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Mao X, Omeogu C, Karanth S, Joshi A, Meernik C, Wilson L, Clark A, Deveaux A, He C, Johnson T, Barton K, Kaplan S, Akinyemiju T. Association of reproductive risk factors and breast cancer molecular subtypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:644. [PMID: 37430191 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Associations between reproductive factors and breast cancer (BC) risk vary by molecular subtype (i.e., luminal A, luminal B, HER2, and triple negative/basal-like [TNBC]). In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we summarized the associations between reproductive factors and BC subtypes. METHODS Studies from 2000 to 2021 were included if BC subtype was examined in relation to one of 11 reproductive risk factors: age at menarche, age at menopause, age at first birth, menopausal status, parity, breastfeeding, oral contraceptive (OC) use, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), pregnancy, years since last birth and abortion. For each reproductive risk factor, BC subtype, and study design (case-control/cohort or case-case), random-effects models were used to estimate pooled relative risks and 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS A total of 75 studies met the inclusion criteria for systematic review. Among the case-control/cohort studies, later age at menarche and breastfeeding were consistently associated with decreased risk of BC across all subtypes, while later age at menopause, later age of first childbirth, and nulliparity/low parity were associated with increased risk of luminal A, luminal B, and HER2 subtypes. In the case-only analysis, compared to luminal A, postmenopausal status increased the risk of HER2 and TNBC. Associations were less consistent across subtypes for OC and HRT use. CONCLUSION Identifying common risk factors across BC subtypes can enhance the tailoring of prevention strategies, and risk stratification models can benefit from subtype specificity. Adding breastfeeding status to current BC risk prediction models can enhance predictive ability, given the consistency of the associations across subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihua Mao
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Chioma Omeogu
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shama Karanth
- UF Health Cancer Canter, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ashwini Joshi
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Clare Meernik
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lauren Wilson
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amy Clark
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - April Deveaux
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chunyan He
- The Cancer Prevention and Control Research Program, University of Kentucky Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tisha Johnson
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Karen Barton
- Duke University Medical Center Library & Archives, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samantha Kaplan
- Duke University Medical Center Library & Archives, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tomi Akinyemiju
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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Dirilenoğlu F, Arıkan Etit D, Taşkaynatan H, Elmalı F. The Clinicopathological Significance of Basal Markers in Early-Stage Invasive Carcinoma of No Special Type of the Breast. Turk Patoloji Derg 2020; 36:195-204. [PMID: 32364614 PMCID: PMC10510611 DOI: 10.5146/tjpath.2020.01487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Basal markers [cytokeratin 5/6 (CK5/6) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)] are used in identifying the basal-like breast carcinoma subtype, which is associated with a poor prognosis. However, the clinicopathological significance in early-stage invasive carcinoma of no special type (IC, NST) has not been well established. MATERIAL AND METHOD In a five-year period, 133 female patients with early-stage IC, NST with a median follow-up time of 89 months were included. The immunohistochemistry-based molecular subtypes were identified according to ASCO/CAP guidelines in 2013. The cutoff values for basal positivity were determined as 10% for each marker. RESULTS Basal positivity was recorded in 83.3% (5/6) of triple-negative breast cancers, 50% (2/4) of HER2-enriched, 18.6% (13/70) of luminal B, and 8.3% of luminal A (4/48) subtype. CK5/6 and EGFR positivity were significantly associated with ER negativity (p < 0.001). EGFR positive cases were significantly associated with PR negativity and HER2 positivity compared to negative cases. However, basal positivity was not associated with the patient outcome (p = 0.006 and p = 0.004, respectively). CONCLUSION Basal positive IC, NSTs were associated with hormone receptor negativity and HER2 overexpression; these patients would therefore be less likely to respond to hormonotherapy and more likely to benefit from anti-HER2 treatment as well as dual-kinase inhibitors. The lack of standardization of the definition of basal marker positivity may contribute to the conflicting results of prognostic studies. Hence, further studies focusing on developing a standard protocol for determining basal marker positivity are needed not only for IC, NST but also for other histological types of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fikret Dirilenoğlu
- Department of Pathology, Near East University, Faculty of Medicine, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Demet Arıkan Etit
- Department of Pathology, Katip Celebi University Izmir Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Halil Taşkaynatan
