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Ness DB, Pooler DB, Ades S, Highhouse BJ, Labrie BM, Zhou J, Gui J, Lewis LD, Ernstoff MS. A phase II study of alternating sunitinib and temsirolimus therapy in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 37148554 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sunitinib is a multi-target tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) that inhibits VEGF receptor 1, 2, 3 (VEGFRs), platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), colony-stimulating factor receptor (CSFR), and the stem cell factor receptor c-KIT. Temsirolimus inhibits mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) through binding to intracellular protein FKBP-12. Both agents are approved for the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC), have different anticancer mechanisms, and non-overlapping toxicities. These attributes form the scientific rationale for sequential combination of these agents. The primary objective of the study was to investigate the efficacy of alternating sunitinib and temsirolimus therapy on progression-free survival (PFS) in mRCC. METHODS We undertook a phase II, multi-center, single cohort, open-label study in patients with mRCC. Patients were treated with alternating dosing of 4 weeks of sunitinib 50 mg PO daily, followed by 2 weeks rest, then 4 weeks of temsirolimus 25 mg IV weekly, followed by 2 weeks rest (12 weeks total per cycle). The primary endpoint was PFS. Secondary endpoints included clinical response rate and characterization of the toxicity profile of this combination therapy. RESULTS Nineteen patients were enrolled into the study. The median observed PFS (n = 13 evaluable for PFS) was 8.8 months (95% CI 6.8-25.2 months). Best responses achieved were five partial response, nine stable disease, and three disease progression according to RECIST 1.1 guidelines (two non-evaluable). The most commonly observed toxicities were fatigue, platelet count decrease, creatinine increased, diarrhea, oral mucositis, edema, anemia, rash, hypophosphatemia, dysgeusia, and palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia syndrome. CONCLUSION Alternating sunitinib and temsirolimus did not improve the PFS in patients with mRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B Ness
- Department of Medicine and the Dartmouth Cancer Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Darcy B Pooler
- Department of Medicine and the Dartmouth Cancer Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Steven Ades
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Vermont Cancer Center, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Brian J Highhouse
- Section of Hematology/Oncology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Bridget M Labrie
- Department of Medicine and the Dartmouth Cancer Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Data Science and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jiang Gui
- Department of Biomedical Data Science and the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Lionel D Lewis
- Department of Medicine and the Dartmouth Cancer Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Section of Clinical Pharmacology, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
- Section of Hematology/Oncology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Marc S Ernstoff
- Section of Hematology/Oncology and the Dartmouth Cancer Center at Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
- Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis at National Cancer Institute, ImmunoOncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Gao W, Zhang S, Guorong L, Liu Q, Zhu A, Gui F, Zou Y, Wu Y, Luo Y, Hong Z. Nc886 promotes renal cancer cell drug-resistance by enhancing EMT through Rock2 phosphorylation-mediated β-catenin nuclear translocation. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:340-351. [PMID: 34974812 PMCID: PMC8855853 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.2020431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance is a significant challenge in the present treatment regimens of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Our previous study confirmed that nc886 functions as an oncogene in RCC. Nevertheless, the role and underlying mechanism of nc886 in RCC drug resistance are unclear. In the present study, Sunitinib and Everolimus treatment, respectively, downregulated nc886 expression in a dose-dependent manner in all four renal cancer cell lines. Nc886 overexpression in 786-O cells and ACHN cells significantly reduced the sensitivity of cancer cells to both Sunitinib and Everolimus treatment, respectively, by promoting cell viability and inhibiting cell apoptosis, whereas nc886 silencing increased cancer cell sensitivity. In renal cancer cell line with the highest drug-resistance, 786-O cells, Sunitinib, or Everolimus treatment enhanced the cellular EMT and was further enhanced by nc886 overexpression while attenuated by nc886 silencing. In 786-O cells, nc886 overexpression significantly promoted EMT, ROCK2 phosphorylation, and β-catenin nucleus translocation under Sunitinib or Everolimus treatment. Moreover, ROCK2 silencing significantly reversed the effects of nc886 overexpression on EMT, ROCK2 phosphorylation, and β-catenin nucleus translocation, as well as drug-resistant renal cancer cell viability and apoptosis. In conclusion, it was demonstrated that nc886 promotes renal cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as demonstrated previously. nc886 also promotes renal cancer cell drug-resistance to Sunitinib or Everolimus by promoting EMT through Rock2 phosphorylation-mediated nuclear translocation of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyin Gao
