cells and primary cortical neurons in a concentration-dependent manner. Likewise, PDPOB displayed protective roles against OGD/R-evoked multiaspect neuronal deterioration in SH-SY5Y cells, as evidenced by alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. A further study unveiled the accelerated phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) by PDPOB treatment, while blockade of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling substantially diminished the neuroprotective capacities of PDPOB. Additionally, the PDPOB pretreatment dampened the LPS-evoked neuroinflammation in BV2 cells, characterized by the suppressed secretion of nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines, as well as normalized expression of nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Western blotting further revealed that PDPOB abated the overabundant phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 in LPS-exposed BV2 cells. The intravenous application of PDPOB (30 mg/kg, single dose) attenuated ipsilateral cerebral infarction in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats, accompanied by recovered neurological behaviors. Collectively, the above observations provided substantial evidence for the favorable properties and mechanistic explanations of PDPOB in the regulation of ischemia-associated neuronal injury and microglial inflammation, which may furnish ideas for the discovery of new therapeutic strategies against cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinyuan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingcheng Shao
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang
Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xun Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sijin Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang
Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Junjun Qin
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang
Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weichen Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rujun Zhang
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang
Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lingxue Tao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Weimin Zhao
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang
Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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11
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Bayazid AB, Jang YA, Kim YM, Kim JG, Lim BO. Neuroprotective Effects of Sodium Butyrate through Suppressing Neuroinflammation and Modulating Antioxidant Enzymes. Neurochem Res 2021; 46:2348-2358. [PMID: 34106394 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-021-03369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of effective therapeutic agents against neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) remains challenging. Neurotoxicity, inflammations, and oxidative stress are associating factors of NDDs. Sodium butyrate (NaB) is a short-chain fatty acid found in diet and produced in the gut that reportedly protects cancer, inflammation, obesity and so on. Previously, SH-SY5Y cells were studied as in vitro models of cerebral diseases. We have investigated the neuroprotective effects of NaB in SH-SY5Y cells stimulated with TNF-α. The expression of inflammatory mediators, including iNOS, COX-2, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and the apoptotic regulators, including P-53, Bcl-2 associated X (BAX) Protein, and caspase-3 were analyzed by western blot analysis. The anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and the pro-apoptotic gene BAX translocation were also investigated. Our results showed that NaB attenuated cell death and inhibited the NO production and decreased the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in TNF-α-stimulated SH-SY5Y cells. NaB notably ameliorated apoptotic regulatory proteins p-53, Caspase-3 and caspase-1 level, and reversed phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases and p-38 proteins. NaB ameliorated Glucocorticoid receptor and NLRP3 inflammasome expressions. NaB also suppressed the BAX nuclear translocation and modulated Nrf-2, HO-1 and MnSOD expression in neuroblastoma cells. In addition, NaB substantially reversed the reactive oxygen species in H2O2 induced SH-SY5Y cells. Altogether, our results suggest that sodium butyrate has potential therapeutic effects against NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Borhan Bayazid
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Korea
| | - Young Ah Jang
- Convergence Research Center for Smart Healthcare, R&DB Foundation of Kyungsung University, Busan, Korea
| | - Yu Mi Kim
- Bio-Nano Technology Co, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Gon Kim
- BK21 FOUR, GLOCAL Education Program for Nutraceutical and Biopharmaceutical Research, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Korea
| | - Beong Ou Lim
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Korea.
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12
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Parrella E, Gussago C, Porrini V, Benarese M, Pizzi M. From Preclinical Stroke Models to Humans: Polyphenols in the Prevention and Treatment of Stroke. Nutrients 2020; 13:nu13010085. [PMID: 33383852 PMCID: PMC7823436 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are an important family of molecules of vegetal origin present in many medicinal and edible plants, which represent important alimentary sources in the human diet. Polyphenols are known for their beneficial health effects and have been investigated for their potential protective role against various pathologies, including cancer, brain dysfunctions, cardiovascular diseases and stroke. The prevention of stroke promoted by polyphenols relies mainly on their effect on cardio- and cerebrovascular systems. However, a growing body of evidence from preclinical models of stroke points out a neuroprotective role of these molecules. Notably, in many preclinical studies, the polyphenolic compounds were effective also when administered after the stroke onset, suggesting their possible use in promoting recovery of patients suffering from stroke. Here, we review the effects of the major polyphenols in cellular and in vivo models of both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in immature and adult brains. The results from human studies are also reported.
