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Nakagiri T, Amatya VJ, Kushitani K, Kambara T, Aoe K, Endo I, Miyata Y, Okada M, Takeshima Y. SPARC Is a Novel Positive Immunohistochemical Marker of Epithelioid Mesothelioma to Differentiate It From Lung Adenocarcinoma and/or Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2024; 48:140-149. [PMID: 37899530 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000002147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Epithelioid mesothelioma with a solid histologic pattern (solid epithelioid mesothelioma) is difficult to distinguish from a poorly differentiated squamous cell lung carcinoma and/or solid lung adenocarcinoma. Thus, immunohistochemical markers are essential for diagnosis; however, the sensitivity and specificity of pre-existing mesothelial markers are suboptimal, particularly for differentiation from squamous cell carcinoma. Using a cancer-dependency map, we analyzed gene expression data of pleural mesothelioma and non-small cell lung cancer cell lines (squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma) and identified secreted protein acidic and cysteine-rich (SPARC) as a promising candidate for the differential diagnosis of epithelioid mesothelioma from lung squamous cell carcinoma and/or lung adenocarcinoma. SPARC expression in mesothelioma and lung cancer cell lines was validated using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using anti-SPARC antibodies against solid epithelioid mesothelioma, solid lung adenocarcinoma, and poorly differentiated lung squamous cell carcinoma. SPARC positivity was seen in 42/45 (93.3%) of solid epithelioid mesothelioma, 2/40 (5%) solid lung adenocarcinoma, and 2/45 (4.5%) of lung squamous cell carcinomas. The sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy for differentiating solid epithelioid mesothelioma from lung cancer (solid lung adenocarcinoma and poorly differentiated lung squamous cell carcinoma) were 93.3, 95.2, and 94.6%, respectively. In conclusion, SPARC is a novel mesothelial marker that can be used to differentiate epithelioid mesothelioma from squamous cell carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Nakagiri
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Vishwa J Amatya
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Kei Kushitani
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Takahiro Kambara
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Kohei Aoe
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Ihiro Endo
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
| | - Yoshihiro Miyata
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Center for Radiation Casualty Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Morihito Okada
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Research Center for Radiation Casualty Medicine, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukio Takeshima
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences
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2
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Wu L, de Perrot M. Omics Overview of the SPARC Gene in Mesothelioma. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1103. [PMID: 37509139 PMCID: PMC10377476 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The SPARC gene plays multiple roles in extracellular matrix synthesis and cell shaping, associated with tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. The SPARC gene is also involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, which is a critical phenomenon leading to a more aggressive cancer cell phenotype. SPARC gene overexpression has shown to be associated with poor survival in the mesothelioma (MESO) cohort from the TCGA database, indicating that this gene may be a powerful prognostic factor in MESO. Its overexpression is correlated with the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Here, we summarize the omics advances of the SPARC gene, including the summary of SPARC gene expression associated with prognosis in pancancer and MESO, the immunosuppressive microenvironment, and cancer cell stemness. In addition, SPARC might be targeted by microRNAs. Notably, despite the controversial functions on angiogenesis, SPARC may directly or indirectly contribute to tumor angiogenesis in MESO. In conclusion, SPARC is involved in tumor invasion, metastasis, immunosuppression, cancer cell stemness, and tumor angiogenesis, eventually impacting patient survival. Strategies targeting this gene may provide novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of MESO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licun Wu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), 9N-961, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
| | - Marc de Perrot
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), 9N-961, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
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3
