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Pan W, Han J, Wei N, Wu H, Wang Y, Sun J. LINC00702-mediated DUSP1 transcription in the prevention of bladder cancer progression: Implications in cancer cell proliferation and tumor inflammatory microenvironment. Genomics 2022; 114:110428. [PMID: 35809838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can mediate the biological processes during tumorigenesis which may be affected by tumor associated macrophages (TAMs). Hence, we aim to identify the functionality of LINC00702 in regulation of bladder cancer cells and M2-TAMs. METHODS After induction of M2-TAMs from THP-1 monocyte, we evaluated effects of LINC00702 on bladder cancer cells and M2-TAMs, which were validated in a xenograft tumor mouse model. RESULTS Low LINC00702 expression was determined in bladder cancer tissues. LINC00702 could promote DUSP1 transcription by recruiting JUND to its promoter. Ectopic LINC00702 expression suppressed the bladder cancer cell proliferation and secretion of inflammatory cytokines by M2-TAMs through up-regulation of DUSP1. The anti-tumor activity of LINC00702 was ultimately validated in vivo. CONCLUSION LINC00702 promoted DUSP1 by recruiting JUND to inhibit the proliferation of bladder cancer cells and the secretion of inflammatory factors, thus modulating bladder cancer inflammatory microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyun Pan
- Department of ICU, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Jun Han
- Department of Neonatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Na Wei
- Department of the First Operating Room, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Hui Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China
| | - Yizhuo Wang
- Cancer center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
| | - Jingnan Sun
- Department of Hematolody, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, PR China.
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2
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Restrepo P, Bhalla S, Ghodke-Puranik Y, Aleman A, Leshchenko V, Melnekoff DT, Agte S, Jiang J, Madduri D, Richter J, Richard S, Chari A, Cho HJ, Jagannath S, Walker CJ, Landesman Y, Laganà A, Parekh S. A Three-Gene Signature Predicts Response to Selinexor in Multiple Myeloma. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 6:e2200147. [PMID: 35704796 PMCID: PMC10530420 DOI: 10.1200/po.22.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Selinexor is the first selective inhibitor of nuclear export to be approved for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (MM). Currently, there are no known genomic biomarkers or assays to help select MM patients at higher likelihood of response to selinexor. Here, we aimed to characterize the transcriptomic correlates of response to selinexor-based therapy. METHODS We performed RNA sequencing on CD138+ cells from the bone marrow of 100 patients with MM who participated in the BOSTON study, followed by differential gene expression and pathway analysis. Using the differentially expressed genes, we used cox proportional hazard models to identify a gene signature predictive of response to selinexor, followed by validation in external cohorts. RESULTS The three-gene signature predicts response to selinexor-based therapy in patients with MM in the BOSTON cohort. Then, we validated this gene signature in 64 patients from the STORM cohort of triple-class refractory MM and additionally in an external cohort of 35 patients treated in a real-world setting outside of clinical trials. We found that the signature tracks with both depth and duration of response, and it also validates in a different tumor type using a cohort of pretreatment tumors from patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Furthermore, the genes involved in the signature, WNT10A, DUSP1, and ETV7, reveal a potential mechanism through upregulated interferon-mediated apoptotic signaling that may prime tumors to respond to selinexor-based therapy. CONCLUSION In this study, we present a present a novel, three-gene expression signature that predicts selinexor response in MM. This signature has important clinical relevance as it could identify patients with cancer who are most likely to benefit from treatment with selinexor-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Restrepo
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sherry Bhalla
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | - Adolfo Aleman
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Violetta Leshchenko
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - David T. Melnekoff
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Sarita Agte
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Joy Jiang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Deepu Madduri
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Janssen Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Raritan, NJ
| | - Joshua Richter
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Shambavi Richard
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ajai Chari
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Hearn Jay Cho
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation, Norwalk, CT
| | - Sundar Jagannath
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Alessandro Laganà
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Samir Parekh
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
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Huan J, Grivas P, Birch J, Hansel DE. Emerging Roles for Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Complexes in Bladder Cancer Progression and Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1555. [PMID: 35326708 PMCID: PMC8946148 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14061555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway regulates important cellular functions. Aberrant activation of this pathway, either through upstream activation by growth factors, loss of inhibitory controls, or molecular alterations, can enhance cancer growth and progression. Bladder cancer shows high levels of mTOR activity in approximately 70% of urothelial carcinomas, suggesting a key role for this pathway in this cancer. mTOR signaling initiates through upstream activation of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT) and results in activation of either mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) or mTOR complex 2 (mTORC2). While these complexes share several key protein components, unique differences in their complex composition dramatically alter the function and downstream cellular targets of mTOR activity. While significant work has gone into analysis of molecular alterations of the mTOR pathway in bladder cancer, this has not yielded significant benefit in mTOR-targeted therapy approaches in urothelial carcinoma to date. New discoveries regarding signaling convergence onto mTOR complexes in bladder cancer could yield unique insights the biology and targeting of this aggressive disease. In this review, we highlight the functional significance of mTOR signaling in urothelial carcinoma and its potential impact on future therapy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianya Huan
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.H.); (J.B.)
| | - Petros Grivas
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Jasmine Birch
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.H.); (J.B.)
| | - Donna E. Hansel
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; (J.H.); (J.B.)
