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Horánszky A, Becker JL, Zana M, Ferguson-Smith AC, Dinnyés A. Epigenetic Mechanisms of ART-Related Imprinting Disorders: Lessons From iPSC and Mouse Models. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111704. [PMID: 34828310 PMCID: PMC8620286 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rising frequency of ART-conceived births is accompanied by the need for an improved understanding of the implications of ART on gametes and embryos. Increasing evidence from mouse models and human epidemiological data suggests that ART procedures may play a role in the pathophysiology of certain imprinting disorders (IDs), including Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Silver-Russell syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, and Angelman syndrome. The underlying molecular basis of this association, however, requires further elucidation. In this review, we discuss the epigenetic and imprinting alterations of in vivo mouse models and human iPSC models of ART. Mouse models have demonstrated aberrant regulation of imprinted genes involved with ART-related IDs. In the past decade, iPSC technology has provided a platform for patient-specific cellular models of culture-associated perturbed imprinting. However, despite ongoing efforts, a deeper understanding of the susceptibility of iPSCs to epigenetic perturbation is required if they are to be reliably used for modelling ART-associated IDs. Comparing the patterns of susceptibility of imprinted genes in mouse models and IPSCs in culture improves the current understanding of the underlying mechanisms of ART-linked IDs with implications for our understanding of the influence of environmental factors such as culture and hormone treatments on epigenetically important regions of the genome such as imprints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Horánszky
- BioTalentum Ltd., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.H.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Animal Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Jessica L. Becker
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK; (J.L.B.); (A.C.F.-S.)
| | - Melinda Zana
- BioTalentum Ltd., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.H.); (M.Z.)
| | - Anne C. Ferguson-Smith
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK; (J.L.B.); (A.C.F.-S.)
| | - András Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd., H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (A.H.); (M.Z.)
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Animal Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
- HCEMM-USZ Stem Cell Research Group, Hungarian Centre of Excellence for Molecular Medicine, H-6723 Szeged, Hungary
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-20-510-9632; Fax: +36-28-526-151
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mammals have two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent with equal autosomal gene expression. Less than one percentage of human genes are imprinted or show expression from only one parent without changing gene structure, usually by DNA methylation, but reversible in gametogenesis. Many imprinted genes affect fetal growth and development accounting for several human disorders reviewed in this report. RECENT FINDINGS Disorders include Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, the first examples of imprinting errors in humans, chromosome 15q11.2-q13.3 duplication, Silver-Russell syndrome, Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome, GNAS gene-related inactivation disorders (e.g. Albright hereditary osteodystrophy), uniparental chromosome 14 disomy, chromosome 6q24-related transient neonatal diabetes mellitus, parent of origin effects in 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 deletion (Burnside-Butler) syndrome and 15q11-q13 single gene imprinted disorders. SUMMARY Periconceptional and intrauterine life can be influenced by environmental factors and nutrition impacting DNA methylation. This process not only alters development of the fetus, but pregnancy complications may result from large fetal size. Epigenetic processes control imprinted gene functions and regulation with susceptibility to diseases as described. A better understanding of these processes will impact on care and treatment of affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin G Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Henningsen AA, Gissler M, Rasmussen S, Opdahl S, Wennerholm UB, Spangmose AL, Tiitinen A, Bergh C, Romundstad LB, Laivuori H, Forman JL, Pinborg A, Lidegaard Ø. Imprinting disorders in children born after ART: a Nordic study from the CoNARTaS group. Hum Reprod 2020; 35:1178-1184. [DOI: 10.1093/humrep/deaa039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION:
Is the risk of imprinting disorders increased in children conceived after
SUMMARY ANSWER:
We found an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 2.84 [95% CI: 1.34–6.01] for Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome in ART children, while the risk of Prader–Willi syndrome, Silver–Russell syndrome or Angelman syndrome was not increased in children conceived after ART.
WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY:
Earlier studies, most of them small, have suggested an association between ART and imprinting disorders.
STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION:
This was a binational register-based cohort study. All children conceived by ART in Denmark (n = 45 393, born between 1994 and 2014) and in Finland (n = 29 244, born between 1990 and 2014) were identified. The full background populations born during the same time periods in the two countries were included as controls. Odds ratios of imprinting disorders in ART children compared with naturally conceived (NC) children were calculated. The median follow-up time was 8 years and 9 months for ART children and 11 years and 9 months for NC children.
PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS:
From the national health registries in Denmark and Finland, we identified all children diagnosed with Prader–Willi syndrome (n = 143), Silver–Russell syndrome (n = 69), Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (n = 105) and Angelman syndrome (n = 72) born between 1994/1990 and 2014, respectively.
MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE:
We identified a total of 388 children diagnosed with imprinting disorders; 16 of these were conceived after ART. The overall AOR for the four imprinting disorders in ART children compared with NC children was 1.35 [95% CI: 0.80–2.29], but since eight ART children were diagnosed with Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome, the AOR for this specific imprinting disorder was 2.84 [95% CI: 1.34–6.01]. The absolute risk of Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome in children conceived after ART was still low: 10.7 out of 100 000 newborns. The risks of Prader–Willi syndrome, Silver–Russell syndrome and Angelman syndrome were not increased in children conceived after ART.
LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION:
Imprinting disorders are rare events and our results are based on few ART children with imprinting disorders. The aetiology is complex and only partly clarified, and the clinical diagnoses are challenged by a broad phenotypic spectrum.
WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS:
In the existing studies, results on the risk of imprinting disorders in children conceived after ART are ambiguous. This study adds that the risk of imprinting disorders in ART children is very small and perhaps restricted to Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome.
STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S):
This work was supported by the Nordic Trial Alliance: a pilot project jointly funded by the Nordic Council of Ministers and NordForsk (grant number: 71450), the Nordic Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology (grant numbers: NF13041, NF15058, NF16026 and NF17043) and the Interreg Öresund-Kattegat-Skagerak European Regional Development Fund (ReproUnion project). The authors have no conflicts of interest related to this work.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER:
N/A
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Henningsen
- Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Gissler
- Information Services Department, THL Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, 00270 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Family Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S Rasmussen
- Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Opdahl
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - U B Wennerholm
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A L Spangmose
- Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Tiitinen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - C Bergh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L B Romundstad
- Department of Public Health and Nursing, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
- Spiren Fertility Clinic, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - H Laivuori
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tampere University Hospital and University of Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - J L Forman
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, 1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Pinborg
- Fertility Clinic, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ø Lidegaard
- Gynecological Clinic, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Early Diagnosis in Prader-Willi Syndrome Reduces Obesity and Associated Co-Morbidities. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10110898. [PMID: 31698873 PMCID: PMC6896038 DOI: 10.3390/genes10110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is an imprinting genetic disorder characterized by lack of expression of genes on the paternal chromosome 15q11–q13 region. Growth hormone (GH) replacement positively influences stature and body composition in PWS. Our hypothesis was that early diagnosis delays onset of obesity in PWS. We studied 352 subjects with PWS, recruited from the NIH Rare Disease Clinical Research Network, to determine if age at diagnosis, ethnicity, gender, and PWS molecular class influenced the age they first become heavy, as determined by their primary care providers, and the age they first developed an increased appetite and began seeking food. The median ages that children with PWS became heavy were 10 years, 6 years and 4 years for age at diagnosis < 1 year, between 1 and 3 years, and greater than 3 years of age, respectively. The age of diagnosis and ethnicity were significant factors influencing when PWS children first became heavy (p < 0.01), however gender and the PWS molecular class had no influence. Early diagnosis delayed the onset of becoming heavy in individuals with PWS, permitting early GH and other treatment, thus reducing the risk of obesity-associated co-morbidities. Non-white individuals had an earlier onset of becoming heavy.
