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De Silva TM, Sobey CG. Cerebral Vascular Biology in Health and Disease. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Di Bella D, Ferreira JPS, Silva RDNO, Echem C, Milan A, Akamine EH, Carvalho MH, Rodrigues SF. Gold nanoparticles reduce inflammation in cerebral microvessels of mice with sepsis. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:52. [PMID: 33608025 PMCID: PMC7893894 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00796-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis is an emergency medical condition that can lead to death and it is defined as a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by immune dysregulation in response to an infection. It is considered the main killer in intensive care units. Sepsis associated-encephalopathy (SAE) is mostly caused by a sepsis-induced systemic inflammatory response. Studies report SAE in 14–63% of septic patients. Main SAE symptoms are not specific and usually include acute impairment of consciousness, delirium and/or coma, along with electroencephalogram (EEG) changes. For those who recover from sepsis and SAE, impaired cognitive function, mobility and quality of life are often observed months to years after hospital discharge, and there is no treatment available today to prevent that. Inflammation and oxidative stress are key players for the SAE pathophysiology. Gold nanoparticles have been demonstrated to own important anti-inflammatory properties. It was also reported 20 nm citrate-covered gold nanoparticles (cit-AuNP) reduce oxidative stress. In this context, we tested whether 20 nm cit-AuNP could alleviate the acute changes caused by sepsis in brain of mice, with focus on inflammation. Sepsis was induced in female C57BL/6 mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), 20 nm cit-AuNP or saline were intravenously (IV) injected 2 h after induction of sepsis and experiments performed 6 h after induction. Intravital microscopy was used for leukocyte and platelet adhesion study in brain, blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability carried out by Evans blue assay, cytokines measured by ELISA and real time PCR, cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, and transcription factors, by western blotting. Results 20 nm cit-AuNP treatment reduced leukocyte and platelet adhesion to cerebral blood vessels, prevented BBB failure, reduced TNF- concentration in brain, and ICAM-1 expression both in circulating polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes and cerebral blood vessels of mice with sepsis. Furthermore, 20 nm cit-AuNP did not interfere with the antibiotic effect on the survival rate of mice with sepsis. Conclusions Cit-AuNP showed important anti-inflammatory properties in the brain of mice with sepsis, being a potential candidate to be used as adjuvant drug along with antibiotics in the treatment of sepsis to avoid SAE ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Di Bella
- Laboratory of Hypertension, Diabetes and Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, ICB I, sala 205, 2º andar, Butanta, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - João P S Ferreira
- Laboratory of Hypertension, Diabetes and Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, ICB I, sala 205, 2º andar, Butanta, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renee de Nazare O Silva
- Laboratory of Hypertension, Diabetes and Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, ICB I, sala 205, 2º andar, Butanta, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cinthya Echem
- Laboratory of Hypertension, Diabetes and Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, ICB I, sala 205, 2º andar, Butanta, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Milan
- Laboratory of Hypertension, Diabetes and Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, ICB I, sala 205, 2º andar, Butanta, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana H Akamine
- Laboratory of Hypertension, Diabetes and Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, ICB I, sala 205, 2º andar, Butanta, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria H Carvalho
- Laboratory of Hypertension, Diabetes and Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, ICB I, sala 205, 2º andar, Butanta, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stephen F Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Hypertension, Diabetes and Vascular Biology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, ICB I, sala 205, 2º andar, Butanta, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Vascular Nanopharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1524, ICB I, sala 319, 3º andar, Butanta, 05508-900, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
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Neural Vascular Mechanism for the Cerebral Blood Flow Autoregulation after Hemorrhagic Stroke. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:5819514. [PMID: 29104807 PMCID: PMC5634612 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5819514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the initial stages of hemorrhagic stroke, including intracerebral hemorrhage and subarachnoid hemorrhage, the reflex mechanisms are activated to protect cerebral perfusion, but secondary dysfunction of cerebral flow autoregulation will eventually reduce global cerebral blood flow and the delivery of metabolic substrates, leading to generalized cerebral ischemia, hypoxia, and ultimately, neuronal cell death. Cerebral blood flow is controlled by various regulatory mechanisms, including prevailing arterial pressure, intracranial pressure, arterial blood gases, neural activity, and metabolic demand. Evoked by the concept of vascular neural network, the unveiled neural vascular mechanism gains more and more attentions. Astrocyte, neuron, pericyte, endothelium, and so forth are formed as a communicate network to regulate with each other as well as the cerebral blood flow. However, the signaling molecules responsible for this communication between these new players and blood vessels are yet to be definitively confirmed. Recent evidence suggested the pivotal role of transcriptional mechanism, including but not limited to miRNA, lncRNA, exosome, and so forth, for the cerebral blood flow autoregulation. In the present review, we sought to summarize the hemodynamic changes and underline neural vascular mechanism for cerebral blood flow autoregulation in stroke-prone state and after hemorrhagic stroke and hopefully provide more systematic and innovative research interests for the pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies of hemorrhagic stroke.