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4
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Zandi Z, Kashani B, Alishahi Z, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Esmaeili F, Ghaffari SH, Bashash D, Momeny M. Dual-specificity phosphatases: therapeutic targets in cancer therapy resistance. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2022; 148:57-70. [PMID: 34981193 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Therapy resistance is the principal obstacle to achieving cures in cancer patients and its successful tackling requires a deep understanding of the resistance mediators. Increasing evidence indicates that tumor phosphatases are novel and druggable targets in translational oncology and their modulation may hinder tumor growth and motility and potentiate therapeutic sensitivity in various neoplasms via regulation of various signal transduction pathways. Dual-specificity phosphatases (DUSPs) are key players of cell growth, survival and death and have essential roles in tumor initiation, malignant progression and therapy resistance through regulation of the MAPK signaling pathway. In this review, different aspects of DUSPs are discussed. METHODS A comprehensive literature review was performed using various websites including PubMed. RESULTS We provide mechanistic insights into the roles of well-known DUSPs in resistance to a wide range of cancer therapeutic approaches including chemotherapy, radiation and molecular targeted therapy in human malignancies. Moreover, we discuss the development of DUSP modulators, with a focus on DUSP1 and 6 inhibitors. Ultimately, the preclinical investigations of small molecule inhibitors of DUSP1 and 6 are outlined. CONCLUSION Emerging evidence indicates that the DUSP family is aberrantly expressed in human malignancies and plays critical roles in determining sensitivity to a wide range of cancer therapeutic strategies through regulation of the MAPK signaling pathways. Consequently, targeting DUSPs and their downstream molecules can pave the way for more effective cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Zandi
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Kashani
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zivar Alishahi
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Esmaeili
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed H Ghaffari
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Momeny
- Hematology/Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Bai H, Song M, Jiao R, Li W, Zhao J, Xiao M, Jin M, Zhang Z, Deng H. DUSP7 inhibits cervical cancer progression by inactivating the RAS pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:9306-9318. [PMID: 34435746 PMCID: PMC8500958 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between paired samples of cervical cancer (CC) and paracancerous tissue by quantitative proteomics and to examine the effects of DUSP7 expression on the tumorigenesis and progression of CC. Proteomic profiles of three paired samples of CC and paracancerous tissue were quantitatively analysed to identify DEPs. The relationship between DEP expression and patient clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis was evaluated. The effects of the selected DEPs on CC progression were examined in SIHA cells. A total of 129 DEPs were found. Western blot and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining analyses confirmed the results from quantitative proteomic analysis showing that the selected DEP, HRAS, P-ERK1/2, and PLD1 levels were increased, whereas the DUSP7 level was decreased in CC tissue compared with the paired normal paracancerous tissues. The IHC results from the CC TMA analysis showed that the decreased expression of DUSP7 (p = 0.045 and 0.044) was significantly associated with a tumour size >2 cm and parametrial infiltration. In addition, the decreased expression of DUSP7 and increased expression of p-ERK1/2 were adversely related to patient relapse (p = 0.003 and 0.001) and survival (p = 0.034 and 0.006). The expression of HRAS and p-ERK1/2 was decreased in DUSP7-SIHA cells compared with NC-SIHA cells (p = 0.0003 and 0.0026). Biological functions in vitro, including invasion, migration and proliferation and tumour formation in vivo were decreased in DUSP7-SIHA cells (all p < 0.05) but increased in shDUSP7-SIHA cells (all p < 0.05). DUSP7 inhibits cervical cancer progression by inactivating the RAS pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Bai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meiying Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fuxing Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruili Jiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chaoyang District Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weihua Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Meizhu Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mulan Jin
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Chao-yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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6
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Preis E, Schulze J, Gutberlet B, Pinnapireddy SR, Jedelská J, Bakowsky U. The chorioallantoic membrane as a bio-barrier model for the evaluation of nanoscale drug delivery systems for tumour therapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:317-336. [PMID: 33905805 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In 2010, the European Parliament and the European Union adopted a directive on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. The directive aims to protect animals in scientific research, with the final goal of complete replacement of procedures on live animals for scientific and educational purposes as soon as it is scientifically viable. Furthermore, the directive announces the implementation of the 3Rs principle: "When choosing methods, the principles of replacement, reduction and refinement should be implemented through a strict hierarchy of the requirement to use alternative methods." The visibility, accessibility, and the rapid growth of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) offers a clear advantage for various manipulations and for the simulation of different Bio-Barriers according to the 3R principle. The extensive vascularisation on the CAM provides an excellent substrate for the cultivation of tumour cells or tumour xenografts which could be used for the therapeutic evaluation of nanoscale drug delivery systems. The tumour can be targeted either by topical application, intratumoural injection or i.v. injection. Different application sites and biological barriers can be examined within a single model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Preis