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Butler MG, Miller JL, Forster JL. Prader-Willi Syndrome - Clinical Genetics, Diagnosis and Treatment Approaches: An Update. Curr Pediatr Rev 2019; 15:207-244. [PMID: 31333129 PMCID: PMC7040524 DOI: 10.2174/1573396315666190716120925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a neurodevelopmental genomic imprinting disorder with lack of expression of genes inherited from the paternal chromosome 15q11-q13 region usually from paternal 15q11-q13 deletions (about 60%) or maternal uniparental disomy 15 or both 15s from the mother (about 35%). An imprinting center controls the expression of imprinted genes in the chromosome 15q11-q13 region. Key findings include infantile hypotonia, a poor suck, failure to thrive and hypogonadism/hypogenitalism. Short stature and small hands/feet due to growth and other hormone deficiencies, hyperphagia and marked obesity occur in early childhood, if uncontrolled. Cognitive and behavioral problems (tantrums, compulsions, compulsive skin picking) are common. OBJECTIVE Hyperphagia and obesity with related complications are major causes of morbidity and mortality in PWS. This report will describe an accurate diagnosis with determination of specific genetic subtypes, appropriate medical management and best practice treatment approaches. METHODS AND RESULTS An extensive literature review was undertaken related to genetics, clinical findings and laboratory testing, clinical and behavioral assessments and summary of updated health-related information addressing the importance of early PWS diagnosis and treatment. A searchable, bulleted and formatted list of topics is provided utilizing a Table of Contents approach for the clinical practitioner. CONCLUSION Physicians and other health care providers can use this review with clinical, genetic and treatment summaries divided into sections pertinent in the context of clinical practice. Frequently asked questions by clinicians, families and other interested participants or providers will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin G Butler
- Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jennifer L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida School of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Pianka MA, McIntosh AT, Patel SD, Bakhshi PR, Jung M. Close yet so far away: a look into the management strategies of genetic imprinting disorders. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF STEM CELLS 2018; 7:72-81. [PMID: 30510842 PMCID: PMC6261869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Genetic imprinting is the process of epigenetic labelling or silencing of particular genes, based on the maternal or paternal origin of the gene, in a heritable pattern. The incidence of imprinting disorders has become a growing concern due to the potential association between these congenital syndromes and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs). This review presents a general summary of the imprinting process as well as the current knowledge surrounding the genetic and epigenetic underpinnings of the most prevalent imprinting disorders: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS), Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS), Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), and Angelman syndrome (AS). As research continues to elucidate the molecular pathways that characterize genetic imprinting, efforts have been made to establish guidelines that incorporate phenotypic manifestations as well as genetic testing to ensure safe and effective management of symptoms. While these efforts are likely to benefit future clinical management, their efficacy cannot yet be generalized to all patients diagnosed with these syndromes, as many of the genetic abnormalities and the associated phenotypic manifestations have yet to be characterized. Furthermore, future advances in the knowledge of epigenetic processes and genetic loci involved in the development of these syndromes may allow for the development of curative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Pianka
- Georgetown University School of MedicineWashington, DC, USA
| | | | - Sahaj D Patel
- Georgetown University School of MedicineWashington, DC, USA
| | | | - Mira Jung
- Department of Radiation Medicine/Oncology, MedStar Georgetown University HospitalWashington, DC, USA
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Comprehensive meta-analysis reveals association between multiple imprinting disorders and conception by assisted reproductive technology. J Assist Reprod Genet 2018; 35:943-952. [PMID: 29696471 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-018-1173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether a history of conception by assisted reproductive technology (ART) is associated with occurrence of one or more imprinting disorders of either maternal or paternal origin. METHODS We implemented a systematic review of scholarly literature followed by comprehensive meta-analysis to quantitatively synthesize data from reports relating to use of ART to occurrence of any imprinting disorder of humans, including Beckwith-Wiedemann (BWS), Angelman (AS), Prader-Willi (PWS), and Silver-Russell (SRS) syndromes, as well as transient neonatal diabetes mellitus (TNDB) and sporadic retinoblasoma (RB). RESULTS The systematic review identified 13 reports presenting unique data from 23 studies that related conception following ART to occurrence of imprinting disorders. Multiple studies of four disorder were identified, for which meta-analysis yielded the following summary estimates of associations with a history of ART: AS, summary odds ratio (sOR) = 4.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 2.6-8.5, 4 studies); BWS, sOR = 5.8 (95% CI 3.1-11.1, 8 studies); PWS, sOR = 2.2 (95% CI 1.6-3.0, 6 studies); SRS, sOR = 11.3 (95% CI 4.5-28.5, 3 studies). Only one study reported on each of TNDB and RB. CONCLUSION Published data reveal positive associations between history of ART conception and each of four imprinting disorders. Reasons for these associations warrant further investigation.