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Shouhua Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Jiangxi Children’s Hospital, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Li Guorong
- Department of Urology, North Hospital, Chu Saint-Etienne, University of Jean-Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Queling Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Anyi Zhu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Fu Gui
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yan Zou
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yiguo Wu
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Zhengdong Hong
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China,CONTACT Zhengdong Hong The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, No.1 Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
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3
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Sobczuk P, Brodziak A, Khan MI, Chhabra S, Fiedorowicz M, Wełniak-Kamińska M, Synoradzki K, Bartnik E, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A, Czarnecka AM. Choosing The Right Animal Model for Renal Cancer Research. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100745. [PMID: 32092671 PMCID: PMC7036425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the life expectancy of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the last decade is due to changes that have occurred in the area of preclinical studies. Understanding cancer pathophysiology and the emergence of new therapeutic options, including immunotherapy, would not be possible without proper research. Before new approaches to disease treatment are developed and introduced into clinical practice they must be preceded by preclinical tests, in which animal studies play a significant role. This review describes the progress in animal model development in kidney cancer research starting from the oldest syngeneic or chemically-induced models, through genetically modified mice, finally to xenograft, especially patient-derived, avatar and humanized mouse models. As there are a number of subtypes of RCC, our aim is to help to choose the right animal model for a particular kidney cancer subtype. The data on genetic backgrounds, biochemical parameters, histology, different stages of carcinogenesis and metastasis in various animal models of RCC as well as their translational relevance are summarized. Moreover, we shed some light on imaging methods, which can help define tumor microstructure, assist in the analysis of its metabolic changes and track metastasis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Sobczuk
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Brodziak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mohammed Imran Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Stuti Chhabra
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
| | - Michał Fiedorowicz
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marlena Wełniak-Kamińska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kamil Synoradzki
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
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Xiang X, Zhuang L, Chen H, Yang X, Li H, Li G, Yu J. Everolimus inhibits the proliferation and migration of epidermal growth factor receptor-resistant lung cancer cells A549 via regulating the microRNA-4328/phosphatase and tensin homolog signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:5269-5276. [PMID: 31612036 PMCID: PMC6781784 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cancer type worldwide, and investigating novel therapeutics methods for the treatment of chemoresistant lung cancer are of notable clinical significance. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting assays were performed to analyze the expression levels of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and microRNA-4328 (miR-4328), and Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and Transwell migration assays were conducted to evaluate the proliferation and migration of A549 cells, respectively. Everolimus was observed to upregulate the expression of PTEN and inhibit the proliferation and migration of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The knockdown of PTEN abolished the effects of everolimus on the proliferation and migration of A549 cells, and everolimus was demonstrated to upregulate PTEN, and inhibit the proliferation and migration of A549 cells via downregulating miR-4328. Collectively, the results of the present study indicate that everolimus inhibited the proliferation and migration of EGFR-resistant A549 lung cancer cells via regulating the miR-4328/PTEN signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Xiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhuang
- Department of Palliative Medicine and Palliative Medicine Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Huicheng Chen
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan 650091, P.R. China
| | - Xiumei Yang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Heng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Gaofeng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yu