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan Schulze
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Gutberlet
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Shashank Reddy Pinnapireddy
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; CSL Behring Innovation GmbH, Emil-von-Behring-Str. 76, 35041 Marburg, Germany
| | - Jarmila Jedelská
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany; Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Core Facility for Small Animal MRI, Hans-Meerwein Str. 3, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Udo Bakowsky
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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7
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Wang Z, Shang J, Li Z, Li H, Zhang C, He K, Li S, Ju W. PIK3CA Is Regulated by CUX1, Promotes Cell Growth and Metastasis in Bladder Cancer via Activating Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition. Front Oncol 2020; 10:536072. [PMID: 33344221 PMCID: PMC7744743 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.536072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PIK3CA is a key component of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway that its involvement in tumorigenesis has been revealed by previous research. However, its functions and potential mechanisms in bladder cancer are still largely undiscovered. Tissue microarray (TMA) with 66 bladder cancer patients was surveyed via immunohistochemistry to evaluate the level of PIK3CA and CUX1 and we found upregulation of PIK3CA in bladder cancer tissue and patients with higher level of PIK3CA presented with poorer prognosis. Overly expressed PIK3CA promoted growth, migration, invasion, and metastasis of bladder cancer cells and knockdown of PIK3CA had the opposite effect. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies showed that PIK3CA expression was facilitated by CUX1, leading to activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), accompanied by upregulated expression of Snail, β-catenin, Vimentin and downregulated expression of E-cadherin in the bladder cancer cell lines. Besides, over-expressed CUX1 could restore the expression of downregulated Snail, β-catenin, Vimentin and E-cadherin which was induced by PIK3CA knockdown. These results revealed that PIK3CA overexpression in bladder cancer was regulated by the transcription factor CUX1, and PIK3CA exerted its biological effects by activating EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Shang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhiqin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanhuan Li
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chufan Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai He
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shikang Li
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wen Ju
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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8
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Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide LL-37 promotes lymphangiogenesis in lymphatic endothelial cells through the ERK and Akt signaling pathways. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6841-6854. [PMID: 32886325 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
LL-37, the only member of the cathelicidin family of cationic antimicrobial peptides in humans has been shown to exhibit a wide variety of biological actions in addition to its antimicrobial activity. However, the lymphangiogenic effect of LL-37 has not been elucidated yet. In this study, we examined the effects of LL-37 on lymphangiogenesis and evaluated the underlying molecular mechanisms. LL-37 treatment significantly increased the migration and tube-like formation of human dermal lymphatic microvascular endothelial cells (HDLECs) and promoted the expression of lymphangiogenic factor in HDLECs. Treatment with LL-37 increased phosphorylation of ERK and Akt proteins in HDLECs, and pretreatment with ERK and Akt inhibitors significantly blocked the LL-37-induced HDLEC migration and tube-like formation. Furthermore, to investigate the involvement of formyl peptide receptor-like 1 (FPRL1) signaling in LL-37-induced lymphangiogenesis, HDLECs were treated with an FPRL1 antagonist. Pretreatment with the FPRL1 antagonist inhibited LL-37-induced phosphorylation of ERK and Akt proteins and attenuated LL-37-induced HDLEC migration and tube-like formation. These data indicated that LL-37 induces lymphangiogenesis in lymphatic endothelial cells via FPRL1, and the activation of the ERK and Akt-dependent signaling pathways.
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9
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Kim H, Lee SJ, Lee IK, Min SC, Sung HH, Jeong BC, Lee J, Park SH. Synergistic Effects of Combination Therapy with AKT and mTOR Inhibitors on Bladder Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082825. [PMID: 32325639 PMCID: PMC7215775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite comprehensive genomic analyses, no targeted therapies are approved for bladder cancer. Here, we investigate whether a single and combination therapy with targeted agents exert antitumor effects on bladder cancer cells through genomic alterations using a three-dimensional (3D) high-throughput screening (HTS) platform. Seven human bladder cancer cell lines were used to screen 24 targeted agents. The effects of 24 targeted agents were dramatically different according to the genomic alterations of bladder cancer cells. BEZ235 (dual phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor) showed antitumor effects against most cell lines, while AZD2014 (mTOR inhibitor) had an IC50 value lower than 2 μM in 5637, J82, and RT4 cell lines. AZD5363 (protein kinase B (AKT) inhibitor) exerted antitumor effects on 5637, J82, and 253J-BV cells. J82 cells (PI3KCA and mTOR mutations) were sensitive to AZD5363, AZD2014, and BEZ235 alone or in AZD5363/AZD2014 and AZD5363/BEZ235 combinations. Although all single drugs suppressed cell proliferation, the combination of drugs exhibited synergistic effects on cell viability and colony formation. The synergistic effects of the combination therapy on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, apoptosis, and EMT were evident in Western blotting. Thus, the 3D culture-based HTS platform could serve as a useful preclinical tool to evaluate various drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyera Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.)
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keimyung University Dongsan Hospital, Daegu 42601, Korea
| | - Su Jin Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.)
