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Bergmans RS, Nikodemova M, Stull VJ, Rapp A, Malecki KMC. Comparison of cricket diet with peanut-based and milk-based diets in the recovery from protein malnutrition in mice and the impact on growth, metabolism and immune function. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234559. [PMID: 32525953 PMCID: PMC7289377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some evidence suggests that edible insects could be used to treat malnutrition following protein deficiency. However, additional studies are needed to better assess the potential of edible insects as a therapeutic food supplement and their long-term impact on recovery from malnutrition. The goals of this study were to investigate the effectiveness of a cricket-based diet in recovery from protein-malnutrition in early life, and to compare cricket protein to more traditional sources used for food fortification and supplementation. Protein-malnutrition was induced by administration of an isocaloric hypoprotein diet (5% protein calories) in young male mice for two weeks during puberty, followed by a six-week recovery period using a cricket-, peanut- or milk-based diet. We examined the impact of protein-malnutrition and subsequent recovery on body weight, growth and select biomarkers of inflammation and metabolism. Protein-malnutrition resulted in growth retardation, downregulation of inflammatory markers in spleen tissue, decreased levels of serum triglycerides, and elevated serum levels of leptin and adiponectin. The cricket-based diet performed equally well as the peanut- and milk-based diets in body weight recovery, but there were differences in immune and metabolic markers among the different recovery diets. Results suggest edible crickets may provide an alternative nutrient-dense protein source with relatively low environmental demands for combating the effects of early-life malnutrition compared to more traditional supplementation and fortification sources. Additional investigations are needed to examine the short and long term impacts of different recovery diets on metabolism and immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Bergmans
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Maria Nikodemova
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Valerie J. Stull
- Global Health Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ashley Rapp
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kristen M. C. Malecki
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Juan De Solis A, Baquero AF, Bennett CM, Grove KL, Zeltser LM. Postnatal undernutrition delays a key step in the maturation of hypothalamic feeding circuits. Mol Metab 2016; 5:198-209. [PMID: 26977392 PMCID: PMC4770263 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Humans and animals exposed to undernutrition (UN) during development often experience accelerated "catch-up" growth when food supplies are plentiful. Little is known about the mechanisms regulating early growth rates. We previously reported that actions of leptin and presynaptic inputs to orexigenic NPY/AgRP/GABA (NAG) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus are almost exclusively excitatory during the lactation period, since neuronal and humoral inhibitory systems do not develop until after weaning. Moreover, we identified a critical step that regulates the maturation of electrophysiological responses of NAG neurons at weaning - the onset of genes encoding ATP-dependent potassium (KATP) channel subunits. We explored the possibility that UN promotes subsequent catch-up growth, in part, by delaying the maturation of negative feedback systems to neuronal circuits driving food intake. METHODS We used the large litter (LL) size model to study the impacts of postnatal UN followed by catch-up growth. We evaluated the maturation of presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibitory systems in NAG neurons using a combination of electrophysiological and molecular criteria, in conjunction with leptin's ability to suppress fasting-induced hyperphagia. RESULTS The onset of KATP channel subunit expression and function, the switch in leptin's effect on NAG neurons, the ingrowth of inhibitory inputs to NAG neurons, and the development of homeostatic feedback to feeding circuits were delayed in LL offspring relative to controls. The development of functional KATP channels and the establishment of leptin-mediated suppression of food intake in the peri-weaning period were tightly linked and were not initiated until growth and adiposity of LL offspring caught up to controls. CONCLUSIONS Our data support the idea that initiation of KATP channel subunit expression in NAG neurons serves as a molecular gatekeeper for the maturation of homeostatic feeding circuits.
