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Mordstein C, Savisaar R, Young RS, Bazile J, Talmane L, Luft J, Liss M, Taylor MS, Hurst LD, Kudla G. Codon Usage and Splicing Jointly Influence mRNA Localization. Cell Syst 2020; 10:351-362.e8. [PMID: 32275854 PMCID: PMC7181179 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the human genome, most genes undergo splicing, and patterns of codon usage are splicing dependent: guanine and cytosine (GC) content is the highest within single-exon genes and within first exons of multi-exon genes. However, the effects of codon usage on gene expression are typically characterized in unspliced model genes. Here, we measured the effects of splicing on expression in a panel of synonymous reporter genes that varied in nucleotide composition. We found that high GC content increased protein yield, mRNA yield, cytoplasmic mRNA localization, and translation of unspliced reporters. Splicing did not affect the expression of GC-rich variants. However, splicing promoted the expression of AT-rich variants by increasing their steady-state protein and mRNA levels, in part through promoting cytoplasmic localization of mRNA. We propose that splicing promotes the nuclear export of AU-rich mRNAs and that codon- and splicing-dependent effects on expression are under evolutionary pressure in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Mordstein
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Rosina Savisaar
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK; Instituto de Medicina Molecular, João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Robert S Young
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jeanne Bazile
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lana Talmane
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Juliet Luft
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Michael Liss
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, GENEART GmbH, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin S Taylor
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Laurence D Hurst
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Grzegorz Kudla
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute for Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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2
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Haraguchi A, Fuchigami Y, Kawaguchi M, Fumoto S, Ohyama K, Shimizu K, Hagimori M, Kawakami S. Determining Transgene Expression Characteristics Using a Suction Device with Multiple Hole Adjusting a Left Lateral Lobe of the Mouse Liver. Biol Pharm Bull 2018; 41:944-950. [PMID: 29863083 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We developed a tissue suction-mediated transfection method (suction method) as a relatively reliable and less invasive technique for in vivo transfection. In this study, we determined hepatic transgene expression characteristics in the mouse liver, using a suction device, collecting information relevant to gene therapy and gene functional analysis by the liver suction method. To achieve high transgene expression levels, we developed a suction device with four holes (multiple hole device) and applied it to the larger portion of the left lateral lobe of the mouse liver. Hepatic transfection with physical stimuli was potentially controlled by activator protein-1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). We examined the spatial distribution of transgene expression in the suctioned lobe by 2-dimensional imaging with histochemical staining and 3-dimensional multicolor deep imaging with tissue clearing methods. Through monitoring spatial distribution of transgene expression, the liver suction method was used to efficiently transfect extravascular hepatocytes in the suction-deformable upper lobe of the liver. Moreover, long-term transgene expression, at least 14 d, was achieved with the liver suction method when cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG)-free plasmid DNA was applied.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Fuchigami
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Maho Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | | | - Kaname Ohyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University
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3
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Bruter AV, Kandarakov OF, Belyavsky AV. Persistence of plasmid-mediated expression of transgenes in human mesenchymal stem cells depends primarily on CpG levels of both vector and transgene. J Gene Med 2018; 20:e3009. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra V. Bruter
- Russian Academy of Sciences; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Moscow Russia
| | - Oleg F. Kandarakov
- Russian Academy of Sciences; Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology; Moscow Russia
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4
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Oyama N, Fuchigami Y, Fumoto S, Sato M, Hagimori M, Shimizu K, Kawakami S. Characterization of transgene expression and pDNA distribution of the suctioned kidney in mice. Drug Deliv 2017; 24:906-917. [PMID: 28585867 PMCID: PMC8241128 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1333171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously developed an efficient and safe transfection method for the kidney in mice: renal suction-mediated transfection. In this study, we verified the detailed characteristics of transgene expression and plasmid DNA (pDNA) in mice to develop therapeutic strategies and application to gene function analysis in the kidney. After naked pDNA was administered intravenously, the right kidney was immediately suctioned by a tissue suction device. We examined the spatial distribution of transgene expression and pDNA in the suctioned kidney using tissue clearing by CUBIC, ClearT2, and Scale SQ reagents. Spatial distribution analysis showed that pDNA was transfected into extravascular cells and sufficiently delivered to the deep renal cortex. In addition, we revealed that transgene expression occurred mainly in peritubular fibroblasts of the suctioned kidney by tissue clearing and immunohistochemistry. Next, we confirmed the periods of pDNA uptake and activation of transcription factors nuclear factor-κB and activator protein 1 by luciferase assays. Moreover, the use of a pCpG-free plasmid enabled sustained transgene expression in the suctioned kidney. In conclusion, analyses of the spatial distribution and immunostaining of the section suggest that pDNA and transgene expression occurs mainly in peritubular fibroblasts of the suctioned kidney. In addition, we clarified some factors for efficient and/or sustained transgene expression in the suctioned kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuko Oyama
