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de la Filia AG, Mongue AJ, Dorrens J, Lemon H, Laetsch DR, Ross L. Males That Silence Their Father's Genes: Genomic Imprinting of a Complete Haploid Genome. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:2566-2581. [PMID: 33706381 PMCID: PMC8136510 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic conflict is considered a key driver in the evolution of reproductive systems with non-Mendelian inheritance, where parents do not contribute equally to the genetic makeup of their offspring. One of the most extraordinary examples of non-Mendelian inheritance is paternal genome elimination (PGE), a form of haplodiploidy which has evolved repeatedly across arthropods. Under PGE, males are diploid but only transmit maternally inherited chromosomes, while the paternally inherited homologues are excluded from sperm. This asymmetric inheritance is thought to have evolved through an evolutionary arms race between the paternal and maternal genomes over transmission to future generations. In several PGE clades, such as the mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), paternal chromosomes are not only eliminated from sperm, but also heterochromatinized early in development and thought to remain inactive, which could result from genetic conflict between parental genomes. Here, we present a parent-of-origin allele-specific transcriptome analysis in male mealybugs showing that expression is globally biased toward the maternal genome. However, up to 70% of somatically expressed genes are to some degree paternally expressed, while paternal genome expression is much more restricted in the male reproductive tract, with only 20% of genes showing paternal contribution. We also show that parent-of-origin-specific gene expression patterns are remarkably similar across genotypes, and that genes with completely biparental expression show elevated rates of molecular evolution. Our results provide the clearest example yet of genome-wide genomic imprinting in insects and enhance our understanding of PGE, which will aid future empirical tests of evolutionary theory regarding the origin of this unusual reproductive strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés G de la Filia
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Mongue
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Dorrens
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Lemon
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik R Laetsch
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Ross
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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de la Filia AG, Fenn-Moltu G, Ross L. No evidence for an intragenomic arms race under paternal genome elimination in Planococcus mealybugs. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:491-504. [PMID: 30776169 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Genomic conflicts arising during reproduction might play an important role in shaping the striking diversity of reproductive strategies across life. Among these is paternal genome elimination (PGE), a form of haplodiploidy which has independently evolved several times in arthropods. PGE males are diploid but transmit maternally inherited chromosomes only, whereas paternal homologues are excluded from sperm. Mothers thereby effectively monopolize the parentage of sons, at the cost of the father's reproductive success. This creates striking conflict between the sexes that could result in a co-evolutionary arms race between paternal and maternal genomes over gene transmission, yet empirical evidence that such an arms race indeed takes place under PGE is scarce. This study addresses this by testing whether PGE is complete when paternal genotypes are exposed to divergent maternal backgrounds in intraspecific and hybrid crosses of the citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri, and the closely related Planococcus ficus. We determined whether males can transmit genetic information through their sons by tracking inheritance of two traits in a three-generation pedigree: microsatellite markers and sex-specific pheromone preferences. Our results suggest leakages of single paternal chromosomes through males occurring at a low frequency, but we find no evidence for transmission of paternal pheromone preferences from fathers to sons. The absence of differences between hybrid and intraspecific crosses in leakage rate of paternal alleles suggests that a co-evolutionary arms race cannot be demonstrated on this evolutionary timescale, but we conclude that there is scope for intragenomic conflict between parental genomes in mealybugs. Finally, we discuss how these paternal escapes can occur and what these findings may reveal about the evolutionary dynamics of this bizarre genetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés G de la Filia
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gyda Fenn-Moltu
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Ross
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Cruickshank RH, Thomas RH. EVOLUTION OF HAPLODIPLOIDY IN DERMANYSSINE MITES (ACARI: MESOSTIGMATA). Evolution 2017; 53:1796-1803. [PMID: 28565470 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1999.tb04563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/1998] [Accepted: 05/26/1999] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Haplodiploidy, a widespread phenomenon in which males are haploid and females are diploid, can be caused by a number of different underlying genetic systems. In the most common of these, arrhenotoky, males arise from unfertilized eggs, whereas females arise from fertilized eggs. In another system, pseudoarrhenotoky, males arise from fertilized eggs, but they eliminate the paternal genome at some point prior to spermatogenesis, with the consequence that they do not pass this genome to their offspring. In 1931 Schrader and Hughes-Schrader suggested that arrhenotoky arises through a series of stages involving pseudoarrhenotokous systems such as those found in many scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea), however, their hypothesis has been largely ignored. We have used a phylogenetic analysis of 751 base pairs of 28S rDNA from a group of mites (Mesostigmata: Dermanyssina) that contains arrhenotokous, pseudoarrhenotokous, and ancestrally diplodiploid members to test this hypothesis. Neighbor-joining, maximum-parsimony, and maximum-likelihood methods all indicate that the arrhenotokous members of this group form a clade that arose from a pseudoarrhenotokous ancestor, rather than directly from a diplodiploid one. This provides unequivocal support for the hypothesis of Schrader and Hughes-Schrader. The wider implications of this result for the evolution of uniparental genetic systems are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Cruickshank
- Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard H Thomas
- Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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Pérez J, Infante F, Vega FE. A Coffee Berry Borer (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Bibliography. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2015; 15:83. [PMID: 26136496 PMCID: PMC4535578 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanneth Pérez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto km 2.5, Tapachula, 30700 Chiapas, México
| | - Francisco Infante
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto km 2.5, Tapachula, 30700 Chiapas, México
| | - Fernando E Vega
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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de la Filia AG, Bain SA, Ross L. Haplodiploidy and the reproductive ecology of Arthropods. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 9:36-43. [PMID: 32846706 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 15% of all arthropods reproduce through haplodiploidy. Yet it is unclear how this mode of reproduction affects other aspects of reproductive ecology. In this review we outline predictions on how haplodiploidy might affect mating system evolution, the evolution of traits under sexual or sexual antagonistic selection, sex allocation decisions and the evolution of parental care. We also give an overview of the phylogenetic distribution of haplodiploidy. Finally, we discuss how comparisons between different types of haplodiploidy (arrhenotoky, PGE with haploid vs somatically diploid males) might help to discriminate between the effects of virgin birth, haploid gene expression and those of haploid gene transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés G de la Filia
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Stevie A Bain
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Laura Ross
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK.
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Huang K, Ritland K, Guo S, Dunn DW, Chen D, Ren Y, Qi X, Zhang P, He G, Li B. Estimating pairwise relatedness between individuals with different levels of ploidy. Mol Ecol Resour 2014; 15:772-84. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Kermit Ritland
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Songtao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Derek W. Dunn
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Dan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Yi Ren
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
- Institute of Zoology; Shaanxi Academy of Sciences; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
| | - Xiaoguang Qi
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Gang He
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
| | - Baoguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China of Ministry of Education; College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an Shaanxi 710069 China
- Institute of Zoology; Shaanxi Academy of Sciences; Xi'an Shaanxi 710032 China
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Gardner A, Ross L. Mating ecology explains patterns of genome elimination. Ecol Lett 2014; 17:1602-12. [PMID: 25328085 PMCID: PMC4240462 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genome elimination - whereby an individual discards chromosomes inherited from one parent, and transmits only those inherited from the other parent - is found across thousands of animal species. It is more common in association with inbreeding, under male heterogamety, in males, and in the form of paternal genome elimination. However, the reasons for this broad pattern remain unclear. We develop a mathematical model to determine how degree of inbreeding, sex determination, genomic location, pattern of gene expression and parental origin of the eliminated genome interact to determine the fate of genome-elimination alleles. We find that: inbreeding promotes paternal genome elimination in the heterogametic sex; this may incur population extinction under female heterogamety, owing to eradication of males; and extinction is averted under male heterogamety, owing to countervailing sex-ratio selection. Thus, we explain the observed pattern of genome elimination. Our results highlight the interaction between mating system, sex-ratio selection and intragenomic conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Gardner
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, Dyers BraeSt Andrews, KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Laura Ross
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of EdinburghKing's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
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Miller AD, Umina PA, Weeks AR, Hoffmann AA. Population genetics of the wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella Keifer) in Australia: implications for the management of wheat pathogens. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 102:199-212. [PMID: 22030277 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485311000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The wheat curl mite (WCM), Aceria tosichella Keifer, is a polyphagous eriophyoid mite and the primary vector of wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and five other viral pathogens in cereals. Previous research using molecular markers and a series of laboratory experiments found A. tosichella in Australia to consist of two genetically distinct lineages, which have broad overlapping distributions and differ in their ability to transmit WSMV under controlled conditions. This pattern of transmission also appears to be apparent in the field, whereby a strong association between WSMV detection and a single WCM lineage has been detected. In this study, we conduct a population genetic analysis and provide information on the genetic structure of the Australian viruliferous WCM lineage. We assessed genetic differentiation of 16 WCM populations using nine microsatellite markers. Strong evidence for extensive gene flow and low genetic structuring throughout the Australian wheatbelt was evident, with an exception for Western Australian and far north Queensland populations that appear to be genetically isolated. The data also indicate genetic patterns consistent with an arrhenotokous parthenogenetic mode of reproduction. Implications of these findings are discussed with reference to the management of WCM and associated cereal pathogens in Australia and overseas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Miller
- Department of Zoology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010 Australia.