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07804, Korea
| | - In Kyoung Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.)
| | - Suejean C. Min
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.)
| | - Hyun Hwan Sung
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Byong Chang Jeong
- Department of Urology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.)
| | - Se Hoon Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea; (H.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-3410-1767; Fax: +82-2-3410-1754
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10
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Peng M, Deng J, Zhou S, Xiao D, Long J, Zhang N, He C, Mo M, Yang X. Dual Inhibition of Pirarubicin-Induced AKT and ERK Activations by Phenformin Sensitively Suppresses Bladder Cancer Growth. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1159. [PMID: 31649535 PMCID: PMC6791928 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activations of Akt or ERK pathway induced by clinical drugs promote therapeutic failure due to decrease of drug response, and no available strategies have been developed to solve these problems. In this study, we found that pirarubicin (THP), one important chemotherapeutic drug for treating bladder cancer intravesically, dramatically elevated phosphorylations of both Akt and Erk1/2 in addition to inducing DNA damage. MK2206 or AZD6244, representative Akt and Erk1/2 inhibitors, respectively, profoundly sensitized bladder cancer cells to THP treatment. Interestingly, we found that inhibition of a single arm of either Akt or Erk1/2 pathway would induce the increase of another arm, indicating the existence of the crosstalk between these two pathways. Thus, simultaneous suppression of both signals may be needed for increasing the sensitivity of THP. On the other hand, we revealed that phenformin efficiently inhibited both Akt and Erk1/2 phosphorylation in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we demonstrated that phenformin, mimicking dual inhibitors, plays dramatically synergistic action with THP both in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that combination therapy of THP with dual inhibitors may constitute a successful strategy for improving chemotherapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Peng
- Departments of Pharmacy and Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Deng
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Sichun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Di Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiahui Long
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Caimei He
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Miao Mo
- Departments of Pharmacy and Urology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Study and Discovery of Small Targeted Molecules of Hunan Province, Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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11
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Hu J, Ishihara M, Chin AI, Wu L. Establishment of xenografts of urological cancers on chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) to study metastasis. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2019; 2:140-151. [PMID: 31598385 PMCID: PMC6770283 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the urological system commonly occurs in the kidney, bladder, and prostate
gland. The clear cell subtype of renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) constitutes the great
majority of kidney cancer. Metastatic ccRCC portends a very poor outcome with no effective
treatment available. Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in males in the US. Despite
recent advances in selective kinase inhibitors and immunotherapies, the rate of developing
new treatment from bench to bedside is slow. A time-consuming step is at the animal drug
testing stage, in which the mouse model is the gold standard. In the pursuit to streamline
the in vivo cancer biology research and drug development, we explored the
feasibility of the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model to establish xenografts.
The CAM model greatly shortens the time of tumor growth and lowers the cost comparing to
immunocompromised mice. We generated CAM xenografts from ccRCC, bladder and prostate
cancer, with established cancer cell lines and freshly isolated patient-derived tissues,
either as primary tumor cells or small pieces of tumors. The successful CAM engraftment
rate from the different tumor sources is 70% or above. Using our previously established
metastatic ccRCC mouse model, we showed that the CAM xenograft maintains the same tumor
growth pattern and metastatic behavior as observed in mice. Taken together, CAM can serve
as a valuable platform to establish new patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) to study tumor
biology, thus accelerating the development of individualized treatment to halt the deadly
metastatic stage of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhui Hu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | - Moe Ishihara
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology
| | - Arnold I Chin
- Department of Urology.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lily Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology.,Department of Urology.,Department of Pediatrics.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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12
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Hernández-Prat A, Rodriguez-Vida A, Juanpere-Rodero N, Arpi O, Menéndez S, Soria-Jiménez L, Martínez A, Iarchouk N, Rojo F, Albanell J, Brake R, Rovira A, Bellmunt J. Novel Oral mTORC1/2 Inhibitor TAK-228 Has Synergistic Antitumor Effects When Combined with Paclitaxel or PI3Kα Inhibitor TAK-117 in Preclinical Bladder Cancer Models. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 17:1931-1944. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-18-0923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Zhang J, Du Y, Zhang X, Li M, Li X. Downregulation of BANCR Promotes Aggressiveness in Papillary Thyroid Cancer via the MAPK and PI3K Pathways. J Cancer 2018; 9:1318-1328. [PMID: 29675113 PMCID: PMC5907680 DOI: 10.7150/jca.20150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs play important roles in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. BRAF-activated non-protein coding RNA (BANCR) is a novel and potential regulator of cancer cell proliferation and migration. However, little is known regarding the role of BANCR in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). The current study used quantitative PCR to demonstrate that BANCR was significantly downregulated in 60 paired PTC tissues compared with normal tissues. In addition, BANCR was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.02). Furthermore, Cell Counting Kits and Transwell assays were used to demonstrate that knocking down BANCR with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transfection significantly promoted the proliferation and invasion of PTC cell lines. The flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and the cell cycle revealed that the overexpression of BANCR inhibited cancer cell proliferation and invasion, which was associated with the induction of cell-cycle G2/M phase arrest and increased apoptosis. Moreover, western blotting was used to show that the MAPK and PI3K-Akt pathways were aberrantly activated during BANCR-mediated PTC cell proliferation and migration. These findings revealed that BANCR functions as a tumor suppressor during thyroid carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjun Zhang
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Yaying Du
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Mengchen Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xingrui Li
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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14
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Parallel PI3K, AKT and mTOR inhibition is required to control feedback loops that limit tumor therapy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190854. [PMID: 29357370 PMCID: PMC5777650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the PI3K pathway has achieved limited success in cancer therapy. One reason for the disappointing activity of drugs that interfere with molecules that are important player in this pathway is the induction of multiple feedback loops that have been only partially understood. To understand these limitations and develop improved treatment strategies, we comprehensively characterized molecular mechanisms of PI3K pathway signaling in bladder cancer cell lines upon using small molecule inhibitors and RNAi technologies against all key molecules and protein complexes within the pathway and analyzed functional and molecular consequences. When targeting either mTORC1, mTOR, AKT or PI3K, only S6K1 phosphorylation was affected in most cell lines examined. Dephosphorylation of 4E-BP1 required combined inhibition of PI3K and mTORC1, independent from AKT, and resulted in a robust reduction in cell viability. Long-term inhibition of PI3K however resulted in a PDK1-dependent, PIP3 and mTORC2 independent rephosphorylation of AKT. AKT rephosphorylation could also be induced by mTOR or PDK1 inhibition. Combining PI3K/mTOR inhibitors with AKT or PDK1 inhibitors suppressed this rephosphorylation, induced apoptosis, decreased colony formation, cell viability and growth of tumor xenografts. Our findings reveal novel molecular mechanisms that explain the requirement for simultaneous targeting of PI3K, AKT and mTORC1 to achieve effective tumor growth inhibition.