- Department of Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Cancer Center, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, P.R. China
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5
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Dinavahi SS, Noory MA, Gowda R, Drabick JJ, Berg A, Neves RI, Robertson GP. Moving Synergistically Acting Drug Combinations to the Clinic by Comparing Sequential versus Simultaneous Drug Administrations. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 93:190-196. [PMID: 29242354 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.110759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug combinations acting synergistically to kill cancer cells have become increasingly important in melanoma as an approach to manage the recurrent resistant disease. Protein kinase B (AKT) is a major target in this disease but its inhibitors are not effective clinically, which is a major concern. Targeting AKT in combination with WEE1 (mitotic inhibitor kinase) seems to have potential to make AKT-based therapeutics effective clinically. Since agents targeting AKT and WEE1 have been tested individually in the clinic, the quickest way to move the drug combination to patients would be to combine these agents sequentially, enabling the use of existing phase I clinical trial toxicity data. Therefore, a rapid preclinical approach is needed to evaluate whether simultaneous or sequential drug treatment has maximal therapeutic efficacy, which is based on a mechanistic rationale. To develop this approach, melanoma cell lines were treated with AKT inhibitor AZD5363 [4-amino-N-[(1S)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl]-1-(7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)piperidine-4-carboxamide] and WEE1 inhibitor AZD1775 [2-allyl-1-(6-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)pyridin-2-yl)-6-((4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl)amino)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-3(2H)-one] using simultaneous and sequential dosing schedules. Simultaneous treatment synergistically reduced melanoma cell survival and tumor growth. In contrast, sequential treatment was antagonistic and had a minimal tumor inhibitory effect compared with individual agents. Mechanistically, simultaneous targeting of AKT and WEE1 enhanced deregulation of the cell cycle and DNA damage repair pathways by modulating transcription factors p53 and forkhead box M1, which was not observed with sequential treatment. Thus, this study identifies a rapid approach to assess the drug combinations with a mechanistic basis for selection, which suggests that combining AKT and WEE1 inhibitors is needed for maximal efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saketh S Dinavahi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology (J.J.D.); Departments of Pharmacology (S.S.D., M.A.N., R.G., R.I.N., G.P.R.), Medicine (J.J.D.), Public Health Sciences (A.B.), Dermatology (R.I.N., G.P.R.), Surgery (R.I.N., G.P.R.), and Pathology (G.P.R.); Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center (S.S.D., M.A.N., R.G., J.J.D., A.B., R.I.N., G.P.R.); Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research (R.G., G.P.R.); and the Melanoma Therapeutics Program (R.G., R.I.N., G.P.R.), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Mohammad A Noory
- Division of Hematology-Oncology (J.J.D.); Departments of Pharmacology (S.S.D., M.A.N., R.G., R.I.N., G.P.R.), Medicine (J.J.D.), Public Health Sciences (A.B.), Dermatology (R.I.N., G.P.R.), Surgery (R.I.N., G.P.R.), and Pathology (G.P.R.); Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center (S.S.D., M.A.N., R.G., J.J.D., A.B., R.I.N., G.P.R.); Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research (R.G., G.P.R.); and the Melanoma Therapeutics Program (R.G., R.I.N., G.P.R.), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Raghavendra Gowda
- Division of Hematology-Oncology (J.J.D.); Departments of Pharmacology (S.S.D., M.A.N., R.G., R.I.N., G.P.R.), Medicine (J.J.D.), Public Health Sciences (A.B.), Dermatology (R.I.N., G.P.R.), Surgery (R.I.N., G.P.R.), and Pathology (G.P.R.); Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center (S.S.D., M.A.N., R.G., J.J.D., A.B., R.I.N., G.P.R.); Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research (R.G., G.P.R.); and the Melanoma Therapeutics Program (R.G., R.I.N., G.P.R.), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Joseph J Drabick
- Division of Hematology-Oncology (J.J.D.); Departments of Pharmacology (S.S.D., M.A.N., R.G., R.I.N., G.P.R.), Medicine (J.J.D.), Public Health Sciences (A.B.), Dermatology (R.I.N., G.P.R.), Surgery (R.I.N., G.P.R.), and Pathology (G.P.R.); Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center (S.S.D., M.A.N., R.G., J.J.D., A.B., R.I.N., G.P.R.); Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research (R.G., G.P.R.); and the Melanoma Therapeutics Program (R.G., R.I.N., G.P.R.), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Arthur Berg
- Division of Hematology-Oncology (J.J.D.); Departments of Pharmacology (S.S.D., M.A.N., R.G., R.I.N., G.P.R.), Medicine (J.J.D.), Public Health Sciences (A.B.), Dermatology (R.I.N., G.P.R.), Surgery (R.I.N., G.P.R.), and Pathology (G.P.R.); Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center (S.S.D., M.A.N., R.G., J.J.D., A.B., R.I.N., G.P.R.); Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research (R.G., G.P.R.); and the Melanoma Therapeutics Program (R.G., R.I.N., G.P.R.), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Rogerio I Neves
