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Yamada E, Sakamoto H, Matsui H, Uruga T, Sugimoto K, Ha MQ, Dam HC, Matsuda R, Tada M. Three-Dimensional Visualization of Adsorption Distribution in a Single Crystalline Particle of a Metal-Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:9181-9190. [PMID: 38528433 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c14778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Many unique adsorption properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been revealed by diffraction crystallography, visualizing their vacant and guest-loaded crystal structures at the molecular scale. However, it has been challenging to see the spatial distribution of the adsorption behaviors throughout a single MOF particle in a transient equilibrium state. Here, we report three-dimensional (3D) visualization of molecular adsorption behaviors in a single crystalline particle of a MOF by in situ X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy combined with computed tomography for the first time. The 3D maps of water-coordinated Co sites in a 100 μm-scale MOF-74-Co crystal were obtained with 1 μm spatial resolution under several water vapor pressures. Through the visualization of the water vapor adsorption process, 3D spectroimaging revealed the mechanism and spatial heterogeneity of guest adsorption inside a single particle of a crystalline MOF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emina Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Sakamoto
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hirosuke Matsui
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
| | - Tomoya Uruga
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (JASRI)/SPring-8, Koto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Kunihisa Sugimoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (JASRI)/SPring-8, Koto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kindai University, Kowakae. Higashiosaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Minh-Quyet Ha
- School of Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Hieu-Chi Dam
- School of Knowledge Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Asahidai, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mizuki Tada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- RIKEN SPring-8 Center, Sayo, Hyogo, 679-5198, Japan
- Research Center for Materials Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
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2
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González RM, Maris JJE, Wagner M, Ganjkhanlou Y, Bomer JG, Werny MJ, Rabouw FT, Weckhuysen BM, Odijk M, Meirer F. Fluorescent-Probe Characterization for Pore-Space Mapping with Single-Particle Tracking. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314528. [PMID: 38037863 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Porous solids often contain complex pore networks with pores of various sizes. Tracking individual fluorescent probes as they diffuse through porous materials can be used to characterize pore networks at tens of nanometers resolution. However, understanding the motion behavior of fluorescent probes in confinement is crucial to reliably derive pore network properties. Here, we introduce well-defined lithography-made model pores developed to study probe behavior in confinement. We investigated the influence of probe-host interactions on diffusion and trapping of confined single-emitter quantum-dot probes. Using the pH-responsiveness of the probes, we were able to largely suppress trapping at the pore walls. This enabled us to define experimental conditions for mapping of the accessible pore space of a one-dimensional pore array as well as a real-life polymerization-catalyst-support particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mayorga González
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J J Erik Maris
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marita Wagner
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yadolah Ganjkhanlou
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G Bomer
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7522, ME Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian J Werny
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Freddy T Rabouw
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, 7522, ME Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science and Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Rejman S, Vollmer I, Werny MJ, Vogt ETC, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Transport limitations in polyolefin cracking at the single catalyst particle level. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10068-10080. [PMID: 37772101 PMCID: PMC10529962 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalytic cracking is a promising approach to chemically recycle polyolefins by converting them into smaller hydrocarbons like naphtha, and important precursors of various platform chemicals, such as aromatics. Cracking catalysts, commonly used in the modern refinery and petrochemical industry, are tailored to process gaseous or liquid feedstock. Polyolefins, however, are very large macromolecules that form highly viscous melts at the temperatures required to break their backbone C-C bonds. Therefore, mass transport is expected to limit the performance of traditional cracking catalysts when applied to the conversion of polymers. In this work, we study these effects during the cracking of polypropylene (PP) over catalysts utilized in the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process. Thermogravimetric experiments using PP of varying molecular weight (Mw) and catalysts of varying accessibility showed that low Mw model polymers can be cracked below 275 °C, while