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15
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Bizhani F, Hashemi M, Danesh H, Nouralizadeh A, Narouie B, Bahari G, Ghavami S. Association between single nucleotide polymorphisms in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and bladder cancer risk in a sample of Iranian population. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:3-13. [PMID: 29383014 PMCID: PMC5780628 DOI: 10.17179/excli2017-329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the past few years several investigations have focused on the role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and its deregulations in different cancers. This study aimed to examine genetic polymorphisms of this pathway in bladder cancer (BC). In this case-control study, 235 patients with pathologically confirmed bladder cancer and 254 control subjects were examined. PIK3CA, AKT1 and mTOR variants were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The findings proposed that the PIK3CA rs6443624 SNP significantly decreased the risk of BC (OR=0.44, 95 % CI=0.30-0.65, p<0.0001 CA vs CC; OR=0.35, 95 % CI=0.16-0.78, p=0.0107, AA vs CC; OR=0.60, 95 % CI=0.46-0.79, p=0.0002, A vs T). The AKT1 rs2498801 variant is associated with a decreased risk of BC (OR=0.57, 95 % CI=0.39-0.82, p=0.003, AG vs AA; OR=0.74, 95 % CI=0.56-0.97, p=0.032, G vs A) while, AKT1 rs1130233 polymorphism considerably increased the risk of BC (OR=3.70, 95 % CI=2.52-5.43, p<0.0001, GA vs GG; OR=5.81, 95 % CI=1.53-21.97, p=0.010, AA vs GG; OR=2.71, 95 % CI=1.98-3.70, p<0.0001, A vs G). Additionally, mTOR rs2295080 variant notably increased the risk of BC (OR=2.25, 95 % CI=1.50-3.38, p<0.0001, GT vs GG; OR=4.75, 95 % CI=2.80-8.06, p<0.0001, TT vs GG; OR=3.10, 95 % CI=2.34-4.10, p<0.0001, T vs G). None of the other examined polymorphisms (AKT1 rs1130214, AKT1 rs3730358, mTOR rs1883965) revealed significant association with BC. In conclusion, our findings suggest that PIK3CA rs6443624, AKT1 rs2498801, AKT1 rs1130233, as well mTOR rs2295080 polymorphism may be related to bladder cancer development in a sample of Iranian population. Validation of our findings in larger sample sizes of different ethnicities would provide evidence on the role of variants of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in developing BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Bizhani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Hiva Danesh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Akbar Nouralizadeh
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center; Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Narouie
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center; Department of Urology, Shahid Labbafinejad Medical Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahari
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.,Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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16
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Abstract
The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway shows frequent molecular alterations and increased activity in cancer. Given its role in the regulation of cell growth, survival and metastasis, molecules within this pathway are promising targets for pharmacologic intervention. Metastatic bladder cancer (BLCA) continues to have few treatment options. Although various molecular alterations in PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling have been described in BLCA, clinical trials with small molecule inhibitors have not met their endpoints. In this article, we summarize results from preclinical studies and clinical trials that examined PI3K pathway inhibitors in BLCA focusing on technical challenges that might result in contradictory findings in preclinical studies. Based on published data from our group, we also address challenges that need to be overcome to optimize PI3K inhibition in BLCA and enable its successful translation into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Sathe
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Nawroth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
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17
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Gefitinib enhances sensitivity of endometrial cancer cells to progestin therapy via dual-specificity phosphatase 1. Oncotarget 2017; 8:115360-115369. [PMID: 29383165 PMCID: PMC5777777 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated if Gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, augments endometrial cancer (EC) therapy with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). Combined treatment with Gefitinib plus MPA decreased the proliferation and invasiveness of the Ishikawa and RL952 EC cell lines more effectively than MPA treatment alone. Moreover, combined treatment with Gefitinib plus MPA reduced growth of EC xenografts in Balb/c nude mice more than either Gefitinib or MPA alone. The therapeutic efficacy of combined Gefitinib plus MPA treatment was dependent on expression of dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1). DUSP1 knockdown in Ishikawa cells treated with Gefitinib plus MPA showed greater proliferation and invasiveness than parental Ishikawa cells treated similarly. EC cells treated with the combination of Gefitinib plus MPA also showed DUSP1-dependent reductions in phospho-ERK1/2 and increases in E-Cadherin. Thus, Gefitinib appears to DUSP1-dependently enhance the therapeutic efficacy of progestin in EC cells.