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Key Words
- ARH, arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
- AgRP
- AgRP, agouti-related peptide
- EPSC, excitatory postsynaptic current
- Feeding circuits
- GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid
- IPSC, inhibitory postsynaptic current
- KATP channel
- KATP, ATP-sensitive potassium channel
- Kir, potassium inward rectifiying channel subunit
- LL, large litter
- Lepr, leptin receptor
- Leptin
- NAG, NPY, AgRP, GABA, NPY, neuropeptide Y
- NPY
- P, postnatal day
- PVH, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
- Pomc, pro-opiomelanocortin
- SUR, sulfonylurea receptor
- UN, undernutrition
- Undernutrition
- pSTAT3, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Juan De Solis
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Arian F Baquero
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Camdin M Bennett
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Kevin L Grove
- Division of Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
| | - Lori M Zeltser
- Division of Molecular Genetics, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Aliou Y, Liao MC, Zhao XP, Chang SY, Chenier I, Ingelfinger JR, Zhang SL. Post-weaning high-fat diet accelerates kidney injury, but not hypertension programmed by maternal diabetes. Pediatr Res 2016; 79:416-24. [PMID: 26571223 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to establish the underlying mechanisms by which a post-weaning high-fat diet (HFD) accelerates the perinatal programming of kidney injury occurring in the offspring of diabetic mothers. METHODS Male mice, offspring of nondiabetic and diabetic dams were fed with normal diet (ND) or HFD from 4 to 20 wk of age. Rat renal proximal tubular cells were used in vitro. RESULTS On ND, the offspring of dams with severe maternal diabetes had an intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) phenotype and developed mild hypertension and evidence of kidney injury in adulthood. Exposing the IUGR offspring to HFD resulted in rapid weight gain, catch-up growth, and later to profound kidney injury with activation of renal TGFβ1 and collagen type IV expression, increased oxidative stress, and enhanced renal lipid deposition, but not systemic hypertension. Given our data, we speculate that HFD or free fatty acids may accelerate the process of perinatal programming of kidney injury, via increased CD36 and fatty acid-binding protein 4 expression, which may target reactive oxygen species, nuclear factor-kappa B, and TGFβ1 signaling in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION Early postnatal exposure to overnutrition with a HFD increases the risk of development of kidney injury, but not hypertension, in IUGR offspring of dams with maternal diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessoufou Aliou
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM), Universite de Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Min-Chun Liao
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM), Universite de Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xin-Ping Zhao
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM), Universite de Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shiao-Ying Chang
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM), Universite de Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Chenier
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM), Universite de Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie R Ingelfinger
- Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shao-Ling Zhang
- Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM), Universite de Montreal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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Abstract
Suboptimal maternal nutrition exerts lasting impacts on obesity risk in offspring, but the direction of the effect is determined by the timing of exposure. While maternal undernutrition in early pregnancy is associated with increased body mass index, in later pregnancy it can be protective. The importance of the timing of maternal undernutrition is also observed in rodents, however, many of the processes that occur in the last trimester of human gestation are delayed to the postnatal period. Neonatal leptin administration exerts lasting impacts on susceptibility to obesity in rodents. Although leptin can influence the formation of hypothalamic circuits involved in homeostatic control of feeding during the postnatal period, these effects are too late to account for its ability to reverse adverse metabolic programming due to early gestational exposure to maternal undernutrition. This review presents an alternative framework for understanding the effects of neonatal leptin through influences on developing thermoregulatory circuits.