PP of higher Mw required a 150 °C higher temperature. We propose that this difference is linked to different degrees of mass transport limitations and investigated this at length scales ranging from milli- to nanometers, utilizing in situ optical microscopy and electron microscopy to inspect cut open catalyst-polymer composites. We identified the main cause of transport limitations as the significantly higher melt viscosity of high Mw polymers, which prohibits efficient catalyst-polymer contact. Additionally, the high Mw polymer does not enter the inner pore system of the catalyst particles, severely limiting utilization of the active sites located there. Our results demonstrate that utilizing low Mw polymers can lead to a significant overestimation of catalyst activity, and suggest that polyolefins might need to undergo a viscosity reducing pre-treatment in order to be cracked efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rejman
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterial Science, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ina Vollmer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterial Science, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian J Werny
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterial Science, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Eelco T C Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterial Science, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterial Science, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterial Science, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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4
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Vollenbroek JC, Nieuwelink AE, Bomer JG, Tiggelaar RM, van den Berg A, Weckhuysen BM, Odijk M. Droplet microreactor for high-throughput fluorescence-based measurements of single catalyst particle acidity. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:39. [PMID: 37007606 PMCID: PMC10060574 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00495-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The particles of heterogeneous catalysts differ greatly in size, morphology, and most importantly, in activity. Studying these catalyst particles in batch typically results in ensemble averages, without any information at the level of individual catalyst particles. To date, the study of individual catalyst particles has been rewarding but is still rather slow and often cumbersome1. Furthermore, these valuable in-depth studies at the single particle level lack statistical relevance. Here, we report the development of a droplet microreactor for high-throughput fluorescence-based measurements of the acidities of individual particles in fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) equilibrium catalysts (ECAT). This method combines systematic screening of single catalyst particles with statistical relevance. An oligomerization reaction of 4-methoxystyrene, catalyzed by the Brønsted acid sites inside the zeolite domains of the ECAT particles, was performed on-chip at 95 °C. The fluorescence signal generated by the reaction products inside the ECAT particles was detected near the outlet of the microreactor. The high-throughput acidity screening platform was capable of detecting ~1000 catalyst particles at a rate of 1 catalyst particle every 2.4 s. The number of detected catalyst particles was representative of the overall catalyst particle population with a confidence level of 95%. The measured fluorescence intensities showed a clear acidity distribution among the catalyst particles, with the majority (96.1%) showing acidity levels belonging to old, deactivated catalyst particles and a minority (3.9%) exhibiting high acidity levels. The latter are potentially of high interest, as they reveal interesting new physicochemical properties indicating why the particles were still highly acidic and reactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen C. Vollenbroek
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Eva Nieuwelink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan G. Bomer
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Roald M. Tiggelaar
- NanoLab Cleanroom, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab on a Chip Group, MESA+ Institute, University of Twente, Hallenweg 15, 7522 NH Enschede, The Netherlands
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5
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Zeininger J, Raab M, Suchorski Y, Buhr S, Stöger-Pollach M, Bernardi J, Rupprechter G. Reaction Modes on a Single Catalytic Particle: Nanoscale Imaging and Micro-Kinetic Modeling. ACS Catal 2022; 12:12774-12785. [PMID: 36313520 PMCID: PMC9594309 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The kinetic behavior of individual Rh(hkl) nanofacets
coupled in a common reaction system was studied using the apex of
a curved rhodium microcrystal (radius of 0.65 μm) as a model
of a single catalytic particle and field electron microscopy for in
situ imaging of catalytic hydrogen oxidation. Depending on the extent
of interfacet coupling via hydrogen diffusion, different oscillating
reaction modes were observed including highly unusual multifrequential
oscillations: differently oriented nanofacets oscillated with differing
frequencies despite their immediate neighborhood. The transitions
between different modes were induced by variations in the particle
temperature, causing local surface reconstructions, which create locally
protruding atomic rows. These atomic rows modified the coupling strength
between individual nanofacets and caused the transitions between different
oscillating modes. Effects such as entrainment, frequency locking,
and reconstruction-induced collapse of spatial coupling were observed.
