1
|
Chen LX, Yano J. Deciphering Photoinduced Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms in Natural and Artificial Photosynthetic Systems on Multiple Temporal and Spatial Scales Using X-ray Probes. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5421-5469. [PMID: 38663009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Utilization of renewable energies for catalytically generating value-added chemicals is highly desirable in this era of rising energy demands and climate change impacts. Artificial photosynthetic systems or photocatalysts utilize light to convert abundant CO2, H2O, and O2 to fuels, such as carbohydrates and hydrogen, thus converting light energy to storable chemical resources. The emergence of intense X-ray pulses from synchrotrons, ultrafast X-ray pulses from X-ray free electron lasers, and table-top laser-driven sources over the past decades opens new frontiers in deciphering photoinduced catalytic reaction mechanisms on the multiple temporal and spatial scales. Operando X-ray spectroscopic methods offer a new set of electronic transitions in probing the oxidation states, coordinating geometry, and spin states of the metal catalytic center and photosensitizers with unprecedented energy and time resolution. Operando X-ray scattering methods enable previously elusive reaction steps to be characterized on different length scales and time scales. The methodological progress and their application examples collected in this review will offer a glimpse into the accomplishments and current state in deciphering reaction mechanisms for both natural and synthetic systems. Looking forward, there are still many challenges and opportunities at the frontier of catalytic research that will require further advancement of the characterization techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin X Chen
- Chemical Science and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Junko Yano
- Molecular Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Romito D, Govind C, Nikolaou V, Fernández-Terán RJ, Stoumpidi A, Agapaki E, Charalambidis G, Diring S, Vauthey E, Coutsolelos AG, Odobel F. Dye-Sensitized Photocatalysis: Hydrogen Evolution and Alcohol-to-Aldehyde Oxidation without Sacrifical Electron Donor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318868. [PMID: 38227346 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in developing dye-sensitized photocatalytic systems (DSPs) to produce molecular hydrogen (H2 ) as alternative energy source. To improve the sustainability of this technology, we replaced the sacrificial electron donor (SED), typically an expensive and polluting chemical, with an alcohol oxidation catalyst. This study demonstrates the first dye-sensitized system using a diketopyrrolopyrrole dye covalently linked to 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) based catalyst for simultaneous H2 evolution and alcohol-to-aldehyde transformation operating in water with visible irradiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Romito
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Chinju Govind
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vasilis Nikolaou
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Ricardo J Fernández-Terán
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aspasia Stoumpidi
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Eleni Agapaki
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Theoretical and Physical Chemistry Institute , National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Stéphane Diring
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000, Nantes, France
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Athanassios G Coutsolelos
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL), Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Vassilika Vouton, GR 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Fabrice Odobel
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM, UMR 6230, F-44000, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Marchini E, Caramori S, Carli S. Metal Complexes for Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cells (DSPECs). Molecules 2024; 29:293. [PMID: 38257206 PMCID: PMC10818894 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Since Mallouk's earliest contribution, dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) have emerged as a promising class of photoelectrochemical devices capable of storing solar light into chemical bonds. This review primarily focuses on metal complexes outlining stabilization strategies and applications. The ubiquity and safety of water have made its splitting an extensively studied reaction; here, we present some examples from the outset to recent advancements. Additionally, alternative oxidative pathways like HX splitting and organic reactions mediated by a redox shuttle are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Marchini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| | - Stefano Carli
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Suremann NF, McCarthy BD, Gschwind W, Kumar A, Johnson BA, Hammarström L, Ott S. Molecular Catalysis of Energy Relevance in Metal-Organic Frameworks: From Higher Coordination Sphere to System Effects. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6545-6611. [PMID: 37184577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The modularity and synthetic flexibility of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have provoked analogies with enzymes, and even the term MOFzymes has been coined. In this review, we focus on molecular catalysis of energy relevance in MOFs, more specifically water oxidation, oxygen and carbon dioxide reduction, as well as hydrogen evolution in context of the MOF-enzyme analogy. Similar to enzymes, catalyst encapsulation in MOFs leads to structural stabilization under turnover conditions, while catalyst motifs that are synthetically out of reach in a homogeneous solution phase may be attainable as secondary building units in MOFs. Exploring the unique synthetic possibilities in MOFs, specific groups in the second and third coordination sphere around the catalytic active site have been incorporated to facilitate catalysis. A key difference between enzymes and MOFs is the fact that active site concentrations in the latter are often considerably higher, leading to charge and mass transport limitations in MOFs that are more severe than those in enzymes. High catalyst concentrations also put a limit on the distance between catalysts, and thus the available space for higher coordination sphere engineering. As transport is important for MOF-borne catalysis, a system perspective is chosen to highlight concepts that address the issue. A detailed section on transport and light-driven reactivity sets the stage for a concise review of the currently available literature on utilizing principles from Nature and system design for the preparation of catalytic MOF-based materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina F Suremann