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Alexeev EE, Lönnerdal B, Griffin IJ. Effects of postnatal growth restriction and subsequent catch-up growth on neurodevelopment and glucose homeostasis in rats. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 15:3. [PMID: 26040642 PMCID: PMC4455975 DOI: 10.1186/s12899-015-0017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background There is increasing evidence that poor growth of preterm infants is a risk factor for poor long-term development, while the effects of early postnatal growth restriction are not well known. We utilized a rat model to examine the consequences of different patterns of postnatal growth and hypothesized that early growth failure leads to impaired development and insulin resistance. Rat pups were separated at birth into normal (N, n = 10) or restricted intake (R, n = 16) litters. At d11, R pups were re-randomized into litters of 6 (R-6), 10 (R-10) or 16 (R-16) pups/dam. N pups remained in litters of 10 pups/dam (N-10). Memory and learning were examined through T-maze test. Insulin sensitivity was measured by i.p. insulin tolerance test and glucose tolerance test. Results By d10, N pups weighed 20 % more than R pups (p < 0.001). By d15, the R-6 group caught up to the N-10 group in weight, the R-10 group showed partial catch-up growth and the R-16 group showed no catch-up growth. All R groups showed poorer scores in developmental testing when compared with the N-10 group during T-Maze test (p < 0.05). Although R-16 were more insulin sensitive than R-6 and R-10, all R groups were more glucose tolerant than N-10. Conclusion In rats, differences in postnatal growth restriction leads to changes in development and in insulin sensitivity. These results may contribute to better elucidating the causes of poor developmental outcomes in human preterm infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica E Alexeev
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Bo Lönnerdal
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Ian J Griffin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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Hou M, Chu Z, Liu T, Lv H, Sun L, Wang B, Huang J, Yan W. A high-fat maternal diet decreases adiponectin receptor-1 expression in offspring. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2014; 28:216-21. [PMID: 24724805 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2014.914489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In early life, over-nutrition may increase the risk of insulin resistance in the adult stage. Adiponectin and its receptor may play a key role in this process. This study aimed to identify the effect of a high-fat (HF) maternal diet on metabolic parameters and muscle adiponectin signaling in young adult offspring. We found that offspring born to dams fed HF chow (HF; 31% of calories from fat) had elevated body and adipose tissue weight and higher serum glucose levels after glucose challenge at three weeks (W3) and eight weeks (W8) of age. Offspring exposed to a HF diet also had higher serum adiponectin levels at W3 compared to controls. However, adiponectin levels were significantly decreased compared to controls by W8. Adiponectin receptor 1 mRNA expression in skeletal muscle was decreased in the HF group at W3 and W8, and there was no difference between the two groups in adiponectin receptor 2 expression. Furthermore, glucose transporter 4 mRNA and protein expression was decreased in the skeletal muscle of the HF group at W3 and W8. Our results suggest that a HF maternal diet decreases adiponectin receptor 1 expression in the offspring, which could contribute to reduced sensitivity to adiponectin and to adverse nutritional programing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Soochow University Affiliated Children's Hospital , Suzhou , China and
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Effects of early postnatal growth restriction and subsequent catch-up growth on body composition, insulin sensitivity, and behavior in neonatal rats. Pediatr Res 2013; 73:596-601. [PMID: 23466481 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early postnatal growth retardation with subsequent catch-up growth is common in preterm infants. We describe a model of ex utero (postnatal) growth retardation followed by varying degrees of catch-up growth in the neonatal rat. METHODS Newborn CD rat pups were randomized to litters of 10 (NN, normal then normal intake) or 16 (R, restricted intake). On day 10, R pups were further randomized to litters of 6 (RC, restricted then catch-up intake), 10 (RN, restricted then normal intake), or 16 (RR, restricted then restricted intake). Body weight, body composition, insulin sensitivity, biochemistry, and learning (passive avoidance test) were assessed. RESULTS Growth was significantly lower in the R than the NN group. Subsequently, the RC group caught up with the NN group but had higher fat mass; the RN group showed partial catch-up but body composition similar to that of the NN group. Insulin sensitivity did not differ between groups. Learning behavior was significantly better in the NN than the three R groups, and in the RC group than the RR or RN groups. CONCLUSION Early postnatal growth retardation is associated with poorer medium-term growth and poorer developmental outcome. Increased catch-up growth is associated with improved developmental outcome but with increased body adiposity, without any significant effect on glucose homeostasis.