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Palstrøm NB, Overgaard M, Licht P, Beck HC. Identification of Highly Sensitive Pleural Effusion Protein Biomarkers for Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma by Affinity-Based Quantitative Proteomics. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030641. [PMID: 36765599 PMCID: PMC9913626 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an asbestos-associated, highly aggressive cancer characterized by late-stage diagnosis and poor prognosis. Gold standards for diagnosis are pleural biopsy and cytology of pleural effusion (PE), both of which are limited by low sensitivity and markedly inter-observer variations. Therefore, the assessment of PE biomarkers is considered a viable and objective diagnostic tool for MPM diagnosis. We applied a novel affinity-enrichment mass spectrometry-based proteomics method for explorative analysis of pleural effusions from a prospective cohort of 84 patients referred for thoracoscopy due to clinical suspicion of MPM. Protein biomarkers with a high capability to discriminate MPM from non-MPM patients were identified, and a Random Forest algorithm was applied for building classification models. Immunohistology of pleural biopsies confirmed MPM in 40 patients and ruled out MPM in 44 patients. Proteomic analysis of pleural effusions identified panels of proteins with excellent diagnostic properties (90-100% sensitivities, 89-98% specificities, and AUC 0.97-0.99) depending on the specific protein combination. Diagnostic proteins associated with cancer growth included galactin-3 binding protein, testican-2, haptoglobin, Beta ig-h3, and protein AMBP. Moreover, we also confirmed previously reported diagnostic accuracies of the MPM markers fibulin-3 and mesothelin measured by two complementary mass spectrometry-based methods. In conclusion, a novel affinity-enrichment mass spectrometry-based proteomics identified panels of proteins in pleural effusion with extraordinary diagnostic accuracies, which are described here for the first time as biomarkers for MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai B. Palstrøm
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Overgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Peter Licht
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Hans C. Beck
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
- Correspondence:
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Wani S, Humaira, Farooq I, Ali S, Rehman MU, Arafah A. Proteomic profiling and its applications in cancer research. Proteomics 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-95072-5.00015-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
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5
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Ghanemi A, Yoshioka M, St-Amand J. Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine as an Exercise-Induced Gene: Towards Novel Molecular Therapies for Immobilization-Related Muscle Atrophy in Elderly Patients. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061014. [PMID: 35741776 PMCID: PMC9223229 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long periods of immobilization, among other etiologies, would result is muscle atrophy. Exercise is the best approach to reverse this atrophy. However, the limited or the non-ability to perform the required physical activity for such patients and the limited pharmacological options make developing novel therapeutic approaches a necessity. Within this context, secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) has been characterized as an exercise-induced gene. Whereas the knock-out of this gene leads to a phenotype that mimics number of the ageing-induced and sarcopenia-related changes including muscle atrophy, overexpressing SPARC in mice or adding it to muscular cell culture produces similar effects as exercise including enhanced muscle mass, strength and metabolism. Therefore, this piece of writing aims to provide evidence supporting the potential use of SPARC/SPARC as a molecular therapy for muscle atrophy in the context of immobilization especially for elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelaziz Ghanemi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Mayumi Yoshioka
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
| | - Jonny St-Amand
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Endocrinology and Nephrology Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Quebec, QC G1V 4G2, Canada;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(418)-654-2296
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A panel of emerging EMT genes identified in malignant mesothelioma. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1007. [PMID: 35046456 PMCID: PMC8770645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-04973-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma (MESO) is a highly aggressive cancer with poor prognosis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process in malignancies involved in tumor angiogenesis, progression, invasion and metastasis, immunosuppressive microenvironment and therapy resistance. However, there is a lack of specific biomarkers to identify EMT in MESO. Biphasic MESO with dual phenotypes could be an optimal model to study EMT process. Using a powerful EMTome to investigate EMT gene signature, we identified a panel of EMT genes COL5A2, ITGAV, SPARC and ACTA2 in MESO. In combination with TCGA database, Timer2.0 and other resources, we observed that overexpression of these emerging genes is positively correlated with immunosuppressive infiltration, and an unfavorable factor to patient survival in MESO. The expression of these genes was confirmed in our patients and human cell lines. Our findings suggest that these genes may be novel targets for therapeutics and prognosis in MESO and other types of cancers.