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brian D McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wanja Gschwind
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amol Kumar
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Technical University Munich (TUM), Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Uferstraße 53, 94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kang W, Wei R, Yin H, Li D, Chen Z, Huang Q, Zhang P, Jing H, Wang X, Li C. Unraveling Sequential Oxidation Kinetics and Determining Roles of Multi-Cobalt Active Sites on Co 3O 4 Catalyst for Water Oxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3470-3477. [PMID: 36724407 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The multi-redox mechanism involving multi-sites has great implications to dictate the catalytic water oxidation. Understanding the sequential dynamics of multi-steps in oxygen evolution reaction (OER) cycles on working catalysts is a highly important but challenging issue. Here, using quasi-operando transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy and a typical photosensitization strategy, we succeeded in resolving the sequential oxidation kinetics involving multi-active sites for water oxidation in OER catalytic cycle, with Co3O4 nanoparticles as model catalysts. When OER initiates from fast oxidation of surface Co2+ ions, both surface Co2+ and Co3+ ions are active sites of the multi-cobalt centers for water oxidation. In the sequential kinetics (Co2+ → Co3+ → Co4+), the key characteristic is fast oxidation and slow consumption for all the cobalt species. Due to this characteristic, the Co4+ intermediate distribution plays a determining role in OER activity and results in the slow overall OER kinetics. These insights shed light on the kinetic understanding of water oxidation on heterogeneous catalysts with multi-sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanchao Kang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis, Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ruifang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Heng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Dongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qinge Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Huanwang Jing
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis, Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Can Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalysis, Gansu Province, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, China.,State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian 116023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Reyes Cruz EA, Nishiori D, Wadsworth BL, Nguyen NP, Hensleigh LK, Khusnutdinova D, Beiler AM, Moore GF. Molecular-Modified Photocathodes for Applications in Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar-to-Fuel Technologies. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16051-16109. [PMID: 36173689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nature offers inspiration for developing technologies that integrate the capture, conversion, and storage of solar energy. In this review article, we highlight principles of natural photosynthesis and artificial photosynthesis, drawing comparisons between solar energy transduction in biology and emerging solar-to-fuel technologies. Key features of the biological approach include use of earth-abundant elements and molecular interfaces for driving photoinduced charge separation reactions that power chemical transformations at global scales. For the artificial systems described in this review, emphasis is placed on advancements involving hybrid photocathodes that power fuel-forming reactions using molecular catalysts interfaced with visible-light-absorbing semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A Reyes Cruz
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Daiki Nishiori
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Brian L Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Nghi P Nguyen
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Lillian K Hensleigh
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Anna M Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - G F Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Photoelectrocatalysis for high-value-added chemicals production. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(21)63923-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
8
|
Niu F, Wang D, Williams LJ, Nayak A, Li F, Chen X, Troian-Gautier L, Huang Q, Liu Y, Brennaman MK, Papanikolas JM, Guo L, Shen S, Meyer TJ. A Semiconductor-Mediator-Catalyst Artificial Photosynthetic System for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202102630. [PMID: 35113460 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In fabricating an artificial photosynthesis (AP) electrode for water oxidation, we have devised a semiconductor-mediator-catalyst structure that mimics photosystem II (PSII). It is based on a surface layer of vertically grown nanorods of Fe2 O3 on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) electrodes with a carbazole mediator base and a Ru(II) carbene complex on a nanolayer of TiO2 as a water oxidation co-catalyst. The resulting hybrid assembly, FTO|Fe2 O3 |-carbazole|TiO2 |-Ru(carbene), demonstrates an enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation performance compared to an electrode without the added carbaozle base with an increase in photocurrent density of 2.2-fold at 0.95 V vs. NHE and a negatively shifted onset potential of 500 mV. The enhanced PEC performance is attributable to carbazole mediator accelerated interfacial hole transfer from Fe2 O3 to the Ru(II) carbene co-catalyst, with an improved effective surface area for the water oxidation reaction and reduced charge transfer resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Niu