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Jiang F, Lim HK, Morris MJ, Prior L, Velkoska E, Wu X, Dusting GJ. Systemic upregulation of NADPH oxidase in diet-induced obesity in rats. Redox Rep 2012; 16:223-9. [PMID: 22195989 DOI: 10.1179/174329211x13049558293713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase is upregulated in a variety of tissues in obesity. It is still unclear as to whether NADPH oxidase upregulation in a specific tissue is part of a systemic response. Here we analyzed the expression pattern of NADPH oxidase in vascular, adipose, and kidney tissues in a rat model of diet-induced obesity. After weaning, rats were fed either a normal or high-fat diet for 12 weeks. The high-fat diet resulted in 20% increased body weight. In the aorta, Nox4 expression was increased by three-fold in obese rats. Upregulations of p22phox and p47phox in adipose, and Nox4, p22phox, and p47phox in kidney were observed in obesity. Marked increases in plasma leptin and insulin were observed, with more modest changes in adiponectin in obese rats. The average systolic blood pressure in the obese group was 11 mmHg higher than that of lean rats (P < 0.005). There was a significant correlation between blood pressure and aortic Nox4 expression (P < 0.01). In cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, adiponectin reduced the expression of Nox4 in a protein kinase A-dependent manner. Our results suggest that upregulation of NADPH oxidase in multiple tissues during obesity appears to be a systemic response. At least in vitro, adiponectin may have a protective antioxidant role by suppressing vascular NADPH oxidase expression. The association between NADPH oxidase Nox4 expression in the vasculature and the elevated blood pressure in obesity requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Jiang
- O'Brien Institute and Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Tu YF, Lu PJ, Huang CC, Ho CJ, Chou YP. Moderate dietary restriction reduces p53-mediated neurovascular damage and microglia activation after hypoxic ischemia in neonatal brain. Stroke 2011; 43:491-8. [PMID: 22076005 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.629931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Neurovascular damage, including neuronal apoptosis and blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage, and microglia activation account for the hypoxic-ischemia (HI) susceptibility in neonatal brain. The p53 upregulation is involved in apoptosis, endothelial cell damage, and microglia activation. We hypothesized that underweight induced by dietary restriction (DR) protects against HI in rat pups by attenuating p53-mediated neurovascular damage. METHODS Male rat pups were grouped as normal litter (NL) size (12 pups/dam), DR (18 pups/dam), and extreme DR (24 pups/dam) from postnatal day 1 and subjected to HI on postnatal day 7. Immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting were used to determine p53, phospho-murine double minute-2, caspases, BBB damage and microglia activation, and immunofluorescence to determine the cellular distribution of p53. Pharmacological approaches were used to regulate p53. RESULTS The NL, DR, and extreme DR pups had similar TUNEL-positive cells and caspases on postnatal day 7 and comparable learning performance at adulthood. After HI, the DR-HI, but not extreme DR-HI, pups had significantly lower p53, higher phospho-murine double minute-2, lower cleaved caspases, less BBB damage and microglia activation, and less brain volume loss than NL-HI pups. In NL-HI pups, p53 expression was located mainly in the neurons, endothelial cells, and microglia. The p53 blockage by pifithrin-α in NL-HI pups decreased apoptosis, BBB damage, and microglia activation, and was neuroprotective. In contrast, upregulating p53 by nutlin-3 in DR-HI pups increased apoptosis, BBB damage, and microglia activation, and worsened brain damage. CONCLUSIONS Moderate DR, but not extreme DR, reduces p53-mediated neurovascular damage after HI and confers long-term protection in neonatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Tu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
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Lukaszewski MA, Mayeur S, Fajardy I, Delahaye F, Dutriez-Casteloot I, Montel V, Dickes-Coopman A, Laborie C, Lesage J, Vieau D, Breton C. Maternal prenatal undernutrition programs adipose tissue gene expression in adult male rat offspring under high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E548-59. [PMID: 21712534 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00011.