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18
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Zeng SX, Zhu Y, Ma AH, Yu W, Zhang H, Lin TY, Shi W, Tepper CG, Henderson PT, Airhart S, Guo JM, Xu CL, deVere White RW, Pan CX. The Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Bladder Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6580-6591. [PMID: 28808038 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Activation of the PI3K pathway occurs in over 40% of bladder urothelial cancers. The aim of this study is to determine the therapeutic potential, the underlying action, and the resistance mechanisms of drugs targeting the PI3K pathway.Experimental Design: Urothelial cancer cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) were analyzed for alterations of the PI3K pathway and for their sensitivity to the small-molecule inhibitor pictilisib alone and in combination with cisplatin and/or gemcitabine. Potential predictive biomarkers for pictilisib were evaluated, and RNA sequencing was performed to explore drug resistance mechanisms.Results: The bladder cancer cell line TCCSUP, which harbors a PIK3CA E545K mutation, was sensitive to pictilisib compared to cell lines with wild-type PIK3CA Pictilisib exhibited stronger antitumor activity in bladder cancer PDX models with PI3KCA H1047R mutation or amplification than the control PDX model. Pictilisib synergized with cisplatin and/or gemcitabine in vitro, significantly delayed tumor growth, and prolonged survival compared with single-drug treatment in the PDX models. The phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 correlated with response to pictilisib both in vitro and in vivo, and could potentially serve as a biomarker to predict response to pictilisib. Pictilisib activated the compensatory MEK/ERK pathway that likely contributed to pictilisib resistance, which was reversed by cotreatment with the RAF inhibitor sorafenib. RNA sequencing of tumors resistant to treatment suggested that LSP1 downregulation correlated with drug resistance.Conclusions: These preclinical results provide new insights into the therapeutic potential of targeting the PI3K pathway for the treatment of bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 23(21); 6580-91. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Xiong Zeng
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.,Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjun Zhu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.,Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Hong Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Weimin Yu
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.,Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hongyong Zhang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Tzu-Yin Lin
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Wei Shi
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California.,Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Clifford G Tepper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Paul T Henderson
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | | | - Jian-Ming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuan-Liang Xu
- Department of Urology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ralph W deVere White
- Department of Urology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Chong-Xian Pan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California. .,Department of Urology, University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, California
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19
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Skowron MA, Sathe A, Romano A, Hoffmann MJ, Schulz WA, van Koeveringe GA, Albers P, Nawroth R, Niegisch G. Applying the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay to study treatment approaches in urothelial carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2017; 35:544.e11-544.e23. [PMID: 28551413 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid development of novel treatment options demands valid preclinical screening models for urothelial carcinoma (UC). The translational value of high-throughput drug testing using 2-dimensional (2D) cultures is limited while for xenograft models handling efforts and costs often become prohibitive for larger-scale drug testing. Therefore, we investigated to which extent the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay might provide an alternative model to study antineoplastic treatment approaches for UC. METHODS The ability of 8 human UC cell lines (UCCs) to form tumors after implantation on CAMs was investigated. Epithelial-like RT-112 and mesenchymal-like T-24 UCCs in cell culture or as CAM tumors were treated with cisplatin alone or combined with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) romidepsin and suberanilohydroxamic acid. Tumor weight, size, and bioluminescence activity were monitored; tumor specimens were analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Western blotting and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction were used to measure protein and mRNA expression. RESULTS UCCs were reliably implantable on the CAM, but tumor development varied among cell lines. Expression of differentiation markers (E-cadherin, vimentin, CK5, CK18, and CK20) was similar in CAM tumors and 2D cultures. Cellular phenotypes also remained stable after recultivation of CAM tumors in 2D cultures. Bioluminescence images correlated with tumor weight. Cisplatin and HDACi decreased weight and growth of CAM tumors in a dose-dependent manner, but HDACi treatment acted less efficiently as in 2D cultures, especially on its typically associated molecular markers. Synergistic effects of HDACi and subsequent cisplatin treatment on UCCs were neither detected in 2D cultures nor detected in CAM tumors. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the CAM assay is a useful tool for studying tumor growth and response to conventional anticancer drugs under 3D conditions, especially cytotoxic drugs as cisplatin. With some limitations, it might serve as a cost- and time-effective preclinical screening assay for novel therapeutic approaches before further assessment in expensive and cumbersome animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaretha A Skowron
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anuja Sathe
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Romano
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michèle J Hoffmann
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wolfgang A Schulz
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Peter Albers
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Roman Nawroth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar der Technischen Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Günter Niegisch
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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20
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Ross RL, McPherson HR, Kettlewell L, Shnyder SD, Hurst CD, Alder O, Knowles MA. PIK3CA dependence and sensitivity to therapeutic targeting in urothelial carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:553. [PMID: 27465249 PMCID: PMC4964013 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many urothelial carcinomas (UC) contain activating PIK3CA mutations. In telomerase-immortalized normal urothelial cells (TERT-NHUC), ectopic expression of mutant PIK3CA induces PI3K pathway activation, cell proliferation and cell migration. However, it is not clear whether advanced UC tumors are PIK3CA-dependent and whether PI3K pathway inhibition is a good therapeutic option in such cases. Methods We used retrovirus-mediated delivery of shRNA to knock down mutant PIK3CA in UC cell lines and assessed effects on pathway activation, cell proliferation, migration and tumorigenicity. The effect of the class I PI3K inhibitor GDC-0941 was assessed in a panel of UC cell lines with a range of known molecular alterations in the PI3K pathway. Results Specific knockdown of PIK3CA inhibited proliferation, migration, anchorage-independent growth and in vivo tumor growth of cells with PIK3CA mutations. Sensitivity to GDC-0941 was dependent on hotspot PIK3CA mutation status. Cells with rare PIK3CA mutations and co-occurring TSC1 or PTEN mutations were less sensitive. Furthermore, downstream PI3K pathway alterations in TSC1 or PTEN or co-occurring AKT1 and RAS gene mutations were associated with GDC-0941 resistance. Conclusions Mutant PIK3CA is a potent oncogenic driver in many UC cell lines and may represent a valuable therapeutic target in advanced bladder cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2570-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Ross
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - H R McPherson
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - L Kettlewell
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - S D Shnyder
- Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - C D Hurst
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - O Alder
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK
| | - M A Knowles
- Section of Experimental Oncology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, St James's University Hospital, Beckett Street, Leeds, LS9 7TF, UK.