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy (IRCRE) State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering (MFPE), Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), 28 West Xianning Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Degao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States.,Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Lenzi J Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Animesh Nayak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Xiangyan Chen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy (IRCRE) State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering (MFPE), Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), 28 West Xianning Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Qing Huang
- Engineering Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Ningbo Institute of Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yanming Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - M Kyle Brennaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - John M Papanikolas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| | - Liejin Guo
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy (IRCRE) State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering (MFPE), Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), 28 West Xianning Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Shaohua Shen
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy (IRCRE) State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering (MFPE), Xi'an Jiaotong University (XJTU), 28 West Xianning Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, P. R. China
| | - Thomas J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bürgin T, Wenger OS. Recent Advances and Perspectives in Photodriven Charge Accumulation in Molecular Compounds: A Mini Review. ENERGY & FUELS : AN AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY JOURNAL 2021; 35:18848-18856. [PMID: 35873109 PMCID: PMC9302442 DOI: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.1c02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The formation of so-called solar fuels from abundant low-energetic compounds, such as carbon dioxide or water, relies on the chemical elementary steps of photoinduced electron transfer and accumulation of multiple redox equivalents. The majority of molecular systems explored to date require sacrificial electron donors to accumulate multiple electrons on a single acceptor unit, but the use of high-energetic sacrificial redox reagents is unsustainable. In recent years, an increasing number of molecular compounds for reversible light-driven accumulation of redox equivalents that do not need sacrificial electron donors has been reported. Those compounds are the focus of this mini review. Different concepts, such as redox potential compression (achieved by proton-coupled electron transfer, Lewis acid-base interactions, or structural rearrangements), hybrids with inorganic nanoparticles, and diffusion-controlled multi-component systems, will be discussed. Newly developed strategies to outcompete unproductive reaction pathways in favor of desired photoproduct formation will be compared, and the importance of identifying reaction intermediates in the course of multiphotonic excitation by different time-resolved spectroscopic techniques will be discussed. The mechanistic insights gained from molecular donor-photosensitizer-acceptor compounds inform the design of next-generation charge accumulation systems for solar energy conversion.
Collapse
|
10
|
Hwang D, Schlenker CW. Photochemistry of carbon nitrides and heptazine derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9330-9353. [PMID: 34528956 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02745j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We explore the photochemistry of polymeric carbon nitride (C3N4), an archetypal organic photocatalyst, and derivatives of its structural monomer unit, heptazine (Hz). Through spectroscopic studies and computational analysis, we have observed that Hz derivatives can engage in non-innocent hydrogen bonding interactions with hydroxylic species. The photochemistry of these complexes is influenced by intermolecular nπ*/ππ* mixing of non-bonding orbitals of each component and the relative energy of intermolecular charge-transfer (CT) states. Coupling of the former to the latter appears to facilitate proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), resulting in biradical products. We have also observed that Hz derivatives exhibit an extremely rare inverted singlet/triplet energy splitting (ΔEST). In violation of Hund's multiplicity rules, the lowest energy singlet (S1) is stabilized relative to the lowest triplet (T1) electronic excited state. Exploiting this unique inverted ΔEST character has obvious implications for transformational discoveries in solid-state OLED lighting and photovoltaics. Harnessing this inverted ΔEST, paired with light-driven intermolecular PCET reactions, may enable molecular transformations relevant for applications ranging from solar energy storage to new classes of non-triplet photoredox catalysts for pharmaceutical development. To this end, we have explored the possibility of optically controlling the photochemistry of Hz derivatives using ultrafast pump-push-probe spectroscopy. In this case, the excited state branching ratios among locally excited states of the chromophore and the reactive intermolecular CT state can be manipulated with an appropriate secondary "push" excitation pulse. These results indicate that we can predictively redirect chemical reactivity with light in this system, which is an avidly sought achievement in the field of photochemistry. Looking forward, we anticipate future opportunities for controlling heptazine photochemistry, including manipulating PCET reactivity with a diverse array of substrates and optically delivering reducing equivalents with, for example, water as a partial source of electrons and protons. Furthermore, we wholly expect that, over the next decade, materials such as Hz derivatives, that exhibit inverted ΔEST character, will spawn a significant new research effort in the field of thin-film optoelectronics, where controlling recombination via triplet excitonic states can play a critical role in determining device performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doyk Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Cody W Schlenker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.,Molecular Engineering & Sciences Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1652, USA.,Clean Energy Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1653, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nikoloudakis E, Pati PB, Charalambidis G, Budkina DS, Diring S, Planchat A, Jacquemin D, Vauthey E, Coutsolelos AG, Odobel F. Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrosynthesis Cells for Benzyl Alcohol Oxidation Using a Zinc Porphyrin Sensitizer and TEMPO Catalyst. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Nikoloudakis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Palas Baran Pati