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Ollila H, Paajanen J, Wolff H, Ilonen I, Sutinen E, Välimäki K, Östman A, Anttila S, Kettunen E, Räsänen J, Kallioniemi O, Myllärniemi M, Mäyränpää MI, Pellinen T. High tumor cell platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta expression is associated with shorter survival in malignant pleural epithelioid mesothelioma. J Pathol Clin Res 2021; 7:482-494. [PMID: 33955203 PMCID: PMC8363931 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has a rich stromal component containing mesenchymal fibroblasts. However, the properties and interplay of MPM tumor cells and their surrounding stromal fibroblasts are poorly characterized. Our objective was to spatially profile known mesenchymal markers in both tumor cells and associated fibroblasts and correlate their expression with patient survival. The primary study cohort consisted of 74 MPM patients, including 16 patients who survived at least 60 months. We analyzed location-specific tissue expression of seven fibroblast markers in clinical samples using multiplexed fluorescence immunohistochemistry (mfIHC) and digital image analysis. Effect on survival was assessed using Cox regression analyses. The outcome measurement was all-cause mortality. Univariate analysis revealed that high expression of secreted protein acidic and cysteine rich (SPARC) and fibroblast activation protein in stromal cells was associated with shorter survival. Importantly, high expression of platelet-derived growth factor receptor beta (PDGFRB) in tumor cells, but not in stromal cells, was associated with shorter survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.02, p < 0.001). A multivariable survival analysis adjusted for clinical parameters and stromal mfIHC markers revealed that tumor cell PDGFRB and stromal SPARC remained independently associated with survival (HR = 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.00-1.03 and HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.00-1.11, respectively). The prognostic effect of PDGFRB was validated with an artificial intelligence-based analysis method and further externally validated in another cohort of 117 MPM patients. In external validation, high tumor cell PDGFRB expression associated with shorter survival, especially in the epithelioid subtype. Our findings suggest PDGFRB and SPARC as potential markers for risk stratification and as targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hely Ollila
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineHeart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Juuso Paajanen
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineHeart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Henrik Wolff
- Laboratory of PathologyFinnish Institute of Occupational HealthHelsinkiFinland
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ilkka Ilonen
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of General Thoracic and Esophageal SurgeryHeart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Eva Sutinen
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineHeart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Katja Välimäki
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Arne Östman
- Department of Oncology‐PathologyKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
| | - Sisko Anttila
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Eeva Kettunen
- Laboratory of PathologyFinnish Institute of Occupational HealthHelsinkiFinland
| | - Jari Räsänen
- Department of General Thoracic and Esophageal SurgeryHeart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Olli Kallioniemi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Marjukka Myllärniemi
- Individualized Drug Therapy Research Program, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineHeart and Lung Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Mikko I Mäyränpää
- Department of PathologyUniversity of Helsinki and Helsinki University HospitalHelsinkiFinland
| | - Teijo Pellinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE)University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
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Morani F, Bisceglia L, Rosini G, Mutti L, Melaiu O, Landi S, Gemignani F. Identification of Overexpressed Genes in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052738. [PMID: 33800494 PMCID: PMC7962966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a fatal tumor lacking effective therapies. The characterization of overexpressed genes could constitute a strategy for identifying drivers of tumor progression as targets for novel therapies. Thus, we performed an integrated gene-expression analysis on RNAseq data of 85 MPM patients from TCGA dataset and reference samples from the GEO. The gene list was further refined by using published studies, a functional enrichment analysis, and the correlation between expression and patients' overall survival. Three molecular signatures defined by 15 genes were detected. Seven genes were involved in cell adhesion and extracellular matrix organization, with the others in control of the mitotic cell division or apoptosis inhibition. Using Western blot analyses, we found that ADAMTS1, PODXL, CIT, KIF23, MAD2L1, TNNT1, and TRAF2 were overexpressed in a limited number of cell lines. On the other hand, interestingly, CTHRC1, E-selectin, SPARC, UHRF1, PRSS23, BAG2, and MDK were abundantly expressed in over 50% of the six MPM cell lines analyzed. Thus, these proteins are candidates as drivers for sustaining the tumorigenic process. More studies with small-molecule inhibitors or silencing RNAs are fully justified and need to be undertaken to better evaluate the cancer-driving role of the targets herewith identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Morani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.M.); (L.B.); (G.R.); (O.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Luisa Bisceglia
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.M.); (L.B.); (G.R.); (O.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Giulia Rosini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.M.); (L.B.); (G.R.); (O.M.); (F.G.)
| | - Luciano Mutti
- Center for Biotechnology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
| | - Ombretta Melaiu
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.M.); (L.B.); (G.R.); (O.M.); (F.G.)