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Fuchigami
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shintaro Fumoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Megumu Sato
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masayori Hagimori
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazunori Shimizu
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kawakami
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Dormiani K, Mir Mohammad Sadeghi H, Sadeghi-Aliabadi H, Forouzanfar M, Baharvand H, Ghaedi K, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Rational Development of A Polycistronic Plasmid with A CpG-Free Bacterial Backbone as A Potential Tool for Direct Reprogramming. CELL JOURNAL 2016; 18:565-581. [PMID: 28042541 PMCID: PMC5086335 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2016.4723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective Induced pluripotent stem cells are generated from somatic cells by direct reprogramming. These reprogrammed pluripotent cells have different applications in biomedical fields such as regenerative medicine. Although viral vectors are widely used for
efficient reprogramming, they have limited applications in the clinic due to the risk for
immunogenicity and insertional mutagenesis. Accordingly, we designed and developed a
small, non-integrating plasmid named pLENSO/Zeo as a 2A-mediated polycistronic expression vector.
Materials and Methods In this experimental study, we developed a single plasmid which
includes a single expression cassette containing open reading frames of human LIN28,
NANOG, SOX2 and OCT4 along with an EGFP reporter gene. Each reprogramming factor is separated by an intervening sequence that encodes a 2A self-processing peptide.
The reprogramming cassette is located downstream of a CMV promoter. The vector is
easily propagated in the E. coli GT115 strain through a CpG-depleted vector backbone.
We evaluated the stability of the constructed vector bioinformatically, and its ability to stoichiometric expression of the reprogramming factors using quantitative molecular methods
analysis after transient transfection into HEK293 cells.
Results In the present study, we developed a nonviral episomal vector named pLENSO/
Zeo. Our results demonstrated the general structural stability of the plasmid DNA. This
relatively small vector showed concomitant, high-level expression of the four reprogramming factors with similar titers, which are considered as the critical parameters for efficient
and consistent reprogramming.
Conclusion According to our experimental results, this stable extrachromosomal plasmid expresses reliable amounts of four reprogramming factors simultaneously. Consequently, these promising results encouraged us to evaluate the capability of pLENSO/Zeo
as a simple and feasible tool for generation of induced pluripotent stem cells from primary
cells in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kianoush Dormiani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Mir Mohammad Sadeghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hojjat Sadeghi-Aliabadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Forouzanfar
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
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Krinner S, Heitzer A, Asbach B, Wagner R. Interplay of Promoter Usage and Intragenic CpG Content: Impact on GFP Reporter Gene Expression. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:826-40. [PMID: 26414116 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2015.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful therapeutic protein production in vitro and in vivo requires efficient and long-term transgene expression supported by optimized vector and transgene cis-regulatory sequence elements. This study provides a comparative analysis of CpG-rich, highly expressed, versus CpG-depleted, poorly expressed green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter transgenes, transcribed by various promoters in two different cell systems. Long-term GFP expression from a defined locus in stable Chinese hamster ovary cells was clearly influenced by the combination of transgene CpG content and promoter usage, as shown by differential silencing effects on selection pressure removal among the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter and elongation factor (EF)-1α promoter. Whereas a high intragenic CpG content promoted local DNA methylation, CpG depletion rather accelerated transgene loss and increased the local chromatin density. On lentiviral transfer of various expression modules into epigenetically sensitive P19 embryonic pluripotent carcinoma cells, CMV promoter usage led to rapid gene silencing irrespective of the intragenic CpG content. In contrast, EF-1α promoter-controlled constructs showed delayed silencing activity and high-level transgene expression, in particular when the CpG-rich GFP reporter was used. Notably, GFP silencing in P19 cells could be prevented completely by the bidirectional, dual divergently transcribed A2UCOE (ubiquitously acting chromatin-opening element derived from the human HNRPA2B1-CBX3 locus) promoter. Because the level of GFP expression by the A2UCOE promoter was entirely unaffected by the intragenic CpG level, we suggest that A2UCOE can overcome chromatin compaction resulting from intragenic CpG depletion due to its ascribed chromatin-opening abilities. Our analyses provide insights into the interplay of the intragenic CpG content with promoter sequences and regulatory sequence elements, thus contributing toward the design of therapeutic transgene expression cassettes for future gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Krinner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology and Gene Therapy Unit, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Asli Heitzer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology and Gene Therapy Unit, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Asbach