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Darya S. Budkina
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Diring
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Aurélien Planchat
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest-Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Athanassios G. Coutsolelos
- Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, Voutes Campus, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Fabrice Odobel
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UMR 6230, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation (CEISAM), 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cardon JM, Krueper G, Kautz R, Fabian DM, Angsono J, Chen HY, Ardo S. Reconciliation of Differences in Apparent Diffusion Coefficients Measured for Self-Exchange Electron Transfer between Molecules Anchored to Mesoporous Titanium Dioxide Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:41396-41404. [PMID: 32337970 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active sites present at large concentrations as part of a solid support or dissolved as molecules in fluid solutions undergo reversible self-exchange electron-transfer reactions. These processes can be monitored using a variety of techniques. Chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry are common techniques used to interrogate this behavior for molecules bound to mesoporous thin films of wide-bandgap semiconductors and insulators. In order to use these techniques to obtain accurate values for apparent diffusion coefficients, which are proxies for rate constants for self-exchange electron transfer, it is imperative to take into consideration nonidealities in redox titrations, parasitic currents, and ohmic resistances. Using spectroelectrochemical measurements taken concurrently with measurements of chronoamperometry data, we show that the spectroscopic data is not confounded from effects of parasitic currents or electroinactive dyes. However, we show that the thickness of the thin film over the region that is optically probed by the measurements must be known. When each of these considerations is included in data analyses, calculated apparent diffusion coefficients are, within error, independent of the method used to obtain the data. These considerations help reconcile variations in apparent diffusion coefficients measured using different techniques that have been reported over the past several decades and allow correct analyses to be performed in the future, independent of the method used to obtain the data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Cardon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Gregory Krueper
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Rylan Kautz
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - David M Fabian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Jacqueline Angsono
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Hsiang-Yun Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Shane Ardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bozal-Ginesta C, Mesa CA, Eisenschmidt A, Francàs L, Shankar RB, Antón-García D, Warnan J, Willkomm J, Reynal A, Reisner E, Durrant JR. Charge accumulation kinetics in multi-redox molecular catalysts immobilised on TiO 2. Chem Sci 2020; 12:946-959. [PMID: 34163861 PMCID: PMC8178996 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04344c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-redox catalysis requires the accumulation of more than one charge carrier and is crucial for solar energy conversion into fuels and valuable chemicals. In photo(electro)chemical systems, however, the necessary accumulation of multiple, long-lived charges is challenged by recombination with their counterparts. Herein, we investigate charge accumulation in two model multi-redox molecular catalysts for proton and CO2 reduction attached onto mesoporous TiO2 electrodes. Transient absorption spectroscopy and spectroelectrochemical techniques have been employed to study the kinetics of photoinduced electron transfer from the TiO2 to the molecular catalysts in acetonitrile, with triethanolamine as the hole scavenger. At high light intensities, we detect charge accumulation in the millisecond timescale in the form of multi-reduced species. The redox potentials of the catalysts and the capacity of TiO2 to accumulate electrons play an essential role in the charge accumulation process at the molecular catalyst. Recombination of reduced species with valence band holes in TiO2 is observed to be faster than microseconds, while electron transfer from multi-reduced species to the conduction band or the electrolyte occurs in the millisecond timescale. Finally, under light irradiation, we show how charge accumulation on the catalyst is regulated as a function of the applied bias and the excitation light intensity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Bozal-Ginesta
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Camilo A Mesa
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Annika Eisenschmidt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Laia Francàs
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Ravi B Shankar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London Exhibition Road London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Daniel Antón-García
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Julien Warnan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Janina Willkomm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Anna Reynal