- Paediatric Haematology/Oncology Department, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Landi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.M.); (L.B.); (G.R.); (O.M.); (F.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-221-1528
| | - Federica Gemignani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (F.M.); (L.B.); (G.R.); (O.M.); (F.G.)
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Bao JM, Dang Q, Lin CJ, Lo UG, Feldkoren B, Dang A, Hernandez E, Li F, Panwar V, Lee CF, Cen JJ, Guan B, Margulis V, Kapur P, Brekken RA, Luo JH, Hsieh JT, Tan WL. SPARC is a key mediator of TGF-β-induced renal cancer metastasis. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:1926-1938. [PMID: 32780451 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is associated with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) progression by inducing cancer metastasis. However, the downstream effector(s) in TGF-β signaling pathway is not fully characterized. In the present study, the elevation of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) as a TGF-β regulated gene in RCC was identified by applying differentially expressed gene analysis and microarray analysis, we further confirmed this result in several RCC cell lines. Clinically, the expression of these two genes is positively correlated in RCC patient specimens. Furthermore, elevated SPARC expression is found in all the subtypes of RCC and positively correlated with the RCC stage and grade. In contrast, SPARC expression is inversely correlated with overall and disease-free survival of patients with RCC, suggesting SPARC as a potent prognostic marker of RCC patient survival. Knocking down SPARC significantly inhibits RCC cell invasion and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Similarly, in vitro cell invasion can be diminished by using a specific monoclonal antibody. Mechanistically, SPARC activates protein kinase B (AKT) pathway leading to elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 that can facilitate RCC invasion. Altogether, our data support that SPARC is a critical role of TGF-β signaling network underlying RCC progression and a potential therapeutic target as well as a prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ming Bao
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Qiang Dang
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun-Jung Lin
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - U-Ging Lo
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Boris Feldkoren
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Andrew Dang
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Elizabeth Hernandez
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Vandana Panwar
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Cheng-Fan Lee
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jun-Jie Cen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bing Guan
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Vitaly Margulis
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Payal Kapur
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rolf A Brekken
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery and Pharmacology, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jun-Hang Luo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jer-Tsong Hsieh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Wan-Long Tan
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Viscardi G, Di Natale D, Fasano M, Brambilla M, Lobefaro R, De Toma A, Galli G. Circulating biomarkers in malignant pleural mesothelioma. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2020; 1:434-451. [PMID: 36046389 PMCID: PMC9400735 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2020.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive tumor strictly connected to asbestos exposure. Prognosis is dismal as diagnosis commonly occurs in advanced stage. Radiological screenings have not proven to be effective and also pathological diagnosis may be challenging. In the era of precision oncology, validation of robust non-invasive biomarkers for screening of asbestos-exposed individuals, assessment of prognosis and prediction of response to treatments remains an important unmet clinical need. This review provides an overview on current understanding and possible applications of liquid biopsy in MPM, mostly focused on the utility as diagnostic and prognostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Viscardi
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy 2Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Di Natale
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Morena Fasano
- Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marta Brambilla
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Lobefaro
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro De Toma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulia Galli
- Department of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133 Milan, Italy
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11
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Wang L, Wang W, Xu Y, Wang Q. Low Levels of SPARC are Associated with Tumor Progression and Poor Prognosis in Human Endometrial Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:11549-11569. [PMID: 33204109 PMCID: PMC7667597 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s277795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine), also known as osteonectin, BM-40, and 43 K protein, is a matricellular protein associated with various tumor progressions. The aim of this research was to investigate the prognostic value of SPARC in endometrial carcinoma (EC) and its function in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Methods From both mRNA and protein levels, SPARC expression in normal endometrial tissue and EC tissue, normal endometrial cells and 4 EC cell lines (KLE, HEC-1A, HEC-1B, Ishikawa) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or immunocytochemistry (ICC), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting. RNA interference