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that maternal undernutrition leading to low birth weight predisposes offspring to the development of metabolic pathologies such as obesity. Using a model of prenatal maternal 70% food restriction diet (FR30) in rat, we evaluated whether postweaning high-fat (HF) diet would amplify the phenotype observed under standard diet. We investigated biological parameters as well as gene expression profile focusing on white adipose tissues (WAT) of adult offspring. FR30 procedure does not worsen the metabolic syndrome features induced by HF diet. However, FR30HF rats displayed catch-up growth to match the body weight of adult control HF animals, suggesting an increase of adiposity while showing hyperleptinemia and a blunted increase of corticosterone. Using quantitative RT-PCR array, we demonstrated that FR30HF rats exhibited leptin and Ob-Rb as well as many peptide precursor and receptor gene expression variations in WAT. We also showed that the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis was modified in FR30HF animals in a depot-specific manner. We observed an opposite variation of STAT3 phosphorylation levels, suggesting that leptin sensitivity is modified in WAT adult FR30 offspring. We demonstrated that 11β-HSD1, 11β-HSD2, GR, and MR genes are coexpressed in WAT and that FR30 procedure modifies gene expression levels, especially under HF diet. In particular, level variation of 11β-HSD2, whose protein expression was detected by Western blotting, may represent a novel mechanism that may affect WAT glucocorticoid sensitivity. Data suggest that maternal undernutrition differently programs the adult offspring WAT gene expression profile that may predispose for altered fat deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Amélie Lukaszewski
- Unité Environnement Périnatal et Croissance, Université Lille-Nord de France, Equipe Dénutritions Maternelles Périnatales, Villeneuve d'Ascq
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Early weaning causes undernutrition for a short period and programmes some metabolic syndrome components and leptin resistance in adult rat offspring. Br J Nutr 2011; 105:1405-13. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510005064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Maternal malnutrition during lactation programmes for overweight and central leptin resistance in adulthood. The inhibition of lactation by maternal treatment with bromocriptine (a prolactin inhibitor) programmes for obesity, hyperleptinaemia and leptin resistance. Here, we evaluated the short- and long-term effects of early weaning (EW) on body-weight regulation, leptin signalling, and hormone and lipid profiles in rats offspring. Lactating rats were separated into two groups: EW – dams were wrapped with a bandage to interrupt the lactation in the last 3 d of lactation; control – dams whose pups had free access to milk during all lactation (21 d). Data were significant at P < 0·05. At weaning, EW pups presented lower body weight ( − 10 %), length ( − 4 %), visceral fat ( − 40 %), total fat ( − 30 %), serum leptin ( − 73 %), glycaemia ( − 10 %), serum insulin ( − 20 %) and insulin resistance index (IRI; − 30 %), but higher total body protein content (+40 %). At 180 d, EW offspring showed hyperphagia, higher length (+3 %), body weight (+8 %), visceral and total fat (+36 and 84 %), serum TAG (+96 %), glycaemia (+15 %), leptinaemia (+185 %) and IRI (+29 %); however, they showed lower total protein content ( − 23 %), leptin:body fat ratio (41 %), prolactinaemia ( − 38 %) and adiponectinaemia ( − 59 %). Despite unchanged leptin receptor (OB-R) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), they displayed lower hypothalamic janus tyrosine kinase 2, phosphorylated STAT3 and a higher suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 levels, suggesting a central leptin resistance. Adult rats that were early weaned displayed higher adiposity, insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia, which are related to metabolic syndrome development. Our model reinforces the idea that neonatal malnutrition caused by shortening of the lactation period is important for metabolic programming of future diseases.
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Chronic high-fat diet in fathers programs β-cell dysfunction in female rat offspring. Nature 2010; 467:963-6. [PMID: 20962845 DOI: 10.1038/nature09491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 929] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The global prevalence of obesity is increasing across most ages in both sexes. This is contributing to the early emergence of type 2 diabetes and its related epidemic. Having either parent obese is an independent risk factor for childhood obesity. Although the detrimental impacts of diet-induced maternal obesity on adiposity and metabolism in offspring are well established, the extent of any contribution of obese fathers is unclear, particularly the role of non-genetic factors in the causal pathway. Here we show that paternal high-fat-diet (HFD) exposure programs β-cell 'dysfunction' in rat F(1) female offspring. Chronic HFD consumption in Sprague-Dawley fathers induced increased body weight, adiposity, impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Relative to controls, their female offspring had an early onset of impaired insulin secretion and glucose tolerance that worsened with time, and normal adiposity. Paternal HFD altered the expression of 642 pancreatic islet genes in adult female offspring (P < 0.01); genes belonged to 13 functional clusters, including cation and ATP binding, cytoskeleton and intracellular transport. Broader pathway analysis of 2,492 genes differentially expressed (P < 0.05) demonstrated involvement of calcium-, MAPK- and Wnt-signalling pathways, apoptosis and the cell cycle. Hypomethylation of the Il13ra2 gene, which showed the highest fold difference in expression (1.76-fold increase), was demonstrated. This is the first report in mammals of non-genetic, intergenerational transmission of metabolic sequelae of a HFD from father to offspring.