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London 80 Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sánchez-Murcia PA, Nogueira JJ, Plasser F, González L. Orbital-free photophysical descriptors to predict directional excitations in metal-based photosensitizers. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7685-7693. [PMID: 32864087 PMCID: PMC7425079 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01684e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of dye-sensitized solar cells, metalloenzyme photocatalysis or biological labeling heavily relies on the design of metal-based photosensitizes with directional excitations. Directionality is most often predicted by characterizing the excitations manually via canonical frontier orbitals. Although widespread, this traditional approach is, at the very least, cumbersome and subject to personal bias, as well as limited in many cases. Here, we demonstrate how two orbital-free photophysical descriptors allow an easy and straightforward quantification of the degree of directionality in electron excitations using chemical fragments. As proof of concept we scrutinize the effect of 22 chemical modifications on the archetype [Ru(bpy)3]2+ with a new descriptor coined "substituent-induced exciton localization" (SIEL), together with the concept of "excited-electron delocalization length" (EEDL n ). Applied to quantum ensembles of initially excited singlet and the relaxed triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer states, the SIEL descriptor allows quantifying how much and whereto the exciton is promoted, as well as anticipating the effect of single modifications, e.g. on C-4 atoms of bpy units of [Ru(bpy)3]2+. The general applicability of SIEL and EEDL n is further established by rationalizing experimental trends through quantification of the directionality of the photoexcitation. We thus demonstrate that SIEL and EEDL descriptors can be synergistically employed to design improved photosensitizers with highly directional and localized electron-transfer transitions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro A Sánchez-Murcia
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Str. 17 , 1090 Vienna , Austria . ;
| | - Juan J Nogueira
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Advanced Research in Chemistry , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , 28049 , Spain
| | - Felix Plasser
- Department of Chemistry , Loughborough University , Loughborough , LE11 3TU , UK
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry , Faculty of Chemistry , University of Vienna , Währinger Str. 17 , 1090 Vienna , Austria . ;
- Vienna Research Platform for Accelerating Photoreaction Discovery , University of Vienna , Währinger Str. 17 , 1090 Vienna , Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Peng Y, Liu Q, Chen S. Structural Engineering of Semiconductor Nanoparticles by Conjugated Interfacial Bonds. CHEM REC 2020; 20:41-50. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201900010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California 1156 High Street Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - Qiming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California 1156 High Street Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| | - Shaowei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California 1156 High Street Santa Cruz CA 95064 USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wadsworth BL, Beiler AM, Khusnutdinova D, Reyes Cruz EA, Moore GF. Interplay between Light Flux, Quantum Efficiency, and Turnover Frequency in Molecular-Modified Photoelectrosynthetic Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15932-15941. [PMID: 31461276 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report on the interplay between light absorption, charge transfer, and catalytic activity at molecular-catalyst-modified semiconductor liquid junctions. Factors limiting the overall photoelectrosynthetic transformations are presented in terms of distinct regions of experimental polarization curves, where each region is related to the fraction of surface-immobilized catalysts present in their activated form under varying intensities of simulated solar illumination. The kinetics associated with these regions are described using steady-state or pre-equilibrium approximations yielding rate laws similar in form to those applied in studies involving classic enzymatic reactions and Michaelis-Menten-type kinetic analysis. However, in the case of photoelectrosynthetic constructs, both photons and electrons serve as reagents for producing activated catalysts. This work forges a link between kinetic models describing biological assemblies and emerging molecular-based technologies for solar energy conversion, providing a conceptual framework for extracting kinetic benchmarking parameters currently not possible to establish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| | - Anna M Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| | - Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| | - Edgar A Reyes Cruz
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| | - Gary F Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Porous single-crystalline titanium dioxide at 2 cm scale delivering enhanced photoelectrochemical performance. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3618. [PMID: 31399595 PMCID: PMC6689047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11623-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous single-crystalline (P-SC) titanium dioxide in large size would significantly enhance their photoelectrochemical functionalities owing to the structural coherence and large surface area. Here we show the growth of P-SC anatase titanium dioxide on an 2 cm scale through a conceptually different lattice reconstruction strategy by direct removal of K/P from KTiOPO4 lattice leaving the open Ti-O skeleton simultaneously recrystallizing into titanium dioxide. The (101) facet dominates the growth of titanium dioxide while the relative titanium densities on different parent crystal facets control the microstructures. Crystal growth in reducing atmospheres produces P-SC TinO2n-1 (n = 7~38) in magneli phases with enhanced visible-infrared light absorption and conductivity. The P-SC TinO2n-1 shows enhanced exciton lifetime and charge mobility. The P-SC TinO2n-1 boosts photoelectrochemical oxidation of benzene to phenol with P-SC Ti9O17 showing 60.1% benzene conversion and 99.6% phenol selectivity at room temperature which is the highest so far to the best of our knowledge. Porous single crystals in large size can significantly enhance their functionality owing to the structural coherence and large surface area. Here the authors show porous single-crystalline titanium dioxide based photoelectrodes with large dimensions leading to improved photoelectrochemical performance.