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology and Gene Therapy Unit, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology and Gene Therapy Unit, University of Regensburg , Regensburg, Germany
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7
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Miura N, Shaheen SM, Akita H, Nakamura T, Harashima H. A KALA-modified lipid nanoparticle containing CpG-free plasmid DNA as a potential DNA vaccine carrier for antigen presentation and as an immune-stimulative adjuvant. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:1317-31. [PMID: 25605799 PMCID: PMC4330373 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Technologies that delivery antigen-encoded plasmid DNA (pDNA) to antigen presenting cell and their immune-activation are required for the success of DNA vaccines. Here we report on an artificial nanoparticle that can achieve these; a multifunctional envelope-type nanodevice modified with KALA, a peptide that forms α-helical structure at physiological pH (KALA-MEND). KALA modification and the removal of the CpG-motifs from the pDNA synergistically boosted transfection efficacy. In parallel, transfection with the KALA-MEND enhances the production of multiple cytokines and chemokines and co-stimulatory molecules via the Toll-like receptor 9-independent manner. Endosome-fusogenic lipid envelops and a long length of pDNA are essential for this immune stimulation. Furthermore, cytoplasmic dsDNA sensors that are related to the STING/TBK1 pathway and inflammasome are involved in IFN-β and IL-1β production, respectively. Consequently, the robust induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphoma activity and the resulting prophylactic and therapeutic anti-tumor effect was observed in mice that had been immunized with bone marrow-derived dendritic cells ex vivo transfected with antigen-encoding pDNA. Collectively, the KALA-MEND possesses dual functions; gene transfection system and immune-stimulative adjuvant, those are both necessary for the successful DNA vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Miura
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Sharif M Shaheen
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Akita
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Department of Molecular Design of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0812, Japan
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8
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Krinner S, Heitzer AP, Diermeier SD, Obermeier I, Längst G, Wagner R. CpG domains downstream of TSSs promote high levels of gene expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:3551-64. [PMID: 24413563 PMCID: PMC3973331 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CpG dinucleotides are known to play a crucial role in regulatory domains, affecting gene expression in their natural context. Here, we demonstrate that intragenic CpG frequency and distribution impacts transgene and genomic gene expression levels in mammalian cells. As shown for the Macrophage Inflammatory Protein 1α, de novo RNA synthesis correlates with the number of CpG dinucleotides, whereas RNA splicing, stability, nuclear export and translation are not affected by the sequence modification. Differences in chromatin accessibility in vivo and altered nucleosome positioning in vitro suggest that increased CpG levels destabilize the chromatin structure. Moreover, enriched CpG levels correlate with increased RNA polymerase II elongation rates in vivo. Interestingly, elevated CpG levels particularly at the 5′ end of the gene promote efficient transcription. We show that this is a genome-wide feature of highly expressed genes, by identifying a domain of ∼700 bp with high CpG content downstream of the transcription start site, correlating with high levels of transcription. We suggest that these 5′ CpG domains are required to distort the chromatin structure and to increase gene activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Krinner
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Gene Therapy, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany and Department of Biochemistry III, Institute for Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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9
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Abstract
Recent developments in DNA vaccine research provide a new momentum for this rather young and potentially disruptive technology. Gene-based vaccines are capable of eliciting protective immunity in humans to persistent intracellular pathogens, such as HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis, for which the conventional vaccine technologies have failed so far. The recent identification and characterization of genes coding for tumor antigens has stimulated the development of DNA-based antigen-specific cancer vaccines. Although most academic researchers consider the production of reasonable amounts of plasmid DNA (pDNA) for immunological studies relatively easy to solve, problems often arise during this first phase of production. In this chapter we review the current state of the art of pDNA production at small (shake flasks) and mid-scales (lab-scale bioreactor fermentations) and address new trends in vector design and strain engineering. We will guide the reader through the different stages of process design starting from choosing the most appropriate plasmid backbone, choosing the right Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain for production, and cultivation media and scale-up issues. In addition, we will address some points concerning the safety and potency of the produced plasmids, with special focus on producing antibiotic resistance-free plasmids. The main goal of this chapter is to make immunologists aware of the fact that production of the pDNA vaccine has to be performed with as much as attention and care as the rest of their research.