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21
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Chen F, Chen X, Yang D, Che X, Wang J, Li X, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Zheng W, Wang L, Wang X, Song X. Isoquercitrin inhibits bladder cancer progression in vivo and in vitro by regulating the PI3K/Akt and PKC signaling pathways. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:165-72. [PMID: 27177091 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is the most common malignancy of the urinary system and is also one of the 10 most common cancers of the human body. Currently, clinical treatment of bladder cancer mainly utilizes partial or total cystectomy, supplemented by conventional chemotherapy. However, such treatment has not fully improved the prognosis of patients and is associated with various side effects. Studies have found that flavonoids extracted from plants can be used in radiotherapy and chemotherapy for the prevention of postoperative recurrence and metastasis but also alone for the treatment of advanced tumors. Both applications can ameliorate clinical symptoms, improve the quality of life, and prolong the survival of patients. Based on the above information, the present study investigated the effect of isoquercitrin, a type of flavonoid found in Bidens pilosa L. extracts, on bladder cancer progression, with the goal of understanding the biological characteristics of isoquercitrin by which it participates in bladder cancer progression. Using in vitro experiments, we found that therapeutic doses of isoquercitrin significantly inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells and that the cell cycle was arrested in the G1 phase. Isoquercitrin inhibited phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and Akt phosphorylation expression levels, thus inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis in the cancer cells. In addition, we found that isoquercitrin reduced protein kinase C (PKC) protein expression levels in the human bladder cancer cell lines. We also showed via in vivo experiments that isoquercitrin inhibited xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. In conclusion, our study confirmed that isoquercitrin inhibits bladder cancer progression in vivo and demonstrated that the molecular mechanism of this inhibition may be closely associated with the PI3K/Akt and PKC signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochi Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Deyong Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyu Che
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Xiancheng Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Qifei Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Xuejian Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | - Xishuang Song
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
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Füssel S, Kramer MW, Stöhr R, Olbert P, Nawroth R, Schulz WA. [Report on the 5th symposium of the German research network bladder carcinoma]. Urologe A 2016; 55:663-4. [PMID: 27138635 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-016-0100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Füssel
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Deutschland
| | - M W Kramer
- Klinik für Urologie, Universitätsklinikum Lübeck, Lübeck, Deutschland
| | - R Stöhr
- Institut für Pathologie, Universitätsklinik Erlangen, Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - P Olbert
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsklinikum Marburg, Marburg, Deutschland
| | - R Nawroth
- Klinik für Urologie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - W A Schulz
- Klinik für Urologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Deutschland.
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A phase 1b study of the Akt-inhibitor MK-2206 in combination with weekly paclitaxel and trastuzumab in patients with advanced HER2-amplified solid tumor malignancies. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 155:521-30. [PMID: 26875185 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Akt plays a key role in the aggressive pathogenesis of HER2+ malignancies, suggesting that Akt-inhibitors may be of therapeutic value in the treatment of HER2+ tumors. Preclinical studies demonstrate synergy between MK-2206, a selective allosteric Akt-inhibitor, with paclitaxel and trastuzumab. We aimed to evaluate the safety of this combination in patients with HER2+ malignancies. METHODS We conducted a phase 1b study of weekly MK-2206 in combination with weekly paclitaxel 80 mg/m(2) and trastuzumab 2 mg/kg in patients with HER2+ malignancies. Dose escalation was performed using a modified toxicity probability interval method. Molecular profiling of archived tissue samples and limited PK analyses were performed. RESULTS 16 patients with HER2+ tumors were enrolled (12 breast, 3 gastric, 1 esophageal). 81 and 75 % had received prior trastuzumab and taxane chemotherapy, respectively. MK-2206 135 mg/week was determined to be tolerable. Three dose-limiting toxicities were observed including two grade 3 rashes and 1 grade 3 neutropenia resulting in a > 7 day delay in treatment. Grade 3/4 adverse events include neutropenia (44 %), rash (13 %), peripheral neuropathy (6 %), and depression (6 %). 10 patients (63 %) demonstrated tumor response (3 complete, 7 partial). Median duration of response was 6 months. Exploratory analyses identified STARD3, TM7SF2, and G3BP1 as potential biomarkers of response. CONCLUSIONS MK-2206 at a dose of 135 mg/week in combination with weekly paclitaxel and trastuzumab is safe and well tolerated, and is the recommended phase 2 dose for this combination. Preliminary data indicate significant clinical activity in patients with HER2+ tumors despite prior HER2-directed therapy.