Collapse
|
18
|
Brady MD, Troian-Gautier L, Motley TC, Turlington MD, Meyer GJ. An Insulating Al 2O 3 Overlayer Prevents Lateral Hole Hopping Across Dye-Sensitized TiO 2 Surfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:27453-27463. [PMID: 31260245 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three chromophores of the general form [Ru(bpy')2(4,4'-(PO3H2)2-2,2'-bipyridine)]2+, where bpy' is 4,4'-(C(CH3)3)2-2,2'-bipyridine (Ru(dtb)2P); 4,4'-(CH3O)2-2,2'-bipyridine (Ru(OMe)2P), and 2,2'-bipyridine (RuP) were anchored to mesoporous thin films of TiO2 nanocrystallites at saturation surface coverages to investigate lateral self-exchange RuIII/II intermolecular hole hopping in 0.1 M LiClO4/CH3CN electrolytes. Hole hopping was initiated by a potential step 500 mV positive of the E1/2 (RuIII/II) potential or by pulsed laser (532 nm, 8 ns fwhm) excitation and monitored by visible absorption chronoabsorptometry and time-resolved absorption anisotropy measurements, respectively. The hole hopping rate constant kR extracted from the potential step data revealed self-exchange rate constants that followed the trend: TiO2|Ru(OMe)2P (ket = 1.4 × 106 s-1) > TiO2|RuP (7.1 × 105 s-1) > TiO2|Ru(dtb)2P (6.5 × 104 s-1). Analysis of the anisotropy data with Monte Carlo simulations provided hole hopping rate constants for TiO2|RuP and TiO2|Ru(dtb)2P that were within experimental error the same as that measured with the potential step. The hole hopping rate constants were found to trend with the TiO2(e-)|RuIII → TiO2|RuII charge recombination rate constants. The atomic layer deposition of an ∼10 Å layer of Al2O3 on top of the dye-sensitized films was found to prevent hole hopping by both initiation methods even though the chromophore surface coverage exceeded the percolation threshold and excited-state injection was efficient. The dramatic hole hopping turnoff was attributed to a larger outer-sphere reorganization energy for self-exchange due to the restricted access of electrolyte to the redox active chromophores. The implications of these findings for solar energy conversion applications are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Brady
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Murray Hall 2202B , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3290 , United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Murray Hall 2202B , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3290 , United States
| | - Tyler C Motley
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Murray Hall 2202B , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3290 , United States
| | - Michael D Turlington
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Murray Hall 2202B , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3290 , United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Murray Hall 2202B , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599-3290 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Natali M, Nastasi F, Puntoriero F, Sartorel A. Mechanistic Insights into Light‐Activated Catalysis for Water Oxidation. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Ferrara Via L. Borsari 46 44121 Ferrara Italy
| | - Francesco Nastasi
- Department of Chemical Biological University of Messina Via Sperone 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Fausto Puntoriero
- Department of Chemical Biological University of Messina Via Sperone 31 98166 Messina Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department of Chemical Sciences Biological University of Padova Via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pannwitz A, Wenger OS. Proton-coupled multi-electron transfer and its relevance for artificial photosynthesis and photoredox catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4004-4014. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00821g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced PCET meets catalysis, and the accumulation of multiple redox equivalents is of key importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pannwitz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- 4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Peng Y, Lu B, Wu F, Zhang F, Lu JE, Kang X, Ping Y, Chen S. Point of Anchor: Impacts on Interfacial Charge Transfer of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:15290-15299. [PMID: 30345757 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced charge transfer across the metal oxide-organic ligand interface plays a key role in the diverse applications of metal oxide nanomaterials/nanostructures, such as photovoltaics, photocatalysis, and optoelectronics. Thus far, most studies are focused on molecular engineering of the organic chromophores, where the charge-transfer properties have been found to dictate the photo absorption efficiency and eventual device performance. Yet, as the chromophores are mostly bound onto the metal oxide surfaces by hydroxyl or carboxyl anchors, the impacts of the bonding interactions at the metal oxide-ligand interface on interfacial charge transfer have remained largely unexplored. Herein, acetylene derivatives are demonstrated as effective surface capping ligands for metal oxide nanoparticles, as exemplified with TiO2, RuO2, and ZnO. Experimental studies and first-principles calculations suggest the formation of M-O-C≡C- core-ligand linkages that lead to effective interfacial charge delocalization, in contrast to hopping/tunneling by the conventional M-O-CO- interfacial bonds in the carboxyl-capped counterparts. This leads to the generation of an interfacial state within the oxide bandgap and much enhanced sensitization of the nanoparticle photoluminescence emissions as well as photocatalytic activity, as manifested in the comparative studies with TiO2 nanoparticles functionalized with ethynylpyrene and pyrenecarboxylic acid. These results highlight the significance of the unique interfacial bonding chemistry by acetylene anchoring group in facilitating efficient charge transfer through the oxide-ligand interfacial linkage and hence the fundamental implication in their practical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Peng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 1156 High Street , Santa Cruz , California 95060 , United States