- Division of Hematology-Oncology (J.J.D.); Departments of Pharmacology (S.S.D., M.A.N., R.G., R.I.N., G.P.R.), Medicine (J.J.D.), Public Health Sciences (A.B.), Dermatology (R.I.N., G.P.R.), Surgery (R.I.N., G.P.R.), and Pathology (G.P.R.); Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center (S.S.D., M.A.N., R.G., J.J.D., A.B., R.I.N., G.P.R.); Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research (R.G., G.P.R.); and the Melanoma Therapeutics Program (R.G., R.I.N., G.P.R.), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Gavin P Robertson
- Division of Hematology-Oncology (J.J.D.); Departments of Pharmacology (S.S.D., M.A.N., R.G., R.I.N., G.P.R.), Medicine (J.J.D.), Public Health Sciences (A.B.), Dermatology (R.I.N., G.P.R.), Surgery (R.I.N., G.P.R.), and Pathology (G.P.R.); Melanoma and Skin Cancer Center (S.S.D., M.A.N., R.G., J.J.D., A.B., R.I.N., G.P.R.); Foreman Foundation for Melanoma Research (R.G., G.P.R.); and the Melanoma Therapeutics Program (R.G., R.I.N., G.P.R.), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Hasmim M, Bruno S, Azzi S, Gallerne C, Michel JG, Chiabotto G, Lecoz V, Romei C, Spaggiari GM, Pezzolo A, Pistoia V, Angevin E, Gad S, Ferlicot S, Messai Y, Kieda C, Clay D, Sabatini F, Escudier B, Camussi G, Eid P, Azzarone B, Chouaib S. Isolation and characterization of renal cancer stem cells from patient-derived xenografts. Oncotarget 2017; 7:15507-24. [PMID: 26551931 PMCID: PMC4941257 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As rapidly developing patient-derived xenografts (PDX) could represent potential sources of cancer stem cells (CSC), we selected and characterized non-cultured PDX cell suspensions from four different renal carcinomas (RCC). Only the cell suspensions from the serial xenografts (PDX-1 and PDX-2) of an undifferentiated RCC (RCC-41) adapted to the selective CSC medium. The cell suspension derived from the original tumor specimen (RCC-41-P-0) did not adapt to the selective medium and strongly expressed CSC-like markers (CD133 and CD105) together with the non-CSC tumor marker E-cadherin. In comparison, PDX-1 and PDX-2 cells exhibited evolution in their phenotype since PDX-1 cells were CD133high/CD105-/Ecadlow and PDX-2 cells were CD133low/CD105-/Ecad-. Both PDX subsets expressed additional stem cell markers (CD146/CD29/OCT4/NANOG/Nestin) but still contained non-CSC tumor cells. Therefore, using different cell sorting strategies, we characterized 3 different putative CSC subsets (RCC-41-PDX-1/CD132+, RCC-41-PDX-2/CD133-/EpCAMlow and RCC-41-PDX-2/CD133+/EpCAMbright). In addition, transcriptomic analysis showed that RCC-41-PDX-2/CD133− over-expressed the pluripotency gene ERBB4, while RCC-41-PDX-2/CD133+ over-expressed several tumor suppressor genes. These three CSC subsets displayed ALDH activity, formed serial spheroids and developed serial tumors in SCID mice, although RCC-41-PDX-1/CD132+ and RCC-41-PDX-2/CD133+ displayed less efficiently the above CSC properties. RCC-41-PDX-1/CD132+ tumors showed vessels of human origin with CSC displaying peri-vascular distribution. By contrast, RCC-41-PDX-2 originated tumors exhibiting only vessels of mouse origin without CSC peri-vascular distribution. Altogether, our results indicate that PDX murine microenvironment promotes a continuous redesign of CSC phenotype, unmasking CSC subsets potentially present in a single RCC or generating ex novo different CSC-like subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Hasmim
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France.,INSERM UMR 1014, Lavoisier Building, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Healthy Science, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Sandy Azzi
- INSERM UMR 1014, Lavoisier Building, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Cindy Gallerne
- INSERM UMR 1014, Lavoisier Building, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Julien Giron Michel
- INSERM UMR 1014, Lavoisier Building, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Giulia Chiabotto
- Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Medical School, Torino, Italy
| | - Vincent Lecoz
- INSERM UMR 1014, Lavoisier Building, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | | | - Vito Pistoia
- Laboratory of Oncology Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
| | - Eric Angevin
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France.,Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Sophie Gad
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France.,Laboratoire de Génétique Oncologique EPHE, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Ferlicot
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Yosra Messai
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Claudine Kieda
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS UPR 4301, Orléans, France
| | - Denis Clay
- INSERM UMR 972, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | - Federica Sabatini
- Stem Cell and Cell Therapy Laboratory, Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Bernard Escudier
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France.,Medical Oncology Department, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Science, University of Torino, Medical School, Torino, Italy
| | - Pierre Eid
