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Meng Y, Adi D, Wu Y, Wang Y, Abudoukelimu M, Huang D, Ma X, Liu C, Wang T, Liu F, Chen B, Gai M, Chen X, Fu Z, Ma Y. CYP19A1 polymorphisms associated with coronary artery disease and circulating sex hormone levels in a Chinese population. Oncotarget 2017; 8:97101-97113. [PMID: 29228596 PMCID: PMC5722548 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between CYP19A1 genetic polymorphisms and coronary artery disease (CAD) remains unclear. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the association of CYP19A1 genetic polymorphisms with CAD in Han and Uygur populations and to characterize the association between the levels of sex hormones and aromatase with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CYP19A1 genes in Chinese women. Results There were significant differences in the genotype distributions of rs2236722 and rs4646 between CAD patients and control subjects in the Uygur population. The rs4646 was found to be associated with CAD in the dominant model (CC vs. CA + AA) and the additive model (CA vs. CC + AA) (both P ≤ 0.001). The difference remained statistically significant after multivariate adjustment (OR = 0.483, 95% CI: 0.338–0.690, P = 0.000; and OR = 1.844, 95% CI: 1.300–2.617, P = 0.001, respectively). In normal Uygur postmenopausal women, there were significant differences in the genotype distributions of rs4646 and the circulating hormone and aromatase levels between CAD patients and control subjects. The differences in estradiol and aromatase levels remained statistically significant after multivariate adjustment (OR = 0.889, 95% CI: 0.817–0.969, P = 0.007; and OR = 0.947, 95% CI: 0.936–0.957, P = 0.000, respectively). Additionally, there were differences in sex hormone levels between the different ethnicities among the Xinjiang Chinese population. Materials and Methods Among a total of 1,064 Han individuals (614 men and 450 women) and 790 Uygur individuals (484 men and 306 women), 498 postmenopausal women (265 Han and 233 Uygur individuals) were selected. Four SNPs (rs2236722, rs2304463, rs4646, and rs4275794) were genotyped using the improved multiplex ligation detection reaction (iMLDR) technique. The estradiol and testosterone levels were determined using a radioimmunoassay based on GC-2016γ. In addition, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to determine the serum P450 aromatase levels. Conclusions The results of this study indicate that the rs2236722 and rs4646 of the CYP19A1 gene are associated with CAD and circulating sex hormone levels in the Xinjiang population of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Meng
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Dilare Adi
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Yongtao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Mayila Abudoukelimu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Ding Huang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Fen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Bangdang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Mintao Gai
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Xiaocui Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Zhenyan Fu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, P.R. China
| | - Yitong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, P.R. China.,Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Urumqi, P.R. China
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7
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Thompson DJ, O'Mara TA, Glubb DM, Painter JN, Cheng T, Folkerd E, Doody D, Dennis J, Webb PM, Gorman M, Martin L, Hodgson S, Michailidou K, Tyrer JP, Maranian MJ, Hall P, Czene K, Darabi H, Li J, Fasching PA, Hein A, Beckmann MW, Ekici AB, Dörk T, Hillemanns P, Dürst M, Runnebaum I, Zhao H, Depreeuw J, Schrauwen S, Amant F, Goode EL, Fridley BL, Dowdy SC, Winham SJ, Salvesen HB, Trovik J, Njolstad TS, Werner HMJ, Ashton K, Proietto T, Otton G, Carvajal-Carmona L, Tham E, Liu T, Mints M, Scott RJ, McEvoy M, Attia J, Holliday EG, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Nyholt DR, Henders AK, Hopper JL, Traficante N, Ruebner M, Swerdlow AJ, Burwinkel B, Brenner H, Meindl A, Brauch H, Lindblom A, Lambrechts D, Chang-Claude J, Couch FJ, Giles GG, Kristensen VN, Cox A, Bolla MK, Wang Q, Bojesen SE, Shah M, Luben R, Khaw KT, Pharoah PDP, Dunning AM, Tomlinson I, Dowsett M, Easton DF, Spurdle AB. CYP19A1 fine-mapping and Mendelian randomization: estradiol is causal for endometrial cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:77-91. [PMID: 26574572 PMCID: PMC4697192 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Candidate gene studies have reported CYP19A1 variants to be associated with endometrial cancer and with estradiol (E2) concentrations. We analyzed 2937 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 6608 endometrial cancer cases and 37 925 controls and report the first genome wide-significant association between endometrial cancer and a CYP19A1 SNP (rs727479 in intron 2, P=4.8×10(-11)). SNP rs727479 was also among those most strongly associated with circulating E2 concentrations in 2767 post-menopausal controls (P=7.4×10(-8)). The observed endometrial cancer odds ratio per rs727479 A-allele (1.15, CI=1.11-1.21) is compatible with that predicted by the observed effect on E2 concentrations (1.09, CI=1.03-1.21), consistent with the hypothesis that endometrial cancer risk is driven by E2. From 28 candidate-causal SNPs, 12 co-located with three putative gene-regulatory elements and their risk alleles associated with higher CYP19A1 expression in bioinformatical analyses. For both phenotypes, the associations with rs727479 were stronger among women with a higher BMI (Pinteraction=0.034 and 0.066 respectively), suggesting a biologically plausible gene-environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Thompson
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Tracy A O'Mara
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Dylan M Glubb
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Jodie N Painter
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Timothy Cheng
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Elizabeth Folkerd
- Academic Department of Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Deborah Doody
- Academic Department of Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Joe Dennis
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Penelope M Webb
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | | | - Maggie Gorman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Lynn Martin
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Shirley Hodgson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St George's Hospital Medical School, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | | | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Jonathan P Tyrer
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Mel J Maranian
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Per Hall