To reveal the origin of the different experimentally observed effects,
microkinetic simulations were performed for a network of 105 coupled
oscillators, modeling the individual nanofacets communicating via
hydrogen surface diffusion. The calculated behavior of the oscillators,
the local frequencies, and the varying degree of spatial synchronization
describe the experimental observations well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Zeininger
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060Vienna, Austria
| | - Maximilian Raab
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060Vienna, Austria
| | - Yuri Suchorski
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Buhr
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Stöger-Pollach
- University Service Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Bernardi
- University Service Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Günther Rupprechter
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060Vienna, Austria
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6
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Liu Q, Peng B, Zhou Q, Zheng A, Gao X, Qi Y, Yuan S, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Song H, Da Z. Role of iron contaminants in the pathway of ultra-stable Y zeolite degradation. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00672c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron promotes the chemical equilibrium of the dealumination process by inducing the mobility and agglomeration of extra-framework aluminum, and further facilitates the formation of sillimanite at a lower temperature of 1000 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Liu
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Bo Peng
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Zhou
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Aiguo Zheng
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xiuzhi Gao
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yuxia Zhu
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Haitao Song
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhijian Da
- Research Institute of Petroleum Processing, SINOPEC, Beijing, 100083, China
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7
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Gambino M, Nieuwelink A, Reints F, Veselý M, Filez M, Ferreira Sanchez D, Grolimund D, Nesterenko N, Minoux D, Meirer F, Weckhuysen B. Mimicking industrial aging in fluid catalytic cracking: A correlative microscopy approach to unravel inter-particle heterogeneities. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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8
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Vollmer I, Jenks MJF, Mayorga González R, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Plastic Waste Conversion over a Refinery Waste Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ina Vollmer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Michael J. F. Jenks
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Rafael Mayorga González
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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9
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Vollmer I, Jenks MJF, Mayorga González R, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Plastic Waste Conversion over a Refinery Waste Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16101-16108. [PMID: 33974734 PMCID: PMC8362022 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) makes up a large share of our plastic waste. We investigated the conversion of PP over the industrial Fluid Catalytic Cracking catalyst (FCC-cat) used to produce gasoline from crude oil fractions. We studied transport limitations arising from the larger size of polymers compared to the crude oil-based feedstock by testing the components of this catalyst separately. Infrared spectroscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed the role of the FCC matrix in aromatization, and the zeolite Y domains in coking. An equilibrium catalyst (ECAT), discarded during FCC operation as waste, produced the same aromatics content as a fresh FCC-cat, while coking decreased significantly, likely due to the reduced accessibility and activity of the zeolite domains and an enhanced cracking activity of the matrix due to metal deposits present in ECAT. This mechanistic understanding provides handles for further improving the catalyst composition towards higher aromatics selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Vollmer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Michael J. F. Jenks
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Rafael Mayorga González
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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Rupprechter G. Operando Surface Spectroscopy and Microscopy during Catalytic Reactions: From Clusters via Nanoparticles to Meso-Scale Aggregates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2004289. [PMID: 33694320 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202004289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Operando characterization of working catalysts, requiring per definitionem the simultaneous measurement of catalytic performance, is crucial to identify the relevant catalyst structure, composition and adsorbed species. Frequently applied operando techniques are discussed, including X-ray absorption spectroscopy, near ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. In contrast to these area-averaging spectroscopies, operando surface microscopy by photoemission electron microscopy delivers spatially-resolved data, directly visualizing catalyst heterogeneity. For thorough interpretation, the experimental results should be complemented by density functional theory. The operando approach enables to identify changes of cluster/nanoparticle structure and composition during ongoing catalytic reactions and reveal how molecules interact with surfaces and interfaces. The case studies cover the length-scales from clusters via nanoparticles to meso-scale aggregates, and demonstrate the benefits of specific operando methods. Restructuring, ligand/atom mobility, and surface composition alterations during the reaction may have pronounced effects on activity and selectivity. The nanoscale metal/oxide interface steers catalytic performance via a long ranging effect. Combining operando spectroscopy with switching gas feeds or concentration-modulation provides further mechanistic insights. The obtained fundamental understanding is a prerequisite for improving catalytic performance and for rational design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günther Rupprechter