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Yildirim A, Senchenkova E, Granger DN. Hypercholesterolemia blunts the oxidative stress elicited by hypertension in venules through angiotensin II type-2 receptors. Microvasc Res 2016; 105:54-60. [PMID: 26775070 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypertension and hypercholesterolemia elicit inflammatory and thrombogenic responses in the microvasculature. However, little is known about whether and how risk factor combinations alter microvascular function. We examined how the actions of HTN+HCh on the microvasculature differ from the responses elicited by either risk factor alone. METHODS Intravital microscopy was used to monitor the adhesion and emigration of leukocytes and dihydrorhodamine oxidation in cremaster muscle venules of wild type mice that were infused with angiotensin II for 2 weeks (HTN), placed on a high cholesterol diet (HCD), or both. RESULTS Either HTN or HCh alone enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species and promoted the recruitment of leukocytes in venules. However, the combination of HTN and HCh produced changes in ROS production and leukocyte recruitment that were greatly attenuated compared to HTN alone. The inhibitory effects of HCh on the AngII mediated responses were also observed in genetically-induced HCh (ApoE-deficient mice). Treating HCh+HTN mice with an antagonist to AT2r reversed the HCh-dependent protection against oxidative stress and inflammation during HTN. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that HCh blunts the oxidative stress and inflammatory cell recruitment elicited by hypertension in venules through a mechanism that involves AT2 receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alper Yildirim
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, United States
| | - Elena Senchenkova
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, United States
| | - D Neil Granger
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, United States.
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Littlejohn NK, Grobe JL. Opposing tissue-specific roles of angiotensin in the pathogenesis of obesity, and implications for obesity-related hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1463-73. [PMID: 26491099 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00224.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic disease, specifically obesity, has now become the greatest challenge to improving cardiovascular health. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) exists as both a circulating hormone system and as a local paracrine signaling mechanism within various tissues including the brain, kidney, and adipose, and this system is strongly implicated in cardiovascular health and disease. Growing evidence also implicates the RAS in the control of energy balance, supporting the concept that the RAS may be mechanistically involved in the pathogenesis of obesity and obesity hypertension. Here, we review the involvement of the RAS in the entire spectrum of whole organism energy balance mechanisms, including behaviors (food ingestion and spontaneous physical activity) and biological processes (digestive efficiency and both aerobic and nonaerobic resting metabolic rates). We hypothesize that opposing, tissue-specific effects of the RAS to modulate these various components of energy balance can explain the apparently paradoxical results reported by energy-balance studies that involve stimulating, versus disrupting, the RAS. We propose a model in which such opposing and tissue-specific effects of the RAS can explain the failure of simple, global RAS blockade to result in weight loss in humans, and hypothesize that obesity-mediated uncoupling of endogenous metabolic rate control mechanisms can explain the phenomenon of obesity-related hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole K Littlejohn
- Department of Pharmacology, the Obesity Research and Education Initiative, the Fraternal Order of Eagles' Diabetes Research Center, the François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Center for Hypertension Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Pharmacology, the Obesity Research and Education Initiative, the Fraternal Order of Eagles' Diabetes Research Center, the François M. Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, and the Center for Hypertension Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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Yakoob MY, Shi P, Hu FB, Campos H, Rexrode KM, Orav EJ, Willett WC, Mozaffarian D. Circulating biomarkers of dairy fat and risk of incident stroke in U.S. men and women in 2 large prospective cohorts. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100:1437-47. [PMID: 25411278 PMCID: PMC4232012 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.114.083097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous observational studies of self-reported dairy product consumption and stroke risk have reported mixed findings. Few studies have used circulating biomarkers that provide objective measures of dairy fat intake. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that the circulating biomarkers of dairy fat, pentadecanoic acid (15:0), heptadecanoic acid (17:0), and trans palmitoleate (trans 16:1n-7), were associated with lower incidence of stroke, especially ischemic stroke. Secondarily, we evaluated 14:0, which is obtained from dairy products and beef, and also endogenously synthesized. DESIGN In participants from 2 large US cohorts (the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study: 51,529 men; the Nurses' Health Study: 121,700 women) with stored blood samples in 1993-1994 (n = 18,225) and 1989-1990 (n = 32,826), respectively, we prospectively identified 594 incident stroke cases (median follow-up: 8.3 y) and matched them 1:1 to risk-set-sampled control subjects by age, sex, race, and smoking. Total plasma and red blood cell (RBC) fatty acids were measured by using gas-liquid chromatography. Covariates were assessed by using validated questionnaires. Stroke events and subtypes were adjudicated by using medical records or other supporting documentation. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate associations of fatty acids with incident stroke, and cohort-specific findings were combined by inverse-variance weights. RESULTS After adjustment for demographic characteristics, lifestyle, cardiovascular disease risk factors, diet, and other circulating fatty acids, no significant associations with total stroke were seen for plasma 15:0 (pooled HR for highest compared with lowest quartiles: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.54, 1.33), 17:0 (0.99; 0.67, 1.49), trans 16:1 n-7 (0.89; 0.55, 1.45), or 14:0 (1.05; 0.62, 1.78). Results were similar for ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke subtypes, for RBC fatty acids, and in several different sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION In 2 large prospective cohorts, circulating biomarkers of dairy fat were not significantly associated with stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Y Yakoob