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Butler MG, Kimonis V, Dykens E, Gold JA, Miller J, Tamura R, Driscoll DJ. Prader-Willi syndrome and early-onset morbid obesity NIH rare disease consortium: A review of natural history study. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 176:368-375. [PMID: 29271568 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We describe the National Institutes of Health rare disease consortium for Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) developed to address concerns regarding medical care, diagnosis, growth and development, awareness, and natural history. PWS results from errors in genomic imprinting leading to loss of paternally expressed genes due to 15q11-q13 deletion, maternal disomy 15 or imprinting defects. The 8 year study was conducted at four national sites on individuals with genetically confirmed PWS and early-onset morbid obesity (EMO) with data accumulated to gain a better understanding of the natural history, cause and treatment of PWS. Enrollment of 355 subjects with PWS and 36 subjects with EMO began in September 2006 with study completion in July 2014. Clinical, genetic, cognitive, behavior, and natural history data were systematically collected along with PWS genetic subtypes, pregnancy and birth history, mortality, obesity, and cognitive status with study details as important endpoints in both subject groups. Of the 355 individuals with PWS, 217 (61%) had the 15q11-q13 deletion, 127 (36%) had maternal disomy 15, and 11 (3%) had imprinting defects. Six deaths were reported in our PWS cohort with 598 cumulative years of study exposure and one death in the EMO group with 42 years of exposure. To our knowledge, this description of a longitudinal study in PWS represents the largest and most comprehensive cohort useful for investigators in planning comparable studies in other rare disorders. Ongoing studies utilizing this database should have a direct impact on care and services, diagnosis, treatment, genotype-phenotype correlations, and clinical outcomes in PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - June A Gold
- University of California, Irvine, California
| | | | - Roy Tamura
- University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
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Han JY, Park J, Jang W, Chae H, Kim M, Kim Y. A twin sibling with Prader-Willi syndrome caused by type 2 microdeletion following assisted reproductive technology: A case report. Biomed Rep 2016; 5:18-22. [PMID: 27330749 PMCID: PMC4906703 DOI: 10.3892/br.2016.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neurobehavioral imprinting disorder, which arises due to an absence of paternally expressed genes within the 15q11.2-q13 region. This occurs via one of the three main genetic mechanisms, as follows: Deletion of the paternally inherited 15q11.2-q13 region, maternal uniparental disomy and imprinting defect. Recent studies have reported an association between imprinting disorders and assisted reproductive technologies (ART). The current study presents a 6-year-old female patient who is a dizygotic twin, in which one was born with de novo microdeletion at 15q11.2-q13.1 following in vitro fertilization. The patient had characteristic facial features including narrow bifrontal diameter, strabismus, downturned mouth, feeding problems and generalized hypotonia during infancy, developmental delay, mental retardation and rapid weight gain. Based upon phenotypic resemblance and the medical records, methylation-specific multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and array-based comparative genome hybridization analyses demonstrate type 2 microdeletion between breaking point 2 (BP2) and BP3, which occur from MKRN3 through HERC2 at 15q11.2-q13.1. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report a PWS case born following ART reported in South Korea. In addition to previous studies, the present study contributes to the consensus regarding genotype-phenotype comparisons in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Han
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonhong Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Woori Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Chae
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungshin Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonggoo Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Catholic Genetic Laboratory Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
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Butler MG, Manzardo AM, Forster JL. Prader-Willi Syndrome: Clinical Genetics and Diagnostic Aspects with Treatment Approaches. Curr Pediatr Rev 2016; 12:136-66. [PMID: 26592417 PMCID: PMC6742515 DOI: 10.2174/1573396312666151123115250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a neuro-developmental genetic disorder due to lack of expression of genes inherited from the paternal chromosome 15q11-q13 region with three main genetic subtypes. These include paternal 15q11-q13 deletion (about 70% of cases), maternal uniparental disomy 15 or both 15s from the mother (20-30% of cases), and defects in the imprinting center (1-3%) which controls the expression of imprinted genes in this chromosome region. Clinical manifestations include infantile hypotonia with a poor suck resulting in failure to thrive, short stature, small hands/feet and hypogonadism/hypogenitalism due to growth and other hormone deficiencies, hyperphagia and excessive weight gain with obesity and cognitive and behavioral problems including obsessive compulsions, tantrums and self-injury. The phenotype is likely related to hypothalamic dysfunction. OBJECTIVE Hyperphagia and obesity with related complications are major causes of morbidity and mortality in PWS requiring accurate diagnosis, appropriate medical management and treatment; the major objective of our report. METHODS AND RESULTS An extensive review of the literature was undertaken including genetics, clinical and behavioral aspects, and updated health-related information addressing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome. A searchable, bulleted and formatted list of topics related to this obesity syndrome was provided utilizing a Table of Contents approach for the clinical practitioner. CONCLUSIONS Physicians and other health care providers can use this review with clinical, genetic and treatment summaries divided into sections that are pertinent in the context of clinical practice. Finally, frequently asked questions by clinicians, families and other interested participants will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin G Butler