- INSERM UMR 1014, Lavoisier Building, Paul Brousse Hospital, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Salem Chouaib
- INSERM U 1186, Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Gustave Roussy Campus, Villejuif, France
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7
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Du Y, Liu JQ, Tang J, Ge J, Chen Y, Cheng K, Ding J, Li ZK, Liu JY. Acquired tumor cell resistance to sunitinib by increased invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in LL/2 murine lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:68270-68279. [PMID: 28978115 PMCID: PMC5620255 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate biological behavior changes in a murine lung cancer cell characterized by acquired resistance to sunitinib, a potent inhibitor of multiple-targeted receptor tyrosine kinase. METHODS A lung cancer cell line resistant to sunitinib (LL/2-R) was developed from its parental cell line (LL/2-P). Differences in biological characteristics and associated molecular profiles between these two cells were compared in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS LL/2-R cells showed an approximately 5-fold higher IC50 of sunitinib than LL/2-P cells and exhibited a reduced growth inhibition following sunitinib treatment compared with LL/2-P. In LL/2-R cells and tumors, increased migration, invasion and metastasis were observed, along with upregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9. We also analyzed the molecular profiles involved in EMT, and found that E-cadherin was downregulated in LL/2-R tumors, and vimentin was upregulated in LL/2-R cells and tumors, along with β-catenin translocating to the nuclei in LL/2-R cells. Furthermore, transcriptional factors mediated EMT, snail and twist, and the secretion of TGFβ1 also increased in LL/2-R cells and tumors. CONCLUSIONS We established a sunitinib-resistant lung cancer cell line and confirmed its drug-resistance to sunitinib in vivo. Our results implied that increased invasion and EMT may associate with the acquisition of resistant phenotype to sunitinib in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Du
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jia-Qi Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ke Cheng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Ke Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ji-Yan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, GuoXue Xiang, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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8
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Li SH, Chien CY, Huang WT, Luo SD, Su YY, Tien WY, Lan YC, Chen CH. Prognostic significance and function of mammalian target of rapamycin in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8178. [PMID: 28811537 PMCID: PMC5558018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08345-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvement in preoperative imaging, surgical technique, and adjuvant therapy, the prognosis of patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is still unsatisfactory. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) play a key role in the regulation of tumor cell proliferation and survival. However, the significance of mTOR on the prognosis of tongue SCC remains largely undefined. In the present study, immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate the expression of phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) in 160 surgically resected tongue SCC, and correlated with survival. Univariate analysis revealed that p-mTOR overexpression (P = 0.006) was associated with inferior overall survival. In multivariate comparison, p-mTOR overexpression (P = 0.002, hazard ratio = 2.082) remained independently associated with worse overall survival. In vitro study, tongue cancer cells treated with everolimus, the specific mTOR inhibitor, or transfected with mTOR-mediated siRNAs dramatically attenuated the abilities of cell proliferation by MTT and BrdU assays. In 4-NQO-induced tongue cancer murine model, mTOR inhibitors significantly decreased the incidence of tongue SCC. In conclusion, p-mTOR overexpression was independently associated with poor prognosis of patients with tongue SCC. In vitro and vivo, mTOR inhibition showed the promising activity in tongue SCC. Our results suggest that inhibition of mTOR signaling pathway may be a novel therapeutic target for tongue SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shau-Hsuan Li
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yen Chien
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Huang
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Dean Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Ye Su
- Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Tien
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chun Lan
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Han Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. .,Department of Applied Chemistry, and Graduate Institute of Biomedicine and Biomedical Technology, National Chi Nan University, Chi Nan, Taiwan. .,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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9