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13
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Tao T, Liu M, Chen M, Luo Y, Wang C, Xu T, Jiang Y, Guo Y, Zhang JH. Natural medicine in neuroprotection for ischemic stroke: Challenges and prospective. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 216:107695. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Mai P, Chen C, Xiao X, Ma X, Shi Y, Miao G, Zhang L. Rosmarinic acid protects against ulcerative colitis by regulating macrophage polarization depending on heme oxygenase-1 in mice. EUR J INFLAMM 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2058739220959916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an unknown-cause inflammatory disease of colorectum. At present, there are no specific therapeutic drugs. We found that rosmarinic acid (RA) can significantly improve UC and further explored the relevant cellular and molecular mechanisms. Firstly, using F4/80 as marker for mouse macrophages, we found there were large numbers of macrophages infiltrating into colonic tissue of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice UC model. Meanwhile, RA markedly improved weight loss, diarrhea, hematochezia and colonic inflammation in mice with DSS treatment. Further, RA changed macrophage polarization in mouse colon, showing that classical activation (M1) phenotype decreased, alternative activation (M2) phenotype increased, and M1/M2 ratio reversed by Real-time PCR. In vitro, we cultured the peripheral blood macrophages (PBM) and found that RA inhibited PBM M1 polarization and favored M2 polarization directly. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mediated the anti-inflammatory effect of RA. RA induced HO-1 expression in PBM, and the HO-1 inhibitor, zinc protoporphyrin, blunted the inhibitory effect of RA on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) translocation and M1 polarization. In addition, blocking NF-κB signal has no effect on the role of RA. In conclusion, RA protects against UC by regulating macrophage polarization depending on HO-1. These data suggest that reversing macrophage polarization can be used as a strategy for UC treatment and RA is an effective drug to cure UC by regulating macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Mai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Pathology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaohui Xiao
- Department of Pneumology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yuping Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Guoying Miao
- Department of Radiotherapy, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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15
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Hu L, Feng H, Zhang H, Yu S, Zhao Q, Wang W, Bao F, Ding X, Hu J, Wang M, Xu Y, Wu Z, Li X, Tang Y, Mao F, Chen X, Zhang H, Li J. Development of Novel N-hydroxypyridone Derivatives as Potential Anti-Ischemic Stroke Agents. J Med Chem 2020; 63:1051-1067. [PMID: 31910018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study had identified ciclopirox (CPX) as a promising lead compound for treatment of ischemic stroke. To find better neuroprotective agents, a series of N-hydroxypyridone derivatives based on CPX were designed, synthesized, and evaluated in this study. Among these derivatives, compound 11 exhibits significant neuroprotection against oxygen glucose deprivation and oxidative stress-induced injuries in neuronal cells. Moreover, compound 11 possesses good blood-brain barrier permeability and superior antioxidant capability. In addition, a complex of compound 11 with olamine-11·Ola possesses good water solubility, negligible hERG inhibition, and superior metabolic stability. The in vivo experiment demonstrates that 11·Ola significantly reduces brain infarction and alleviates neurological deficits in middle cerebral artery occlusion rats. Hence, compound 11·Ola is identified in our research as a prospective prototype in the innovation of stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Hongxuan Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Hongguang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Songda Yu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Qinyuan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Fengxia Bao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Xun Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jiajing Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Manjiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yixiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Zengrui Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Xiaokang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yun Tang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Fei Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica , Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road , Shanghai 201203 , China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China
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16
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Death-Associated Protein Kinase 1 Phosphorylation in Neuronal Cell Death and Neurodegenerative Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133131. [PMID: 31248062 PMCID: PMC6651373 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated neuronal cell death plays an essential role in biological processes in normal physiology, including the development of the nervous system. However, the deregulation of neuronal apoptosis by various factors leads to neurodegenerative diseases such as ischemic stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1) is a calcium/calmodulin (Ca2+/CaM)-dependent serine/threonine (Ser/Thr) protein kinase that activates death signaling and regulates apoptotic neuronal cell death. Although DAPK1 is tightly regulated under physiological conditions, DAPK1 deregulation in the brain contributes to the development of neurological disorders. In this review, we describe the molecular mechanisms of DAPK1 regulation in neurons under various stresses. We also discuss the role of DAPK1 signaling in the phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent regulation of its downstream targets in neuronal cell death. Moreover, we focus on the major impact of DAPK1 deregulation on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases and the development of drugs targeting DAPK1 for the treatment of diseases. Therefore, this review summarizes the DAPK1 phosphorylation signaling pathways in various neurodegenerative diseases.
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