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, Technische Universität Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/BC/01, Vienna, 1060, Austria
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11
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Suchorski Y, Zeininger J, Buhr S, Raab M, Stöger-Pollach M, Bernardi J, Grönbeck H, Rupprechter G. Resolving multifrequential oscillations and nanoscale interfacet communication in single-particle catalysis. Science 2021; 372:1314-1318. [PMID: 34016741 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf8107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
In heterogeneous catalysis research, the reactivity of individual nanofacets of single particles is typically not resolved. We applied in situ field electron microscopy to the apex of a curved rhodium crystal (radius of 650 nanometers), providing high spatial (~2 nanometers) and time resolution (~2 milliseconds) of oscillatory catalytic hydrogen oxidation, to image adsorbed species and reaction fronts on the individual facets. Using ionized water as the imaging species, the active sites were directly imaged with field ion microscopy. The catalytic behavior of differently structured nanofacets and the extent of coupling between them were monitored individually. We observed limited interfacet coupling, entrainment, frequency locking, and reconstruction-induced collapse of spatial coupling. The experimental results are backed up by microkinetic modeling of time-dependent oxygen species coverages and oscillation frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Suchorski
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - J Zeininger
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - S Buhr
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Raab
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Stöger-Pollach
- University Service Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - J Bernardi
- University Service Center for Transmission Electron Microscopy, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - H Grönbeck
- Department of Physics and Competence Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - G Rupprechter
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
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12
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Adam M, Anbari H, Hart A, Wood J, Robinson JP, Rigby SP. In-situ microwave-assisted catalytic upgrading of heavy oil: Experimental validation and effect of catalyst pore structure on activity. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2021; 413:127420. [PMID: 33106747 PMCID: PMC7578747 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.127420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In-situ combustion alone may not provide sufficient heating for downhole, catalytic upgrading of heavy oil in the Toe-to-Heel Air Injection (THAI) process. In this study, a new microwave heating technique has been proposed as a strategy to provide the requisite heating. Microwave technology is alone able to provide rapid heating which can be targeted at the catalyst packing and/or the incoming oil in its immediate vicinity. It was demonstrated, contrary to previous assertions, that heavy oil can be heated directly with microwaves to 425 °C, which is the temperature needed for successful catalytic upgrading, without the need for an additional microwave susceptor. Upgrading of >3.2° API points, a reduction in viscosity to less than 100 cP, and >12% reduction in sulfur content was achieved using commercially available hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst. The HDS catalyst induced dehydrogenation, with nearly 20% hydrogen detected in the gas product. Hence, in THAI field settings, part of the oil-in-place could be sacrificed for dehydrogenation, with the produced hydrogen directed to aid hydrodesulfurization and improve upgrading. Further, this could provide a route for downhole hydrogen production, which can contribute to the efforts towards the hydrogen economy. A single, unified model of evolving catalyst structure was developed. The model incorporated the unusual gas sorption data, computerized x-ray tomography and electron microprobe characterization, as well as the reaction behavior. The proposed model also highlighted the significant impact of the particular catalyst fabrication process on the catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Adam
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Hossein Anbari
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Abarasi Hart
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joseph Wood
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - John P Robinson
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Sean P Rigby
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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13