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Kavanagh K, Sajadian S, Jenkins KA, Wilson MD, Carr JJ, Wagner JD, Rudel LL. Neonatal and fetal exposure to trans-fatty acids retards early growth and adiposity while adversely affecting glucose in mice. Nutr Res 2010; 30:418-26. [PMID: 20650350 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Industrially produced trans-fatty acids (TFAs) consumed in Western diets are incorporated into maternal and fetal tissues and are passed linearly to offspring via breast milk. We hypothesized that TFA exposure in utero and during lactation in infants would promote obesity and poor glycemic control as compared with unmodified fatty acids. We further hypothesized that in utero exposure alone may program for these outcomes in adulthood. To test this hypothesis, we fed female C57/BL6 mice identical Western diets that differed only in cis- or trans-isomers of C18:1 and then aimed to determine whether maternal transfer of TFAs through pregnancy and lactation alters growth, body composition, and glucose metabolism. Mice were unexposed, exposed during pregnancy, during lactation, or throughout pregnancy and lactation to TFA. Body weight and composition (by computed tomography) and glucose metabolism were assessed at weaning and adulthood. Trans-fatty acid exposure through breast milk caused significant early growth retardation (P < .001) and higher fasting glucose (P = .01), but insulin sensitivity was not different. Elevated plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 in mice consuming TFA-enriched milk (P = .02) may contribute to later catch-up growth and leanness and preserved peripheral insulin sensitivity observed in these mice. Mice exposed to TFA in utero underwent rapid early neonatal growth with TFA-free breast milk and had significantly impaired insulin sensitivity (P < .05) and greater abdominal fat (P = .01). We conclude that very early catch-up growth resulted in impaired peripheral insulin sensitivity in this model of diet-related fetal and neonatal programming. Trans-fatty acid surprisingly retarded growth and adiposity while still adversely affecting glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylie Kavanagh
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA.
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Brochu-Gaudreau K, Rehfeldt C, Blouin R, Bordignon V, Murphy BD, Palin MF. Adiponectin action from head to toe. Endocrine 2010; 37:11-32. [PMID: 20963555 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-009-9278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin, the most abundant protein secreted by white adipose tissue, is known for its involvement in obesity-related disorders such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. Moreover, modulation of the circulating adiponectin concentration is observed in pathologies that are more or less obesity-related, such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. The wide distribution of adiponectin receptors in various organs and tissues suggests that adiponectin has pleiotropic effects on numerous physiological processes. Besides its well-known insulin-sensitizing, anti-inflammatory and antiatherosclerotic properties, accumulating evidence suggests that adiponectin may also have anticancer properties and be cardioprotective. A beneficial effect of adiponectin on female reproductive function was also suggested. Since adiponectin has numerous beneficial biological functions, its use as a therapeutic agent has been suggested. However, the use of adiponectin or its receptors as therapeutic targets is complicated by the presence of different adiponectin oligomeric isoforms and production sites, by multiple receptors with differing affinities for adiponectin isoforms, and by cell-type-specific effects in different tissues. In this review, we discuss the known and potential roles of adiponectin in various tissues and pathologies. The therapeutic promise of administration of adiponectin and the use of its circulating levels as a diagnostic biomarker are further discussed based on the latest experimental studies.
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Prior LJ, Armitage JA. Neonatal overfeeding leads to developmental programming of adult obesity: you are what you ate. J Physiol 2009; 587:2419. [PMID: 19483248 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2009.174045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L J Prior
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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