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10
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Marker-free plasmids for biotechnological applications – implications and perspectives. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:539-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chabot S, Orio J, Schmeer M, Schleef M, Golzio M, Teissié J. Minicircle DNA electrotransfer for efficient tissue-targeted gene delivery. Gene Ther 2012; 20:62-8. [DOI: 10.1038/gt.2011.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
The most recent developments in the area of deep DNA sequencing and downstream quantitative and functional analysis are rapidly adding a new dimension to understanding biochemical pathways and metabolic interdependencies. These increasing insights pave the way to designing new strategies that address public needs, including environmental applications and therapeutic inventions, or novel cell factories for sustainable and reconcilable energy or chemicals sources. Adding yet another level is building upon nonnaturally occurring networks and pathways. Recent developments in synthetic biology have created economic and reliable options for designing and synthesizing genes, operons, and eventually complete genomes. Meanwhile, high-throughput design and synthesis of extremely comprehensive DNA sequences have evolved into an enabling technology already indispensable in various life science sectors today. Here, we describe the industrial perspective of modern gene synthesis and its relationship with synthetic biology. Gene synthesis contributed significantly to the emergence of synthetic biology by not only providing the genetic material in high quality and quantity but also enabling its assembly, according to engineering design principles, in a standardized format. Synthetic biology on the other hand, added the need for assembling complex circuits and large complexes, thus fostering the development of appropriate methods and expanding the scope of applications. Synthetic biology has also stimulated interdisciplinary collaboration as well as integration of the broader public by addressing socioeconomic, philosophical, ethical, political, and legal opportunities and concerns. The demand-driven technological achievements of gene synthesis and the implemented processes are exemplified by an industrial setting of large-scale gene synthesis, describing production from order to delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Notka
- Life Technologies Inc./GeneArt AG, Regensburg, Germany
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13
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Fath S, Bauer AP, Liss M, Spriestersbach A, Maertens B, Hahn P, Ludwig C, Schäfer F, Graf M, Wagner R. Multiparameter RNA and codon optimization: a standardized tool to assess and enhance autologous mammalian gene expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17596. [PMID: 21408612 PMCID: PMC3048298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Autologous expression of recombinant human proteins in human cells for biomedical research and product development is often hampered by low expression yields limiting subsequent structural and functional analyses. Following RNA and codon optimization, 50 candidate genes representing five classes of human proteins – transcription factors, ribosomal and polymerase subunits, protein kinases, membrane proteins and immunomodulators – all showed reliable, and 86% even elevated expression. Analysis of three representative examples showed no detrimental effect on protein solubility while unaltered functionality was demonstrated for JNK1, JNK3 and CDC2 using optimized constructs. Molecular analysis of a sequence-optimized transgene revealed positive effects at transcriptional, translational, and mRNA stability levels. Since improved expression was consistent in HEK293T, CHO and insect cells, it was not restricted to distinct mammalian cell systems. Additionally, optimized genes represent powerful tools in functional genomics, as demonstrated by the successful rescue of an siRNA-mediated knockdown using a sequence-optimized counterpart. This is the first large-scale study addressing the influence of multiparameter optimization on autologous human protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asli Petra Bauer
- Molecular Microbiology and Gene Therapy Unit, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ralf Wagner
- Geneart AG, BioPark, Regensburg, Germany
- Molecular Microbiology and Gene Therapy Unit, Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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