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Mazzali PA, Valenti S, Della Valle M, Chincarini G, Sauer DN, Benetti S, Pian E, Piran T, D'Elia V, Elias-Rosa N, Margutti R, Pasotti F, Antonelli LA, Bufano F, Campana S, Cappellaro E, Covino S, D'Avanzo P, Fiore F, Fugazza D, Gilmozzi R, Hunter D, Maguire K, Maiorano E, Marziani P, Masetti N, Mirabel F, Navasardyan H, Nomoto K, Palazzi E, Pastorello A, Panagia N, Pellizza LJ, Sari R, Smartt S, Tagliaferri G, Tanaka M, Taubenberger S, Tominaga N, Trundle C, Turatto M. The Metamorphosis of Supernova SN 2008D/XRF 080109: A Link Between Supernovae and GRBs/Hypernovae. Science 2008; 321:1185-8. [PMID: 18653846 DOI: 10.1126/science.1158088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paolo A. Mazzali
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Stefano Valenti
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Massimo Della Valle
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Guido Chincarini
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Daniel N. Sauer
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Stefano Benetti
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Elena Pian
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Tsvi Piran
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Valerio D'Elia
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nancy Elias-Rosa
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Raffaella Margutti
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Francesco Pasotti
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - L. Angelo Antonelli
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Filomena Bufano
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Sergio Campana
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Enrico Cappellaro
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Stefano Covino
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paolo D'Avanzo
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Fabrizio Fiore
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Dino Fugazza
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Roberto Gilmozzi
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Deborah Hunter
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Kate Maguire
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Elisabetta Maiorano
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paola Marziani
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nicola Masetti
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Felix Mirabel
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Hripsime Navasardyan
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Ken'ichi Nomoto
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Eliana Palazzi
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Andrea Pastorello
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nino Panagia
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - L. J. Pellizza
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Re'em Sari
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Stephen Smartt
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Gianpiero Tagliaferri
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Masaomi Tanaka
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Stefan Taubenberger
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nozomu Tominaga
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Carrie Trundle
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Massimo Turatto
- Max-Planck Institut fuÌr Astrophysik, Karl-Schwarzschild-Strasse 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica-OAPd, vicolo dell'Osservatorio, 2, I-35122 Padova, Italy
- Department of Astronomy, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Research Center for the Early Universe, School of Science, University of Tokyo, Bunkyoku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Astrophysics Research Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
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