mediated by lentivirus was performed to get the stable SPARC down-expressing cells. The functional analysis techniques in vitro and in vivo were used to detect the effects of SPARC knockdown on EC cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and metastasis. Results The expressions of SPARC in EC tissues and cells were much lower than those in normal endometrial cells and tissues; meanwhile, its low expression was closely related to the malignant clinicopathological characteristics of EC. SPARC knockdown could inhibit apoptosis, promote the process of EMT and improve the proliferation and invasion capacities of EC cells in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion The low expression of SPARC was detected in EC tissues and cells, which was positively correlated with the poor prognosis of EC patients. SPARC acted as a tumor suppressor gene that hindered EC progression, which proposed a new therapeutic strategy for EC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangchun Xu
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, People's Republic of China
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Challenges and Opportunities in Clinical Applications of Blood-Based Proteomics in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092428. [PMID: 32867043 PMCID: PMC7564506 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The traditional approach in identifying cancer related protein biomarkers has focused on evaluation of a single peptide/protein in tissue or circulation. At best, this approach has had limited success for clinical applications, since multiple pathological tumor pathways may be involved during initiation or progression of cancer which diminishes the significance of a single candidate protein/peptide. Emerging sensitive proteomic based technologies like liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based quantitative proteomics can provide a platform for evaluating serial serum or plasma samples to interrogate secreted products of tumor–host interactions, thereby revealing a more “complete” repertoire of biological variables encompassing heterogeneous tumor biology. However, several challenges need to be met for successful application of serum/plasma based proteomics. These include uniform pre-analyte processing of specimens, sensitive and specific proteomic analytical platforms and adequate attention to study design during discovery phase followed by validation of discovery-level signatures for prognostic, predictive, and diagnostic cancer biomarker applications. Abstract Blood is a readily accessible biofluid containing a plethora of important proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites that can be used as clinical diagnostic tools in diseases, including cancer. Like the on-going efforts for cancer biomarker discovery using the liquid biopsy detection of circulating cell-free and cell-based tumor nucleic acids, the circulatory proteome has been underexplored for clinical cancer biomarker applications. A comprehensive proteome analysis of human serum/plasma with high-quality data and compelling interpretation can potentially provide opportunities for understanding disease mechanisms, although several challenges will have to be met. Serum/plasma proteome biomarkers are present in very low abundance, and there is high complexity involved due to the heterogeneity of cancers, for which there is a compelling need to develop sensitive and specific proteomic technologies and analytical platforms. To date, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based quantitative proteomics has been a dominant analytical workflow to discover new potential cancer biomarkers in serum/plasma. This review will summarize the opportunities of serum proteomics for clinical applications; the challenges in the discovery of novel biomarkers in serum/plasma; and current proteomic strategies in cancer research for the application of serum/plasma proteomics for clinical prognostic, predictive, and diagnostic applications, as well as for monitoring minimal residual disease after treatments. We will highlight some of the recent advances in MS-based proteomics technologies with appropriate sample collection, processing uniformity, study design, and data analysis, focusing on how these integrated workflows can identify novel potential cancer biomarkers for clinical applications.
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Kowalczyk T, Ciborowski M, Kisluk J, Kretowski A, Barbas C. Mass spectrometry based proteomics and metabolomics in personalized oncology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165690. [PMID: 31962175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine (PM) means the customization of healthcare with decisions and practices adjusted to the individual patient. It includes personalized diagnostics, patients' sub-classification, individual treatment selection and the monitoring of its effectiveness. Currently, in oncology, PM is based on the molecular and cellular features of a tumor, its microenvironment and the patient's genetics and lifestyle. Surprisingly, the available targeted therapies were found effective only in a subset of patients. An in-depth understanding of tumor biology is crucial to improve their effectiveness and develop new therapeutic targets. Completion of genetic information with proteomics and metabolomics can give broader knowledge about tumor biology which consequently provides novel biomarkers and indicates new therapeutic targets. Recently, metabolomics and proteomics have extensively been applied in the field of oncology. In the context of PM, human studies, with the use of mass spectrometry (MS) which allows the detection of thousands of molecules in a large number of samples, are the most valuable. Such studies, focused on cancer biomarkers discovery or patients' stratification, are presented in this review. Moreover, the technical aspects of MS-based clinical proteomics and metabolomics are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Kisluk
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.