| | - Bingzhang Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 1156 High Street , Santa Cruz , California 95060 , United States
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 1156 High Street , Santa Cruz , California 95060 , United States
| | - Fengqi Zhang
- New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , China
| | - Jia En Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 1156 High Street , Santa Cruz , California 95060 , United States
| | - Xiongwu Kang
- New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , China
| | - Yuan Ping
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 1156 High Street , Santa Cruz , California 95060 , United States
| | - Shaowei Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California , 1156 High Street , Santa Cruz , California 95060 , United States.,New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510006 , China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xu P, Gray CL, Xiao L, Mallouk TE. Charge Recombination with Fractional Reaction Orders in Water-Splitting Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrochemical Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:11647-11654. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengtao Xu
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Christopher L. Gray
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Langqiu Xiao
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Thomas E. Mallouk
- Departments of Chemistry, Physics, and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nomrowski J, Guo X, Wenger OS. Charge Accumulation and Multi‐Electron Photoredox Chemistry with a Sensitizer–Catalyst–Sensitizer Triad. Chemistry 2018; 24:14084-14087. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nomrowski
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Xingwei Guo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kodaimati MS, Lian S, Schatz GC, Weiss EA. Energy transfer-enhanced photocatalytic reduction of protons within quantum dot light-harvesting-catalyst assemblies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:8290-8295. [PMID: 30068607 PMCID: PMC6099859 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1805625115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitonic energy transfer (EnT) is the mechanism by which natural photosynthetic systems funnel energy from hundreds of antenna pigments to a single reaction center, which allows multielectron redox reactions to proceed with high efficiencies in low-flux natural light. This paper describes the use of electrostatically assembled CdSe quantum dot (QD) aggregates as artificial light harvesting-reaction center units for the photocatalytic reduction of H+ to H2, where excitons are funneled through EnT from sensitizer QDs (sQDs) to catalyst QDs (cQDs). Upon increasing the sensitizer-to-catalyst ratio in the aggregates from 1:2 to 20:1, the number of excitons delivered to each cQD (via EnT) per excitation of the system increases by a factor of nine. At the optimized sensitizer-to-catalyst ratio of 4:1, the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of the reaction system is 4.0 ± 0.3%, a factor of 13 greater than the IQE of a sample that is identical except that EnT is suppressed due to the relative core sizes of the sQDs and cQDs. A kinetic model supports the proposed exciton funneling mechanism for enhancement of the catalytic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shichen Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113
- Center for Bio-Inspired Energy Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611-3015
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3113;
- Center for Bio-Inspired Energy Science, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611-3015
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Eberhart MS, Bowers LMR, Shan B, Troian-Gautier L, Brennaman MK, Papanikolas JM, Meyer TJ. Completing a Charge Transport Chain for Artificial Photosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:9823-9826. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Eberhart
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Leah M. Rader Bowers
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Bing Shan
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - M. Kyle Brennaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John M. Papanikolas
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Thomas J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB 3290, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gatty MG, Pullen S, Sheibani E, Tian H, Ott S, Hammarström L. Direct evidence of catalyst reduction on dye and catalyst co-sensitized NiO photocathodes by mid-infrared transient absorption spectroscopy. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4983-4991. [PMID: 29938026 PMCID: PMC5989651 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc00990b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-sensitization of molecular dyes and catalysts on semiconductor surfaces is a promising strategy to build photoelectrodes for solar fuel production.