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Mayorga-González R, Rivera-Torrente M, Nikolopoulos N, Bossers KW, Valadian R, Yus J, Seoane B, Weckhuysen BM, Meirer F. Visualizing defects and pore connectivity within metal-organic frameworks by X-ray transmission tomography. Chem Sci 2021; 12:8458-8467. [PMID: 34221328 PMCID: PMC8221180 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00607j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) have the potential to change the landscape of molecular separations in chemical processes owing to their ability of selectively binding molecules. Their molecular sorting properties generally rely on the micro- and meso-pore structure, as well as on the presence of coordinatively unsaturated sites that interact with the different chemical species present in the feed. In this work, we show a first-of-its-kind tomographic imaging of the crystal morphology of a metal-organic framework by means of transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM), including a detailed data reconstruction and processing approach. Corroboration with Focused Ion Beam-Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) images shows the potential of this strategy for further (non-destructively) assessing the inner architecture of MOF crystals. By doing this, we have unraveled the presence of large voids in the internal structure of a MIL-47(V) crystal, which are typically thought of as rather homogeneous lattices. This challenges the established opinion that hydrothermal syntheses yield relatively defect-free material and sheds further light on the internal morphology of crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mayorga-González
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Miguel Rivera-Torrente
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Nikolaos Nikolopoulos
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Koen W Bossers
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Roozbeh Valadian
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Joaquín Yus
- Instituto de Cerámica y Vidrio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) Kelsen 5 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Beatriz Seoane
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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14
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Veselý M, Valadian R, Lohse LM, Toepperwien M, Spiers K, Garrevoet J, Vogt ETC, Salditt T, Weckhuysen BM, Meirer F. 3‐D X‐ray Nanotomography Reveals Different Carbon Deposition Mechanisms in a Single Catalyst Particle. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Veselý
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Roozbeh Valadian
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Leon Merten Lohse
- Institute for X-ray Physics University of Göttingen Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Mareike Toepperwien
- Institute for X-ray Physics University of Göttingen Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Kathryn Spiers
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Jan Garrevoet
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY Notkestrasse 85 22607 Hamburg Germany
| | - Eelco T. C. Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
- Albemarle Catalysts Company BV Research Center Amsterdam PO box 37650 1030 BE Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tim Salditt
- Institute for X-ray Physics University of Göttingen Friedrich-Hund-Platz 1 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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15
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Abstract
AbstractNanoporous solids, including microporous, mesoporous and hierarchically structured porous materials, are of scientific and technological interest because of their high surface-to-volume ratio and ability to impose shape- and size-selectivity on molecules diffusing through them. Enormous efforts have been put in the mechanistic understanding of diffusion–reaction relationships of nanoporous solids, with the ultimate goal of developing materials with improved catalytic performance. Single-molecule localization microscopy can be used to explore the pore space via the trajectories of individual molecules. This ensemble-free perspective directly reveals heterogeneities in diffusion and diffusion-related reactivity of individual molecules, which would have been obscured in bulk measurements. In this article, we review developments in the spatial and temporal characterization of nanoporous solids using single-molecule localization microscopy. We illustrate various aspects of this approach, and showcase how it can be used to follow molecular diffusion and reaction behaviors in nanoporous solids.
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16
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Abstract
AbstractLabeling in diffusion measurements by pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR is based on the observation of the phase of nuclear spins acquired in a constant magnetic field with purposefully superimposed field gradients. This labeling does in no way affect microdynamics and provides information about the probability distribution of molecular displacements as a function of time. An introduction of the measuring principle is followed by a detailed description of the ranges of measurements and their limitation. Particular emphasis is given to an explanation of possible pitfalls in the measurements and the ways to circumvent them. Showcases presented for illustrating the wealth of information provided by PFG NMR include a survey on the various patterns of concentration dependence of intra-particle diffusion and examples of transport inhibition by additional transport resistances within the nanoporous particles and on their external surface. The latter information is attained by combination with the outcome of tracer exchange experiments, which are shown to become possible via a special formalism of PFG NMR data analysis. Further evidence provided by PFG NMR concerns diffusion enhancement in pore hierarchies, diffusion anisotropy and the impact of diffusion on chemical conversion in porous catalysts. A compilation of the specifics of PFG NMR and of the parallels with other measurement techniques concludes the paper.