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Han K, Xu X, Xu Z, Chen G, Zeng Y, Zhang Z, Cao B, Kong Y, Tang X, Mao X. SC06, a novel small molecule compound, displays preclinical activity against multiple myeloma by disrupting the mTOR signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12809. [PMID: 26329846 PMCID: PMC4556980 DOI: 10.1038/srep12809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is extensively involved in multiple myeloma (MM) pathophysiology. In the present study, we reported a novel small molecule SC06 that induced MM cell apoptosis and delayed MM xenograft growth in vivo. Oral administration of SC06 to mice bearing human MM xenografts resulted in significant inhibition of tumor growth at doses that were well tolerated. Mechanistic studies revealed that SC06 selectively inhibited the mTOR signaling pathway but had no effects on other associated kinases, such as AKT, ERK, p38, c-Src and JNK. Further studies showed that SC06-decreased mTOR activation was associated with the downregulation of Raptor, a key component of the mTORC1 complex. SC06 also suppressed the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and P70S6K, two typical substrates in the mTORC1 signaling pathway. Notably, expression of Raptor, phosphorylation of mTOR and phosphorylated 4E-BP1 was also decreased in the tumor tissues from SC06-treated mice, which was consistent with the cellular studies. Therefore, given the potency and low toxicity, SC06 could be developed as a potential anti-MM drug candidate by disrupting the mTOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunkun Han
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhuan Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guodong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanying Zeng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zubin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Biyin Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Kong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Tang
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinliang Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Translational Research and Therapy for Neuro-psycho-diseases, Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Soochow University, China
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25
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Sathe A, Koshy N, Schmid SC, Thalgott M, Schwarzenböck SM, Krause BJ, Holm PS, Gschwend JE, Retz M, Nawroth R. CDK4/6 Inhibition Controls Proliferation of Bladder Cancer and Transcription of RB1. J Urol 2015; 195:771-9. [PMID: 26318986 DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The retinoblastoma signaling network is frequently altered in advanced bladder cancer. We investigated the potential of CDK4/6 as a therapeutic target and determined biomarkers for patient stratification. MATERIALS AND METHODS Genetic alterations were analyzed using public databases, including TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas), COSMIC (Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer) and CCLE (Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia). Effects of the CDK4/6-inhibitor PD-0332991 or LY2835219 were examined in 10 bladder cancer cell lines by immunoblot, cell viability, apoptosis and cell cycle progression. Efficacy of the PD-0332991 and cisplatin combination was analyzed using the combination index. Gene expression level was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Cytomegalovirus promoter regulated recombinant retinoblastoma was used for reconstitution. Three-dimensional xenografts were grown on chicken chorioallantoic membrane and analyzed by measuring tumor weight and immunohistochemical expression of total retinoblastoma and Ki-67. RESULTS PD-0332991 treatment decreased the proliferation of retinoblastoma positive bladder cancer cell lines and was synergistic in combination with cisplatin. PD-0332991 or LY2835219 treatment decreased the phosphorylation, total protein and transcript level of retinoblastoma. Treatment resulted in a decrease in E2F target gene expression (CCNA2 and CCNE2) and cell cycle progression from G0/G1 to the S-phase but did not affect apoptosis. In retinoblastoma negative cells reconstituted with recombinant retinoblastoma PD-0332991 affected only phosphorylation and not the total retinoblastoma level. These cells remained resistant to treatment. In 3-dimensional retinoblastoma xenografts, treatment resulted in reduced tumor weight and decreased expression of total retinoblastoma and Ki-67. CONCLUSIONS We provide preclinical evidence that CDK4/6 inhibition is a potential therapeutic strategy for retinoblastoma positive bladder cancer that probably acts by negatively regulating retinoblastoma transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuja Sathe
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre (SMS, BJK), Rostock, Germany
| | - Nicole Koshy
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre (SMS, BJK), Rostock, Germany
| | - Sebastian C Schmid
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre (SMS, BJK), Rostock, Germany
| | - Mark Thalgott
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre (SMS, BJK), Rostock, Germany
| | - Sarah M Schwarzenböck
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre (SMS, BJK), Rostock, Germany
| | - Bernd J Krause
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre (SMS, BJK), Rostock, Germany
| | - Per S Holm
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre (SMS, BJK), Rostock, Germany
| | - Juergen E Gschwend
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre (SMS, BJK), Rostock, Germany
| | - Margitta Retz
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre (SMS, BJK), Rostock, Germany
| | - Roman Nawroth
- Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Rostock University Medical Centre (SMS, BJK), Rostock, Germany.
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