Co-sensitization of molecular dyes and catalysts on semiconductor surfaces is a promising strategy to build photoelectrodes for solar fuel production. In such a photoelectrode, understanding the charge transfer reactions between the molecular dye, catalyst and semiconductor material is key to guide further improvement of their photocatalytic performance. Herein, femtosecond mid-infrared transient absorption spectroscopy is used, for the first time, to probe charge transfer reactions leading to catalyst reduction on co-sensitized nickel oxide (NiO) photocathodes. The NiO films were co-sensitized with a molecular dye and a proton reducing catalyst from the family of [FeFe](bdt)(CO)6 (bdt = benzene-1,2-dithiolate) complexes. Two dyes were used: an organic push–pull dye denoted E2 with a triarylamine–oligothiophene–dicyanovinyl structure and a coumarin 343 dye. Upon photo-excitation of the dye, a clear spectroscopic signature of the reduced catalyst is observed a few picoseconds after excitation in all co-sensitized NiO films. However, kinetic analysis of the transient absorption signals of the dye and reduced catalyst reveal important mechanistic differences in the first reduction of the catalyst depending on the co-sensitized molecular dye (E2 or C343). While catalyst reduction is preceded by hole injection in NiO in C343-sensitized NiO films, the singly reduced catalyst is formed by direct electron transfer from the excited dye E2* to the catalyst in E2-sensitized NiO films. This change in mechanism also impacts the lifetime of the reduced catalyst, which is only ca. 50 ps in E2-sensitized NiO films but is >5 ns in C343-sensitized NiO films. Finally, the implication of this mechanistic study for the development of better co-sensitized photocathodes is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gilbert Gatty
- Physical Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 523 , 75120 Uppsala , Sweden .
| | - S Pullen
- Physical Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 523 , 75120 Uppsala , Sweden .
| | - E Sheibani
- Organic Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Chemical Science and Engineering , KTH , Royal Institute of Technology , Teknikringen 30 , 100 44 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - H Tian
- Physical Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 523 , 75120 Uppsala , Sweden .
| | - S Ott
- Physical Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 523 , 75120 Uppsala , Sweden .
| | - L Hammarström
- Physical Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Ångström Laboratory , Uppsala University , Box 523 , 75120 Uppsala , Sweden .
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Piechota EJ, Troian-Gautier L, Sampaio RN, Brennaman MK, Hu K, Berlinguette CP, Meyer GJ. Optical Intramolecular Electron Transfer in Opposite Directions through the Same Bridge That Follows Different Pathways. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:7176-7186. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric J. Piechota
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Renato N. Sampaio
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - M. Kyle Brennaman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Curtis P. Berlinguette
- Departments of Chemistry and Chemical & Biological Engineering, and the Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nomrowski J, Wenger OS. Exploiting Potential Inversion for Photoinduced Multielectron Transfer and Accumulation of Redox Equivalents in a Molecular Heptad. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5343-5346. [PMID: 29652485 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photoinduced multielectron transfer and reversible accumulation of redox equivalents is accomplished in a fully integrated molecular heptad composed of four donors, two photosensitizers, and one acceptor. The second reduction of the dibenzo[1,2]dithiin acceptor occurs more easily than the first by 1.3 V, and this potential inversion facilitates the light-driven formation of a two-electron reduced state with a lifetime of 66 ns in deaerated CH3CN. The quantum yield for formation of this doubly charge-separated photoproduct is 0.5%. In acidic oxygen-free solution, the reduction product is a stable dithiol. Under steady-state photoirradiation, our heptad catalyzes the two-electron reduction of an aliphatic disulfide via thiolate-disulfide interchange. Exploitation of potential inversion for the reversible light-driven accumulation of redox equivalents in artificial systems is unprecedented and the use of such a charge-accumulated state for multielectron photoredox catalysis represents an important proof-of-concept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Nomrowski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry , University of Basel , St. Johanns-Ring 19 , 4056 Basel , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|