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17
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Li S, Jiang Z, Han J, Xu Z, Wang C, Huang H, Yu C, Lee SJ, Pianetta P, Ohldag H, Qiu J, Lee JS, Lin F, Zhao K, Liu Y. Mutual modulation between surface chemistry and bulk microstructure within secondary particles of nickel-rich layered oxides. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4433. [PMID: 32895388 PMCID: PMC7477569 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18278-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface lattice reconstruction is commonly observed in nickel-rich layered oxide battery cathode materials, causing unsatisfactory high-voltage cycling performance. However, the interplay of the surface chemistry and the bulk microstructure remains largely unexplored due to the intrinsic structural complexity and the lack of integrated diagnostic tools for a thorough investigation at complementary length scales. Herein, by combining nano-resolution X-ray probes in both soft and hard X-ray regimes, we demonstrate correlative surface chemical mapping and bulk microstructure imaging over a single charged LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) secondary particle. We reveal that the sub-particle regions with more micro cracks are associated with more severe surface degradation. A mechanism of mutual modulation between the surface chemistry and the bulk microstructure is formulated based on our experimental observations and finite element modeling. Such a surface-to-bulk reaction coupling effect is fundamentally important for the design of the next generation battery cathode materials. The interplay of surface chemistry and bulk microstructure in layered oxides is critical to battery performance. Here, the authors demonstrate a comprehensive understanding of such a reaction mechanism within an individual cathode particle using integrated synchrotron imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Li
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.,State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Zhisen Jiang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Jiaxiu Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Zhengrui Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hai Huang
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Chang Yu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China
| | - Sang-Jun Lee
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Piero Pianetta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Hendrik Ohldag
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,Department of Material Sciences and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Physics, University of California-Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, 95064, USA
| | - Jieshan Qiu
- State Key Lab of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Liaoning Key Lab for Energy Materials and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024, Dalian, China.
| | - Jun-Sik Lee
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
| | - Feng Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Kejie Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
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18
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Pattammattel A, Tappero R, Ge M, Chu YS, Huang X, Gao Y, Yan H. High-sensitivity nanoscale chemical imaging with hard x-ray nano-XANES. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/37/eabb3615. [PMID: 32917679 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb3615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Resolving chemical species at the nanoscale is of paramount importance to many scientific and technological developments across a broad spectrum of disciplines. Hard x-rays with excellent penetration power and high chemical sensitivity are suitable for speciation of heterogeneous (thick) materials. Here, we report nanoscale chemical speciation by combining scanning nanoprobe and fluorescence-yield x-ray absorption near-edge structure (nano-XANES). First, the resolving power of nano-XANES was demonstrated by mapping Fe(0) and Fe(III) states of a reference sample composed of stainless steel and hematite nanoparticles with 50-nm scanning steps. Nano-XANES was then used to study the trace secondary phases in lithium iron phosphate (LFP) particles. We observed individual Fe-phosphide nanoparticles in pristine LFP, whereas partially (de)lithiated particles showed Fe-phosphide nanonetworks. These findings shed light on the contradictory reports on Fe-phosphide morphology in the literature. Nano-XANES bridges the capability gap of spectromicroscopy methods and provides exciting research opportunities across multiple disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pattammattel
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - R Tappero
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - M Ge
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Y S Chu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - X Huang
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Y Gao
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - H Yan
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.