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (MYY, PS, and DM) and Nutrition (FBH, HC, and WCW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Preventive Medicine (KMR) and General Internal Medicine (EJO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (DM)
| | - Peilin Shi
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (MYY, PS, and DM) and Nutrition (FBH, HC, and WCW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Preventive Medicine (KMR) and General Internal Medicine (EJO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (DM)
| | - Frank B Hu
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (MYY, PS, and DM) and Nutrition (FBH, HC, and WCW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Preventive Medicine (KMR) and General Internal Medicine (EJO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (DM)
| | - Hannia Campos
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (MYY, PS, and DM) and Nutrition (FBH, HC, and WCW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Preventive Medicine (KMR) and General Internal Medicine (EJO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (DM)
| | - Kathryn M Rexrode
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (MYY, PS, and DM) and Nutrition (FBH, HC, and WCW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Preventive Medicine (KMR) and General Internal Medicine (EJO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (DM)
| | - E John Orav
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (MYY, PS, and DM) and Nutrition (FBH, HC, and WCW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Preventive Medicine (KMR) and General Internal Medicine (EJO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (DM)
| | - Walter C Willett
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (MYY, PS, and DM) and Nutrition (FBH, HC, and WCW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Preventive Medicine (KMR) and General Internal Medicine (EJO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (DM)
| | - Dariush Mozaffarian
- From the Departments of Epidemiology (MYY, PS, and DM) and Nutrition (FBH, HC, and WCW), Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; the Divisions of Preventive Medicine (KMR) and General Internal Medicine (EJO), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and the Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA (DM)
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent publications in the field of apolipoprotein mimetics. RECENT FINDINGS Apolipoprotein mimetic peptides continue to show efficacy in a number of animal models of disease and demonstrate properties that make them attractive as potential therapeutic agents. A number of new apolipoprotein mimetics have been described recently. A major site of action of apolipoprotein mimetic peptides was found to be in the small intestine in which they decrease the levels of proinflammatory bioactive lipids. A major problem related to the use of apolipoprotein mimetic peptides is their cost, particularly those that need to be generated by solid phase synthesis with chemical addition of end-blocking groups. Novel approaches to apolipoprotein mimetic therapy have emerged recently that show promise in overcoming these barriers. SUMMARY Despite the recent failure of therapies designed to raise HDL-cholesterol in humans, an approach to therapy using mimetics of HDL and its components continues to show promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa T. Reddy
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles CA 90095
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles CA 90095
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Mohamad Navab
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | | | - Alan M. Fogelman
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles CA 90095
- Corresponding Author: Department of Medicine, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Box 951736, Los Angele, CA 90095-1736, Telephone: 310-825-6058, Fax: 310-206-3489,
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Rodrigues SF, Almeida-Paula LD, Granger DN. Synergistic effects of high blood cholesterol and hypertension on leukocyte and platelet recruitment in the cerebral microcirculation. Hypertension 2013; 63:747-52. [PMID: 24379186 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension or hypercholesterolemia can induce a proinflammatory and prothrombogenic phenotype in the microcirculation of the brain; however, less is known about how the combination of these risk factors affects the vasculature. We recently reported that a moderate (60%) increase in plasma cholesterol blunts the recruitment of leukocytes and platelets in the cerebral microvessels elicited by hypertension. In this study, we examined whether larger increments in blood cholesterol (4-fold) exerts a similar modulating influence on the vasculature in the presence of hypertension. Apolipoprotein E-knockout mice with deoxycorticosterone acetate salt-induced hypertension were placed on a high-cholesterol diet and exhibited exaggerated leukocyte and platelet adhesion responses in cerebral microvessels. Intermittent feeding (every fourth day) with high-cholesterol diet yielded similar phenotypic changes in the vasculature. Once the mice were placed on high-cholesterol diet, 4 days on normal diet (ND) were needed to revert to a normal vascular phenotype. Angiotensin II type 1 receptors and reactive oxygen species seem to contribute to the vascular responses induced by hypercholesterolemia and hypertension. Our findings indicate that the combination of hypertension and large increases in plasma cholesterol concentration results in a severe, but reversible, inflammatory and thrombogenic phenotype in the cerebral microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Rodrigues
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130-3932.
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