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Kamila Czene
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Hatef Darabi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Jingmei Li
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Peter A Fasching
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Alexander Hein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Matthias W Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, , University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Peter Hillemanns
- Clinics of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Matthias Dürst
- Department of Gynaecology, Jena University Hospital – Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Ingo Runnebaum
- Department of Gynaecology, Jena University Hospital – Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - Hui Zhao
- Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Depreeuw
- Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospitals, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Schrauwen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospitals, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Frederic Amant
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Hospitals, KU Leuven – University of Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Ellen L Goode
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Brooke L Fridley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, USA
| | - Sean C Dowdy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Division of Gynecologic Oncology Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Stacey J Winham
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Helga B Salvesen
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Cancerbiomarkers, The University of Bergen, Bergen, 5020, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5021, Norway
| | - Jone Trovik
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Cancerbiomarkers, The University of Bergen, Bergen, 5020, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5021, Norway
| | - Tormund S Njolstad
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Cancerbiomarkers, The University of Bergen, Bergen, 5020, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5021, Norway
| | - Henrica M J Werner
- Department of Clinical Science, Centre for Cancerbiomarkers, The University of Bergen, Bergen, 5020, Norway
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, 5021, Norway
| | - Katie Ashton
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia
- Centre for Information Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, , University of Newcastle Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Tony Proietto
- School of Medicine and Public Health, , University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Geoffrey Otton
- School of Medicine and Public Health, , University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
| | - Luis Carvajal-Carmona
- Grupo de investigación Citogenética, Filogenia y Evolución de Poblaciones, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Tolima, Colombia
- Genome Center and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Emma Tham
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Miriam Mints
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - for RENDOCAS
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Rodney J Scott
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia
- Centre for Information Based Medicine, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, , University of Newcastle Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Area Pathology Service, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia
| | - Mark McEvoy
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia
| | - John Attia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia
| | - Elizabeth G Holliday
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2305, Australia
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Dale R Nyholt
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4006, Australia
| | - Anjali K Henders
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Nadia Traficante
- PePeter MacCallum Cancer Center, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3002, Australia
| | - for the AOCS Group
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Matthias Ruebner
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Anthony J Swerdlow
- Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
- Division of Breast Cancer Research, Institute of Cancer Research, London, SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Barbara Burwinkel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Molecular Biology of Breast Cancer, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69117, Germany
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Division of Preventive Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Alfons Meindl
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Tumor Genetics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Hiltrud Brauch
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
- Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, 70376, Germany
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72074, Germany
| | - Annika Lindblom
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 77, Sweden
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Vesalius Research Center, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Jenny Chang-Claude
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905, USA
| | - Graham G Giles
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3004, Australia
| | - Vessela N Kristensen
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, 0310, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, The K.G. Jebsen Center for Breast Cancer Research, Institute for Clinical Medicine, , University of Oslo, Oslo, 0316, Norway
- Department of Clinical Molecular Oncology, Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, 1478, Norway
| | - Angela Cox
- Department of Oncology, Sheffield Cancer Research, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - Manjeet K Bolla
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 1165, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, 2730, Denmark
| | - Mitul Shah
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Robert Luben
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- MRC Centre for Nutritional Epidemiology in Cancer Prevention and Survival (CNC), University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Paul D P Pharoah
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Alison M Dunning
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Mitch Dowsett
- Academic Department of Biochemistry, Royal Marsden Hospital, London, SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Douglas F Easton
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
- Department of Oncology, Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Amanda B Spurdle
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
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