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Ross L, Shuker DM, Pen I. The evolution and suppression of male suicide under paternal genome elimination. Evolution 2010; 65:554-63. [PMID: 21029080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Different genetic systems can be both the cause and the consequence of genetic conflict over the transmission of genes, obscuring their evolutionary origin. For instance, with paternal genome elimination (PGE), found in some insects and mites, both sexes develop from fertilized eggs, but in males the paternally derived chromosomes are either lost (embryonic PGE) or deactivated (germline PGE) during embryogenesis and not transmitted to the next generation. Evolution of germline PGE requires two transitions: (1) elimination of the paternal genome during spermatogenesis; (2) deactivation of the paternal genome early in development. Hypotheses for the evolution of PGE have mainly focused on the first transition. However, maternal genes seem to be responsible for the deactivation and here we investigate if maternal suppression could have evolved in response to paternally expressed male suicide genes. We show that sibling competition can cause such genes to spread quickly and that inbreeding is necessary to prevent fixation of male suicide, and subsequent population extinction. Once male-suicide has evolved, maternally expressed suppressor genes can invade in the population. Our results highlight the rich opportunity for genetic conflict in asymmetric genetic systems and the counterintuitive phenotypes that can evolve as a result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ross
- Theoretical Biology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands.
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Perrot-Minnot MJ, Lagnel J, Migeon A, Navajas M. Tracking paternal genes with DALP markers in a pseudoarrhenotokous reproductive system: biparental transmission but haplodiploid-like inheritance in the mite Neoseiulus californicus. Heredity (Edinb) 2000; 84 ( Pt 6):702-9. [PMID: 10886386 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00708.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of some sexual reproductive systems in arthropods still leaves both their genetic and epigenetic determinism and their evolutionary significance poorly understood. Pseudoarrhenotoky is characterized by obligate fertilization and differential inactivation and/or elimination of paternal chromosomes in embryos that develop into males. Here, we investigate how the paternal genome is transmitted in a pseudoarrhenotokous mite, Neoseiulus californicus, using codominant genetic markers detected by DALP (direct amplification of length polymorphism). Transmission patterns of parental alleles through one and two generations are reported at four or five loci corresponding to four linkage groups. Our data provide strong evidence for selective elimination of the paternal genome among male tissues. Sperm contained maternal genes exclusively, whereas some male somatic tissues retained most if not all paternal chromosomes. No recombination between parental genomes prior to paternal genome elimination from the embryonic germ line was observed. These data allow a reinterpretation of previous phenotypic and cytogenetic observations in these mites, from which we suggest some relevant mechanistic and evolutionary implications. In addition, this is the first published study using polymorphic codominant loci detected by the recently developed DALP method.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Perrot-Minnot
- INRA-CBGP, 488, rue Croix Lavit, 34 090 Montpellier cedex, France; Laboratoire de Zoologie ENSA-M-INRA, 2, place Viala, 34 060 Montpellier cedex 1, France.
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