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Clark G, Cohen I, Westlake JH, Andrews GB, Brandt P, Gold RE, Gkioulidou MA, Hacala R, Haggerty D, Hill ME, Ho GC, Jaskulek SE, Kollmann P, Mauk BH, McNutt RL, Mitchell DG, Nelson KS, Paranicas C, Paschalidis N, Schlemm CE. The "Puck" energetic charged particle detector: Design, heritage, and advancements. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. SPACE PHYSICS 2016; 121:7900-7913. [PMID: 27867799 PMCID: PMC5101846 DOI: 10.1002/2016ja022579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Energetic charged particle detectors characterize a portion of the plasma distribution function that plays critical roles in some physical processes, from carrying the currents in planetary ring currents to weathering the surfaces of planetary objects. For several low-resource missions in the past, the need was recognized for a low-resource but highly capable, mass-species-discriminating energetic particle sensor that could also obtain angular distributions without motors or mechanical articulation. This need led to the development of a compact Energetic Particle Detector (EPD), known as the "Puck" EPD (short for hockey puck), that is capable of determining the flux, angular distribution, and composition of incident ions between an energy range of ~10 keV to several MeV. This sensor makes simultaneous angular measurements of electron fluxes from the tens of keV to about 1 MeV. The same measurements can be extended down to approximately 1 keV/nucleon, with some composition ambiguity. These sensors have a proven flight heritage record that includes missions such as MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging and New Horizons, with multiple sensors on each of Juno, Van Allen Probes, and Magnetospheric Multiscale. In this review paper we discuss the Puck EPD design, its heritage, unexpected results from these past missions and future advancements. We also discuss high-voltage anomalies that are thought to be associated with the use of curved foils, which is a new foil manufacturing processes utilized on recent Puck EPD designs. Finally, we discuss the important role Puck EPDs can potentially play in upcoming missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Clark
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - I. Cohen
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - J. H. Westlake
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - G. B. Andrews
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - P. Brandt
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - R. E. Gold
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - M. A. Gkioulidou
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - R. Hacala
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - D. Haggerty
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - M. E. Hill
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - G. C. Ho
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - S. E. Jaskulek
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - P. Kollmann
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - B. H. Mauk
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - R. L. McNutt
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - D. G. Mitchell
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - K. S. Nelson
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | - C. Paranicas
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
| | | | - C. E. Schlemm
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurelMarylandUSA
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Mauk B, Bagenal F. Comparative Auroral Physics: Earth and Other Planets. GEOPHYSICAL MONOGRAPH SERIES 2013. [DOI: 10.1029/2011gm001192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Schippers P, André N, Gurnett DA, Lewis GR, Persoon AM, Coates AJ. Identification of electron field-aligned current systems in Saturn's magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Badman SV, Achilleos N, Arridge CS, Baines KH, Brown RH, Bunce EJ, Coates AJ, Cowley SWH, Dougherty MK, Fujimoto M, Hospodarsky G, Kasahara S, Kimura T, Melin H, Mitchell DG, Stallard T, Tao C. Cassini observations of ion and electron beams at Saturn and their relationship to infrared auroral arcs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011ja017222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Carbary JF, Mitchell DG, Paranicas C, Roelof EC, Krimigis SM, Krupp N, Khurana K, Dougherty M. Pitch angle distributions of energetic electrons at Saturn. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Carbary
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - D. G. Mitchell
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - C. Paranicas
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - E. C. Roelof
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - S. M. Krimigis
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - N. Krupp
- Max Planck Institut für Sonnensystemforschung; Katlenburg-Lindau Germany
| | - K. Khurana
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - M. Dougherty
- Space and Atmospheric Physics Group; Imperial College; London UK
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Masters A, Achilleos N, Kivelson MG, Sergis N, Dougherty MK, Thomsen MF, Arridge CS, Krimigis SM, McAndrews HJ, Kanani SJ, Krupp N, Coates AJ. Cassini observations of a Kelvin-Helmholtz vortex in Saturn's outer magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010ja015351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Masters
- Space and Atmospheric Physics Group, Blackett Laboratory; Imperial College London; London UK
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Department of Space and Climate Physics; University College London; Dorking UK
- Center for Planetary Sciences; University College London; London UK
| | - N. Achilleos
- Center for Planetary Sciences; University College London; London UK
- Atmospheric Physics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy; University College London; London UK
| | - M. G. Kivelson
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | - N. Sergis
- Office of Space Research and Technology; Academy of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - M. K. Dougherty
- Space and Atmospheric Physics Group, Blackett Laboratory; Imperial College London; London UK
| | - M. F. Thomsen
- Space Science and Applications; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - C. S. Arridge
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Department of Space and Climate Physics; University College London; Dorking UK
- Center for Planetary Sciences; University College London; London UK
| | - S. M. Krimigis
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - H. J. McAndrews
- Space Science and Applications; Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - S. J. Kanani
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Department of Space and Climate Physics; University College London; Dorking UK
- Center for Planetary Sciences; University College London; London UK
| | - N. Krupp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung; Katlenburg-Lindau Germany
| | - A. J. Coates
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory, Department of Space and Climate Physics; University College London; Dorking UK
- Center for Planetary Sciences; University College London; London UK
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Carbary JF, Mitchell DG, Krupp N, Krimigis SM. L shell distribution of energetic electrons at Saturn. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009ja014341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. F. Carbary