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 4015, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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Matsubara K, Murakami N, Fukami M, Kagami M, Nagai T, Ogata T. Risk assessment of medically assisted reproduction and advanced maternal ages in the development of Prader-Willi syndrome due to UPD(15)mat. Clin Genet 2015; 89:614-9. [PMID: 26526156 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that disomic oocyte-mediated uniparental disomy 15 (UPD(15)mat) is increased in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) born after medically assisted reproduction (MAR). However, it remains unknown whether the increase is primarily due to MAR procedure itself or advanced maternal childbearing ages as a predisposing factor for the disomic oocyte production. To examine this matter, we studied 122 naturally conceived PWS patients (PWS-NC group) and 13 MAR-conceived patients (PWS-MAR group). The relative frequency of disomic oocyte-mediated UPD(15)mat was significantly higher in PWS-MAR group than in PWS-NC group (7/13 vs 20/122, p = 0.0045), and the maternal childbearing ages were significantly higher in PWS-MAR group than in PWS-NC group [median (range), 38 (26-45) vs 30 (19-42), p = 0.0015]. However, the logistic regression analysis revealed no significant association between the occurrence of disomic oocyte-mediated UPD(15)mat and MAR, after adjusting for childbearing age (p = 0.25). Consistent with this, while the frequency of assisted reproductive technology (ART)-conceived livebirths was higher in the PWS patients than in the Japanese general population (6.4% vs 1.1%, p = 0.00018), the distribution of childbearing ages was significantly skewed to the increased ages in the PWS patients (p < 2.2 × 10(-16) ). These results argue against a positive association of MAR procedure itself with the development of UPD(15)mat.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Matsubara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - N Murakami
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - M Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Kagami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Nagai
- Department of Pediatrics, Dokkyo Medical University Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - T Ogata
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Kitamura A, Miyauchi N, Hamada H, Hiura H, Chiba H, Okae H, Sato A, John RM, Arima T. Epigenetic alterations in sperm associated with male infertility. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2015. [PMID: 26212350 DOI: 10.1111/cga.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The most common form of male infertility is a low sperm count, known as oligozoospermia. Studies suggest that oligozoospermia is associated with epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic alterations in sperm, which may arise due to the exposure of gametes to environmental factors or those that pre-exist in the sperm of infertile individuals, may contribute to the increased incidence of normally rare imprinting disorders in babies conceived after assisted reproductive technology using the sperm of infertile men. Genomic imprinting is an important developmental process whereby the allelic activity of certain genes is regulated by DNA methylation established during gametogenesis. The aberrant expression of several imprinted genes has been linked to various diseases, malignant tumors, lifestyle and mental disorders in humans. Understanding how infertility and environmental factors such as reproductive toxicants, certain foods, and drug exposures during gametogenesis contribute to the origins of these disorders via defects in sperm is of paramount importance. In this review, we discuss the association of epigenetic alterations with abnormal spermatogenesis and the evidence that epigenetic processes, including those required for genomic imprinting, may be sensitive to environmental exposures during gametogenesis, fertilization and early embryonic development. In addition, we review imprinting diseases and their relationships with environmental factors. While the plasticity of epigenetic marks may make these more susceptible to modification by the environment, this also suggests that aberrant epigenetic marks may be reversible. A greater understanding of this process and the function of epidrugs may lead to the development of new treatment methods for many adult diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akane Kitamura
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Naoko Miyauchi
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Hamada
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hiura
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hatsune Chiba
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okae
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akiko Sato
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | - Takahiro Arima
- Department of Informative Genetics, Environment and Genome Research Center, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Bonakdar E, Edriss MA, Bakhtari A, Jafarpour F, Asgari V, Hosseini SM, Boroujeni NS, Hajian M, Rahmani HR, Nasr-Esfahani MH. A physiological, rather than a superovulated, post-implantation environment can attenuate the compromising effect of assisted reproductive techniques on gene expression in developing mice embryos. Mol Reprod Dev 2015; 82:191-206. [PMID: 25728573 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) may perturb the pre-/peri-conception microenvironments, which subsequently threaten the health of offspring. This study aimed to investigate the effects of superovulation, vitrification, in vitro culture, and embryo transfer on the expression of epigenetic modulators, imprinted genes, and pluripotency markers in expanded blastocysts and Day-9.5 (D9.5) concepti. Results revealed that 53.4% (8/15) and 86.7% (13/15) of genes in the fetus and placenta, respectively, have similar patterns of transcription in all D9.5 concepti, despite the perturbed mRNA expression observed at the blastocyst stage for each embryo-production technique. These observations indicate a counterbalancing of the abnormal expression pattern analyzed at the blastocyst stage during post-implantation development, particularly when the uterus of a naturally synchronized foster mother is employed. Superovulation resulted in the most abnormal expression patterns compared to other treatment groups, although these same blastocysts were able to develop in a synchronized uterus. Thus, superovulation creates a hormonal environment that negatively affected gene expression and impairs fetal growth more adversely during post-implantation development than other ART protocols, such as in vitro culture, vitrification, or embryo transfer-although each did contribute negatively to the implantation and development process. Together, these results may have implications for treating infertility in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bonakdar
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
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