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Oduola WO, Li XL, Duan C, Qian L, Dougherty ER. Sequential Therapeutic Response Modeling for Tumor Treatment Using Computational Hybrid Control Systems Approach. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2017; 65:866-874. [PMID: 28692960 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2017.2723957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumorigenesis is due to uncontrolled cell division arising from mutations and alterations in the proliferative controls of the cell population. The fight against tumor growth and development has often relied on combination therapy that has been acclaimed as one of the main standards of care in cancer therapeutics and prevention of drug-related resistances. The toxicity of the combinatorial drugs raises a significant concern whenever patients take two or more drugs concurrently at the maximum tolerated dose. A promising solution in tumor treatment involves the administration of the drugs in an alternating or sequential fashion rather than a simultaneous manner. In this paper, we investigate how feasible such an approach is from a mathematical perspective and propose a switched hybrid control systems framework. METHODS We explore the response of tumor cells dynamics to sequential drugs administration with the aid of a time-dependent switching strategy. A transit compartmentalized model is employed to describe the tumor cells progression to death. RESULTS The design of the time-based drug switching logic ensures the proliferating tumor cells are repressed. CONCLUSIONS Simulation results are provided using the tumor growth dynamics with sequential drugs intake to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in reducing the tumor size. SIGNIFICANCE This paper is the first attempt to provide a switched hybrid control systems framework on sequential drug administration to biomedical researchers and clinicians.
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10
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Oduola WO, Li X, Duan C, Qian L, Wu F, Dougherty ER. Time-Based Switching Control of Genetic Regulatory Networks: Toward Sequential Drug Intake for Cancer Therapy. Cancer Inform 2017; 16:1176935117706888. [PMID: 28579741 PMCID: PMC5431492 DOI: 10.1177/1176935117706888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As cancer growth and development typically involves multiple genes and pathways, combination therapy has been touted as the standard of care in the treatment of cancer. However, drug toxicity becomes a major concern whenever a patient takes 2 or more drugs simultaneously at the maximum tolerable dosage. A potential solution would be administering the drugs in a sequential or alternating manner rather than concurrently. This study therefore examines the feasibility of such an approach from a switched system control perspective. Particularly, we study how genetic regulatory systems respond to sequential (switched) drug inputs using the time-based switching mechanism. The design of the time-driven drug switching function guarantees the stability of the genetic regulatory system and the repression of the diseased genes. Simulation results using proof-of-concept models and the proliferation and survival pathways with sequential drug inputs show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasiu Opeyemi Oduola
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
| | - Xiangfang Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
| | - Chang Duan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
| | - Lijun Qian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
| | - Fen Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Edward R Dougherty
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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11
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Brodaczewska KK, Szczylik C, Fiedorowicz M, Porta C, Czarnecka AM. Choosing the right cell line for renal cell cancer research. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:83. [PMID: 27993170 PMCID: PMC5168717 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell lines are still a tool of choice for many fields of biomedical research, including oncology. Although cancer is a very complex disease, many discoveries have been made using monocultures of established cell lines. Therefore, the proper use of in vitro models is crucial to enhance our understanding of cancer. Therapeutics against renal cell cancer (RCC) are also screened with the use of cell lines. Multiple RCC in vitro cultures are available, allowing in vivo heterogeneity in the laboratory, but at the same time, these can be a source of errors. In this review, we tried to sum up the data on the RCC cell lines used currently. An increasing amount of data on RCC shed new light on the molecular background of the disease; however, it revealed how much still needs to be done. As new types of RCC are being distinguished, novel cell lines and the re-exploration of old ones seems to be indispensable to create effective in vitro tools for drug screening and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia K Brodaczewska
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Fiedorowicz
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Science Medical Research Centre, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Camillo Porta
- Department of Medical Oncology, IRCCS San Matteo University Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Department of Oncology with Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Szaserow 128, 04-141, Warsaw, Poland.