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - D. G. Mitchell
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - N. Krupp
- Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research; Lindau Germany
| | - S. M. Krimigis
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
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Talboys DL, Arridge CS, Bunce EJ, Coates AJ, Cowley SWH, Dougherty MK. Characterization of auroral current systems in Saturn's magnetosphere: High-latitude Cassini observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. L. Talboys
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - C. S. Arridge
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking UK
- Centre for Planetary Sciences; University College London; London UK
| | - E. J. Bunce
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
| | - A. J. Coates
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking UK
- Centre for Planetary Sciences; University College London; London UK
| | - S. W. H. Cowley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Leicester; Leicester UK
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Radioti A, Grodent D, Gérard JC, Roussos E, Paranicas C, Bonfond B, Mitchell DG, Krupp N, Krimigis S, Clarke JT. Transient auroral features at Saturn: Signatures of energetic particle injections in the magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Radioti
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liege Belgium
| | - D. Grodent
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liege Belgium
| | - J.-C. Gérard
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liege Belgium
| | - E. Roussos
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung; Katlenburg-Lindau Germany
| | - C. Paranicas
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - B. Bonfond
- Laboratoire de Physique Atmosphérique et Planétaire, Institut d'Astrophysique et de Géophysique; Université de Liège; Liege Belgium
| | - D. G. Mitchell
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - N. Krupp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung; Katlenburg-Lindau Germany
| | - S. Krimigis
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
- Office for Space Research and Applications; Academy of Athens; Athens Greece
| | - J. T. Clarke
- Center for Space Physics; Boston University; Boston Massachusetts USA
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Mitchell DG, Kurth WS, Hospodarsky GB, Krupp N, Saur J, Mauk BH, Carbary JF, Krimigis SM, Dougherty MK, Hamilton DC. Ion conics and electron beams associated with auroral processes on Saturn. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. G. Mitchell
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - W. S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - G. B. Hospodarsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - N. Krupp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung; Katlenburg-Lindau Germany
| | - J. Saur
- Institut für Geophysik and Meteorologie; Universität zu Köln; Cologne Germany
| | - B. H. Mauk
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - J. F. Carbary
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - S. M. Krimigis
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | | | - D. C. Hamilton
- Department of Astronomy; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland USA
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Stallard T, Miller S, Melin H, Lystrup M, Cowley SWH, Bunce EJ, Achilleos N, Dougherty M. Jovian-like aurorae on Saturn. Nature 2008; 453:1083-5. [PMID: 18563160 DOI: 10.1038/nature07077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Planetary aurorae are formed by energetic charged particles streaming along the planet's magnetic field lines into the upper atmosphere from the surrounding space environment. Earth's main auroral oval is formed through interactions with the solar wind, whereas that at Jupiter is formed through interactions with plasma from the moon Io inside its magnetic field (although other processes form aurorae at both planets). At Saturn, only the main auroral oval has previously been observed and there remains much debate over its origin. Here we report the discovery of a secondary oval at Saturn that is approximately 25 per cent as bright as the main oval, and we show this to be caused by interaction with the middle magnetosphere around the planet. This is a weak equivalent of Jupiter's main oval, its relative dimness being due to the lack of as large a source of ions as Jupiter's volcanic moon Io. This result suggests that differences seen in the auroral emissions from Saturn and Jupiter are due to scaling differences in the conditions at each of these two planets, whereas the underlying formation processes are the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Stallard
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK.
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12
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Schippers P, Blanc M, André N, Dandouras I, Lewis GR, Gilbert LK, Persoon AM, Krupp N, Gurnett DA, Coates AJ, Krimigis SM, Young DT, Dougherty MK. Multi-instrument analysis of electron populations in Saturn's magnetosphere. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Schippers
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements; CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - M. Blanc
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements; CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - N. André
- Research and Scientific Support Department; European Space Agency; Noordwijk Netherlands
| | - I. Dandouras
- Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements; CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier; Toulouse France
| | - G. R. Lewis
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking UK
| | - L. K. Gilbert
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking UK
| | - A. M. Persoon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - N. Krupp
- Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung; Katlenburg-Lindau Germany
| | - D. A. Gurnett
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; University of Iowa; Iowa City Iowa USA
| | - A. J. Coates
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Dorking UK
| | - S. M. Krimigis
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - D. T. Young
- Southwest Research Institute; San Antonio Texas USA
| | - M. K. Dougherty
- Department of Space and Atmospheric Physics; Imperial College London; London UK
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13
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McAndrews HJ, Owen CJ, Thomsen MF, Lavraud B, Coates AJ, Dougherty MK, Young DT. Evidence for reconnection at Saturn's magnetopause. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007ja012581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. J. McAndrews
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Surrey UK
| | - C. J. Owen
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Surrey UK
| | - M. F. Thomsen
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - B. Lavraud
- Los Alamos National Laboratory; Los Alamos New Mexico USA
| | - A. J. Coates
- Mullard Space Science Laboratory; University College London; Surrey UK
| | - M. K. Dougherty
- Space and Atmospheric Physics Group; Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College; London UK
| | - D. T. Young
- Division of Space Science and Engineering; Southwest Research Institute; San Antonio Texas USA
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