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19
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Nieuwelink A, Velthoen MEZ, Nederstigt YCM, Jagtenberg KL, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Single Particle Assays to Determine Heterogeneities within Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalysts. Chemistry 2020; 26:8546-8554. [PMID: 32112709 PMCID: PMC7384009 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne‐Eva Nieuwelink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein E. Z. Velthoen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Yoni C. M. Nederstigt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Kristel L. Jagtenberg
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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20
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Hill J, Campbell S, Carini G, Chen-Wiegart YCK, Chu Y, Fluerasu A, Fukuto M, Idir M, Jakoncic J, Jarrige I, Siddons P, Tanabe T, Yager KG. Future trends in synchrotron science at NSLS-II. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:374008. [PMID: 32568740 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab7b19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we summarize briefly some of the future trends in synchrotron science as seen at the National Synchrotron Light Source II, a new, low emittance source recently commissioned at Brookhaven National Laboratory. We touch upon imaging techniques, the study of dynamics, the increasing use of multimodal approaches, the vital importance of data science, and other enabling technologies. Each are presently undergoing a time of rapid change, driving the field of synchrotron science forward at an ever increasing pace. It is truly an exciting time and one in which Roger Cowley, to whom this journal issue is dedicated, would surely be both invigorated by, and at the heart of.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hill
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Stuart Campbell
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Gabriella Carini
- Instrumentation Division (IO), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Yu-Chen Karen Chen-Wiegart
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
- Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Yong Chu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Andrei Fluerasu
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Masafumi Fukuto
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Mourad Idir
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Jean Jakoncic
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Ignace Jarrige
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Peter Siddons
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Toshi Tanabe
- National Synchrotron Light Source II (NSLS-II), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
| | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials (CFN), Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States of America
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21
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Gambino M, Veselý M, Filez M, Oord R, Ferreira Sanchez D, Grolimund D, Nesterenko N, Minoux D, Maquet M, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Nickel Poisoning of a Cracking Catalyst Unravelled by Single‐Particle X‐ray Fluorescence‐Diffraction‐Absorption Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Gambino
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Martin Veselý
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel Grolimund
- Swiss Light Source Paul Scherrer Institute 5232 Villigen Switzerland
| | - Nikolai Nesterenko
- Total Research and Technology Feluy Zone Industrielle Feluy C 7181 Seneffe Belgium
| | - Delphine Minoux
- Total Research and Technology Feluy Zone Industrielle Feluy C 7181 Seneffe Belgium
| | - Marianne Maquet
- Total Research and Technology Gonfreville Zone Industrielle Carrefour No 4, BP 27 76700 Harfleur France
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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22
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Gambino M, Veselý M, Filez M, Oord R, Ferreira Sanchez D, Grolimund D, Nesterenko N, Minoux D, Maquet M, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Nickel Poisoning of a Cracking Catalyst Unravelled by Single-Particle X-ray Fluorescence-Diffraction-Absorption Tomography. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:3922-3927. [PMID: 31889397 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ni contamination from crude oil in the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process is one of the primary sources of catalyst deactivation, thereby promoting dehydrogenation-hydrogenation and speeding up coke growth. Herein, single-particle X-ray fluorescence, diffraction and absorption (μXRF-μXRD-μXAS) tomography is used in combination with confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) after thiophene staining to spatially resolve Ni interaction with catalyst components and study zeolite degradation, including the processes of dealumination and Brønsted acid sites distribution changes. The comparison between a Ni-lean particle, exposed to hydrotreated feedstock, and a Ni-rich one, exposed to non-hydrotreated feedstock, reveals a preferential interaction of Ni, found in co-localization with Fe, with the γ-Al2 O3 matrix, leading to the formation of spinel-type hotspots. Although both particles show similar surface zeolite degradation, the Ni-rich particle displays higher dealumination and a clear Brønsted acidity drop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Gambino
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Veselý
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Filez
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon Oord
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel Grolimund
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Nikolai Nesterenko
- Total Research and Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, 7181, Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Delphine Minoux