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12
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Khan MI, Dębski KJ, Dabrowski M, Czarnecka AM, Szczylik C. Gene set enrichment analysis and ingenuity pathway analysis of metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell line. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F424-36. [PMID: 27279483 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00138.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, genome-wide RNA expression analysis has become a routine tool that offers a great opportunity to study and understand the key role of genes that contribute to carcinogenesis. Various microarray platforms and statistical approaches can be used to identify genes that might serve as prognostic biomarkers and be developed as antitumor therapies in the future. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is a serious, life-threatening disease, and there are few treatment options for patients. In this study, we performed one-color microarray gene expression (4×44K) analysis of the mRCC cell line Caki-1 and the healthy kidney cell line ASE-5063. A total of 1,921 genes were differentially expressed in the Caki-1 cell line (1,023 upregulated and 898 downregulated). Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) approaches were used to analyze the differential-expression data. The objective of this research was to identify complex biological changes that occur during metastatic development using Caki-1 as a model mRCC cell line. Our data suggest that there are multiple deregulated pathways associated with metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (mccRCC), including integrin-linked kinase (ILK) signaling, leukocyte extravasation signaling, IGF-I signaling, CXCR4 signaling, and phosphoinositol 3-kinase/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling. The IPA upstream analysis predicted top transcriptional regulators that are either activated or inhibited, such as estrogen receptors, TP53, KDM5B, SPDEF, and CDKN1A. The GSEA approach was used to further confirm enriched pathway data following IPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed I Khan
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; and
| | - Konrad J Dębski
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Dabrowski
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center of Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; and
| | - Cezary Szczylik
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland; and
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13
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Xue C, Tian Y, Zhang J, Zhao Y, Zhan J, Fang W, Zhang L. In vitro and in vivo efficacy of afatinib as a single agent or in combination with gemcitabine for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2016; 10:1299-306. [PMID: 27099475 PMCID: PMC4821387 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s94432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is usually overexpressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). We tested the antitumor effects of irreversible ErbB family inhibitor afatinib on human NPC using in vitro and in vivo models. Materials and methods The effect of afatinib on NPC cells was evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) assay, flow cytometry, and Western blot analyses. The effect of afatinib, as either a single agent or in combination with gemcitabine (GEM), on tumor growth was determined using NPC tumor xenografts in mice. Results Afatinib inhibited cell growth in all three NPC cell lines tested in a dose-dependent manner. Afatinib promoted cell cycle arrest at the S and G2/M phases, and it significantly inhibited epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced activation of EGFR and its downstream signaling factors. Co-treatment with afatinib and GEM more effectively inhibited tumor growth than either drug alone but was associated with increased toxicity. Conclusion Afatinib induced cell cycle arrest and inhibited the proliferation of NPC cell lines. Afatinib in combination with GEM demonstrated significant antitumor effect in an NPC xenograft model. The administration of afatinib with GEM in NPC needs to be modified in order to be effective and tolerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Xue
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhan
- Department of Research, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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14
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Hascoet P, Chesnel F, Le Goff C, Le Goff X, Arlot-Bonnemains Y. Unconventional Functions of Mitotic Kinases in Kidney Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2015; 5:241. [PMID: 26579493 PMCID: PMC4621426 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Human tumors exhibit a variety of genetic alterations, including point mutations, translocations, gene amplifications and deletions, as well as aneuploid chromosome numbers. For carcinomas, aneuploidy is associated with poor patient outcome for a large variety of tumor types, including breast, colon, and renal cell carcinoma. The Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogeneous carcinoma consisting of different histologic types. The clear renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common subtype and represents 85% of the RCC. Central to the biology of the ccRCC is the loss of function of the Von Hippel–Lindau gene, but is also associated with genetic instability that could be caused by abrogation of the cell cycle mitotic spindle checkpoint and may involve the Aurora kinases, which regulate centrosome maturation. Aneuploidy can also result from the loss of cell–cell adhesion and apical–basal cell polarity that also may be regulated by the mitotic kinases (polo-like kinase 1, casein kinase 2, doublecortin-like kinase 1, and Aurora kinases). In this review, we describe the “non-mitotic” unconventional functions of these kinases in renal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Hascoet
- UMR 6290 (IGDR), CNRS, University Rennes-1 , Rennes , France
| | - Franck Chesnel
- UMR 6290 (IGDR), CNRS, University Rennes-1 , Rennes , France
| | - Cathy Le Goff
- UMR 6290 (IGDR), CNRS, University Rennes-1 , Rennes , France
| | - Xavier Le Goff
- UMR 6290 (IGDR), CNRS, University Rennes-1 , Rennes , France
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