- Department of Oncology, Katip Celebi University Izmir Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ferhan Elmalı
- Department of Biostatistics, Katip Celebi University Izmir Ataturk Training and Research Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
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Kumar N, Zhao D, Bhaumik D, Sethi A, Gann PH. Quantification of intrinsic subtype ambiguity in Luminal A breast cancer and its relationship to clinical outcomes. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:215. [PMID: 30849944 PMCID: PMC6408846 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5392-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PAM50 gene profiling assigns each cancer to a single intrinsic subtype. However, individual cancers vary in their adherence to a prototype, and due to bulk tissue sampling, some may exhibit expression patterns that indicate intra-tumor admixture of multiple subtypes. Our objective was to develop admixture metrics from PAM50 gene expression profiles in order to stratify Luminal A (LumA) cases according to their degree of subtype admixture, and then relate such admixture to clinical and molecular variables. Methods We re-constructed scaled, normalized PAM50 profiles for 1980 cases (674 LumA) in the METABRIC cohort and for each case computed its Mahalanobis (M-) distance from its assigned centroid and M-distance from all other centroids. We used t-SNE plots to visualize overlaps in subtype clustering. With Normal-like cases excluded, we developed two metrics: Median Distance Criteria (MDC) classified pure cases as those located within the 50th percentile of the LumA centroid and > =50th percentile from any other centroid. Distance Ratio Criteria (DRC) was computed as the ratio of M-distances from the LumA centroid to the nearest non-assigned centroid. Pure and admixed LumA cases were compared on clinical/molecular traits. TCGA LumA cases (n = 509) provided independent validation. Results Compared to pure cases in METABRIC, admixed ones had older age at diagnosis, larger tumor size, and higher grade and stage. These associations were stronger for the DRC metric compared to MDC. Admixed cases were associated with HER2 gain, high proliferation, higher PAM50 recurrence scores, more frequent TP53 mutation, and less frequent PIK3CA mutation. Similar results were observed in the TCGA validation cohort, which also showed a positive association between admixture and number of clonal populations estimated by PyClone. LumA-LumB confusion predominated, but other combinations were also present. Degree of admixture was associated with overall survival in both cohorts, as was disease-free survival in TCGA, independent of age, grade and stage (HR = 2.85, Tertile 3 vs.1). Conclusions Luminal A breast cancers subgrouped based on PAM50 subtype purity support the hypothesis that admixed cases have worse clinical features and survival. Future analyses will explore more extensive genomic metrics for admixture and their spatial significance within a single tumor. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5392-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abadie J, Nguyen F, Loussouarn D, Peña L, Gama A, Rieder N, Belousov A, Bemelmans I, Jaillardon L, Ibisch C, Campone M. Canine invasive mammary carcinomas as models of human breast cancer. Part 2: immunophenotypes and prognostic significance. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 167:459-468. [PMID: 29063312 PMCID: PMC5790838 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4542-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Relevant animal models of human breast cancer are currently needed, especially for the aggressive triple-negative breast cancer subtype. Recent studies and our results (Part 1) indicate that spontaneous canine invasive mammary carcinomas (CMCs) resemble human breast cancer by clinics and pathology as well as behavior and prognostic indicators. We hypothesized that the current molecular classifications of human breast cancer, used for therapeutic decision, could be relevant to dogs. METHODS Three hundred and fifty female dogs with spontaneous CMC and a 2-year follow-up were retrospectively included. By immunohistochemistry, CMCs were classified according to Nielsen (Clin Cancer Res 10:5367-5374, 2004) and Blows (PlosOne doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000279, 2010) into the subtypes of human breast cancer. RESULTS Four immunophenotypes were defined either according to Nielsen classification (luminal A 14.3%, luminal B 9.4%, triple-negative basal-like 58.6%, and triple-negative nonbasal-like 17.7% CMCs); or to Blows classification (luminal 1-: 11.4%, luminal 1+: 12.3%, Core basal phenotype: 58.6%, and five-negative phenotype: 17.7%). No HER2-overexpressing CMC as defined by a 3 + immunohistochemical score was observed in our cohort. By univariate and multivariate analyses, both immunophenotypical classifications applied to CMCs showed strong prognostic significance: luminal A or luminal 1+ CMCs showed a significantly longer disease-free interval (HR = 0.46), Overall (HR = 0.47), and Specific Survival (HR = 0.56) compared to triple-negative carcinomas, after adjustment for stage. CONCLUSIONS In our cohort, triple-negative CMCs largely predominated (76%), were much more prevalent than in human beings, and showed an aggressive natural behavior after mastectomy. Dogs are thus potent valuable spontaneous models to test new therapeutic strategies for this particular subtype of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Abadie
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Animal cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC), Site de la Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France.