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Jiang X, Liu F, Wang Y, Gao J. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and acquisition of cancerstem cell phenotypes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34:1860-1868. [PMID: 31041810 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular glycoprotein that plays a significant role in tumor development. SPARC has been indicated that promotes tumorigenesis, metastasis, and poor prognosis in prostate cancer and lung cancer. Therefore, we sought to investigate the molecular mechanisms of SPARC in regulating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS We used spheroids cultured in serum-free culture medium to obtain liver cancer stem cells. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to investigate percentage of CD133+ cells in liver cancer cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to assess gene expression in cell lines. Transwell and wound healing assays were performed to indicate cell migration of HCC. RESULTS Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine was upregulated in spheres formation in HCC cells. Overexpression of SPARC enhanced the ability to form tumor spheres and increased CD133 and Oct4 expressions. Besides, SPARC promoted the migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HCC cells. Importantly, SPARC overexpression stimulated the formation of subcutaneous tumors in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that SPARC overexpression promotes tumor growth, inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and acquisition of a stem cell phenotype. What is more, research elucidating the biological mechanisms of SPARC may be beneficial to liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengchao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiying Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Fu Y, Tang M, Xiang X, Liu K, Xu X. Glucose affects cell viability, migration, angiogenesis and cellular adhesion of human retinal capillary endothelial cells via SPARC. Exp Ther Med 2018; 17:273-283. [PMID: 30651792 PMCID: PMC6307404 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) has been recently identified to be associated with the pathology of diabetic retinopathy. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the regulatory role of SPARC in human retinal capillary endothelial cells (HRCECs), following exposure to a high glucose environment in vitro. The cell viability, migration, angiogenesis, permeability and SPARC expression levels of HRCECs were measured following treatment with different concentrations of glucose (25, 50 or 100 mM). Lentiviral vectors (LV185-pL_shRNA_mKate2-SPARC-543; target sequence, GGATGAGGACAACAACCTTCT) that inhibit the expression of SPARC were constructed, and HRCECs were evaluated when infected by viruses carrying the lentiviral vectors. Cell viability was examined using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The expression of SPARC in HRCECs increased as the concentration of glucose in the culture medium increased. Relatively high concentrations of glucose significantly inhibited cell proliferation (P<0.05), migration (P<0.05), angiogenesis (P<0.01), and the expression of ZO, occludin, claudin and JAM1 in tight junctions (P<0.01), gap junctions (Cx37 and Cx43; P<0.01) and adherens junctions (VE-cadherin, CTNNA1 and CTNNB1; P<0.05). However, when SPARC was downregulated by lentiviral vectors, the inhibitions induced by high concentrations of glucose were partially reversed. To conclude, the inhibitory effects on cell viability, migration, angiogenesis and cellular adhesion of HRCECs induced by high concentrations of glucose were reversed once the expression of SPARC was inhibited. These findings suggest that SPARC may serve an important role in pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqiong Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
| | - Xun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Disease, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China
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Chu Y, Lai YH, Lee MC, Yeh YJ, Wu YK, Tsao W, Huang CY, Wu S. Calsyntenin-1, clusterin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin are candidate serological biomarkers for lung adenocarcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107964-107976. [PMID: 29296216 PMCID: PMC5746118 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been drawn attention that secreted proteins with signal peptide from cancer cells provide new potential biomarkers of cancer. In this study, three lung adenocarcinoma cell lines and serum samples from 20 patients were used for identifying potential serologic tumor biomarker with proteomic and bioinformatics approaches. One-dimensional electrophoresis, and identified with mass spectrometry and database research were performed. We found17 secreted proteins in common, while another 17 proteins with signal peptide were identified in all three lung adenocarcinoma cell lines alone with patient samples. With matching these two groups of identified proteins, calsyntenin-1 (CLSTN1), clusterin (CLU) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) were found highly secreted from both cell lines and serum with unique signal peptides. Therefore, in our study, we demonstrated that cancer cells secret specific proteins to the environment that may serve as unique markers for cancer diagnosis. To combination of proteomic study with bioinformatic prediction on signal peptides, higher expression level of CLSTN1, CLU and NGAL were found and may be new solid serologic biomarkers for patients with lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Chu
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Heng Lai
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Lee
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Yeh
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, San Jose State University, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Yao-Kuang Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayne Tsao
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yao Huang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Semon Wu
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan
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The relationship between stromal cell derived SPARC in human gastric cancer tissue and its clinicopathologic significance. Oncotarget 2017; 8:86240-86252. [PMID: 29156791 PMCID: PMC5689681 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aimed to investigate the cellular source of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) in gastric cancer tissues and the relationship between SPARC expression and its prognostic significance. Methods The expression of SPARC in 365 primary advanced gastric adenocarcinomas and 39 non-cancerous tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. Double-immunofluorescence staining was used to reveal the cellular source of SPARC in tumor tissues. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were applied for verifying the endogenous expression of SPARC in human cell lines of gastric cancer and fibroblast. Results Higher positivity of SPARC was observed in gastric cancer tissues than non-cancerous gastric tissues (P=0.000). The positivity of SPARC was related to age (P=0.032), tumor location (P=0.018), depth of tumor invasion (P=0.011), nodal metastasis (P=0.023), TNM stage (P=0.034), the differentiation degree (P=0.006) and pathological type (P=0.002) of gastric cancer. SPARC in gastric cancer tissues was mainly expressed by cancer-associated fibroblasts. SPARC also appeared in neovascular endothelial cells and a few tumor-associated macrophages. The endogenous expression of SPARC in fibroblasts was suppressed by mucus-producing gastric adenocarcinoma cells(MKN-45). Increased SPARC expression in gastric cancer tissue was suggestive of a shorter cumulative survival in the patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, though this difference was not statistically significant(P>0.05). Conclusion SPARC in human gastric cancer tissue was derived from the stromal cells and was mainly produced by cancer-associated fibroblasts. Production of SPARC in fibroblasts was reduced by the mucus-producing gastric adenocarcinoma cells.
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Wu J, Zhang JR, Jiang XQ, Cao XG. Correlation between secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine protein expression and the prognosis of postoperative patients exhibiting esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:3401-3406. [PMID: 28713937 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the expression level of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and the prognosis of postoperative patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The expression level of SPARC was detected in the 89 ESCC tissue cases and 100 healthy esophageal mucosa cases, which served as the controls. Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction (RT‑PCR) were employed to evaluate the SPARC expression in cases with ESCC. RT‑PCR demonstrated that the positive rates of SPARC mRNA expression in ESCC were 71.91% (64/89). The positive rates of normal esophageal mucosa mRNA expression were 15.00% (15/100), which were significantly lower than that in the ESCC tissue samples. The difference was statistically significant (P<0.001). Immunohistochemical staining indicated that the positive expression rate of SPARC protein in the ESCC tissue samples was significantly higher than that in the esophageal mucosa tissue samples (65.17 vs. 8.00%; P<0.001). The expression of SPARC protein was negatively correlated with lymph node metastasis (P<0.05), which was not associated with the pathologic gross morphology, tumor differentiation degree or other clinical features. The survival of patients with ESCC was not associated with the expression level of SPARC protein (P>0.05), but was associated with the tumor location (P<0.05), differentiation (P<0.001) and staging (P<0.05). Thus, SPARC mRNA and protein were highly expressed in ESCC, and negatively correlated with lymph node metastasis, which was not associated with postoperative survival of ESCC patients. Thus, detection of SPARC mRNA and protein expression levels may facilitate early diagnosis and prognosis assessment of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Rong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The People's Hospital of Dafeng, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224100, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Qiu Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The People's Hospital of Dafeng, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224100, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Guang Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, P.R. China
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