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Frédérique Nguyen
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Animal cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC), Site de la Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Department of Pathology, University hospital, Nantes, France
| | - Laura Peña
- Department of Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adelina Gama
- Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Natascha Rieder
- Pathology and Tissue Analytics, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anton Belousov
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Laëtitia Jaillardon
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine and Food Sciences, LDHVet, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Ibisch
- Oniris, Nantes Atlantic College of Veterinary Medicine, Food Science and Engineering, Animal cancers, Models for Research in Comparative Oncology (AMaROC), Site de la Chantrerie, Route de Gachet, CS40706, 44307, Nantes, France
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Mario Campone
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Angers, France
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San TH, Fujisawa M, Fushimi S, Soe L, Min NW, Yoshimura T, Ohara T, Yee MM, Oda S, Matsukawa A. Molecular Subtypes of Breast Cancers from Myanmar Women: A Study of 91 Cases at Two Pathology Centers. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:1617-1621. [PMID: 28670879 PMCID: PMC6373824 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.6.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Myanmar women. Revealing the hormonal receptor
status, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) and Ki-67 expression is useful for estimating patient
prognosis as well as determination of treatment strategy. However, immunohistochemical features and classification of
molecular subtypes in breast cancers from Myanmar remain unknown. Methods: The clinicopathological features of
91 breast cancers from Myanmar women were examined. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue specimens
with antibodies to estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PgR), HER2, Ki-67, cytokeratin (CK)5/6 and CK14.
Immunohistochemistry-based molecular subtyping was conducted. Results: Breast cancers in Myanmar women were
relatively large, high grade with frequent metastatic lymph nodes. Of the 91 patients, tumors with ER positive, PgR
positive, and HER2 positive were 57.1%, 37.4%, and 28.6%, respectively. The most prevalent subtype was luminal B
(HER2-) (39.6%), followed by HER2 (22.0%), triple negative (TN)-basal-like (12.1%), luminal A (11.0%), TN-null
(8.8%) and luminal B (HER2+) (6.6%). The mean Ki-67 expression of 91 cases was 33.9% (33.9% ± 19.2%) and the
median was 28% (range; 4%-90%). The mean Ki-67 expression of luminal A, luminal B, HER2 and TN-basal-like/
null was 7%, 30%, 40%, and 57%/43%, respectively. A higher Ki-67 expression significantly correlated with a higher
grade, larger size and higher stage of malignancy. Conclusions: We, for the first time, investigated the histopathological
features of breast cancers from Myanmar women. Myanmar breast cancers appeared to be aggressive in nature, as
evidenced by high frequency of poor-prognosis subtypes with high level of Ki-67 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thar Htet San
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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Basal markers and prognosis in luminal breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 163:207-217. [PMID: 28258354 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Basal marker expression in triple-negative breast cancers identifies basal-like tumours, and thus separates the TN group into two prognostic groups. However, the expression and prognostic significance of basal markers in luminal breast cancers are poorly described. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and prognostic value of basal markers (CK5, CK14 and EGFR) in luminal breast cancer. METHODS A total of 1423 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast cancer tumours from a well-characterized cohort of Norwegian women, previously reclassified into molecular subtypes using IHC and ISH, were included in the study. For the present study, tumours expressing at least one of the basal markers CK5, CK14 or EGFR were defined as basal marker positive. Cumulative incidence of death from breast cancer and hazard ratio analyses were used to assess prognosis according to basal marker expression. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In total, 470 cases (33.0%) were basal marker positive. A higher proportion of the basal marker-positive tumours were of histopathological grade 3 compared to basal marker negative. For hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative cases, we found better prognosis for basal marker-positive breast cancer compared to basal marker negative. For all subtypes combined, poorer prognosis for basal marker-negative cases was found in histopathological grade 2 tumours but not among grade 1 and 3.
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