- Total Research and Technology Feluy, Zone Industrielle Feluy C, 7181, Seneffe, Belgium
| | - Marianne Maquet
- Total Research and Technology Gonfreville, Zone Industrielle Carrefour No 4, BP 27, 76700, Harfleur, France
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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23
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Lo YH, Liao CT, Zhou J, Rana A, Bevis CS, Gui G, Enders B, Cannon KM, Yu YS, Celestre R, Nowrouzi K, Shapiro D, Kapteyn H, Falcone R, Bennett C, Murnane M, Miao J. Multimodal x-ray and electron microscopy of the Allende meteorite. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax3009. [PMID: 31555739 PMCID: PMC6754224 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multimodal microscopy that combines complementary nanoscale imaging techniques is critical for extracting comprehensive chemical, structural, and functional information, particularly for heterogeneous samples. X-ray microscopy can achieve high-resolution imaging of bulk materials with chemical, magnetic, electronic, and bond orientation contrast, while electron microscopy provides atomic-scale spatial resolution with quantitative elemental composition. Here, we combine x-ray ptychography and scanning transmission x-ray spectromicroscopy with three-dimensional energy-dispersive spectroscopy and electron tomography to perform structural and chemical mapping of an Allende meteorite particle with 15-nm spatial resolution. We use textural and quantitative elemental information to infer the mineral composition and discuss potential processes that occurred before or after accretion. We anticipate that correlative x-ray and electron microscopy overcome the limitations of individual imaging modalities and open up a route to future multiscale nondestructive microscopies of complex functional materials and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Hung Lo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chen-Ting Liao
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jihan Zhou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arjun Rana
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Charles S. Bevis
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Guan Gui
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Bjoern Enders
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kevin M. Cannon
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Young-Sang Yu
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Richard Celestre
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kasra Nowrouzi
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Shapiro
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Henry Kapteyn
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Roger Falcone
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chris Bennett
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Margaret Murnane
- JILA and Department of Physics, University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jianwei Miao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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24
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Solsona M, Papadimitriou VA, Olthuis W, van den Berg A, Eijkel JCT. Ion Concentration Polarization for Microparticle Mesoporosity Differentiation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:9704-9712. [PMID: 31310544 PMCID: PMC6671885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microparticle porosity is normally determined in bulk manner providing an ensemble average that hinders establishing the individual role of each microparticle. On the other hand, single particle characterization implies expensive technology. We propose to use ion concentration polarization to measure differences in mesoporosity at the single particle level. Ion concentration polarization occurs at the interface between an electrolyte and a porous particle when an electric field is applied. The extent of ion concentration polarization depends, among others, on the mesopore size and density. By using a fluorescence marker, we could measure differences in concentration polarization between particles with 3 and 13 nm average mesopore diameters. A qualitative model was developed in order to understand and interpret the phenomena. We believe that this inexpensive method could be used to measure differences in mesoporous particle materials such as catalysts.
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25
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Gontard LC, Cauqui MÁ, Yeste MP, Ozkaya D, Calvino JJ. Accurate 3D Characterization of Catalytic Bodies Surface by Scanning Electron Microscopy. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel C. Gontard
- Department of Materials Science, Metallurgy and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Cádiz Puerto Real 11510 Spain
- Department of Informatics, ESIUniversity of Cádiz Puerto Real 11519 Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Cauqui
- Department of Materials Science, Metallurgy and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Cádiz Puerto Real 11510 Spain
| | - María Pilar Yeste
- Department of Materials Science, Metallurgy and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Cádiz Puerto Real 11510 Spain
| | - Dogan Ozkaya
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre Blount's Court, Sonning Common Reading RG4 9NH UK
| | - José Juan Calvino
- Department of Materials Science, Metallurgy and Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of Cádiz Puerto Real 11510 Spain
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26
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Hwang S, Kärger J. NMR diffusometry with guest molecules in nanoporous materials. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 56:3-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Chmelik C, Liebau M, Al‐Naji M, Möllmer J, Enke D, Gläser R, Kärger J. One‐Shot Measurement of Effectiveness Factors of Chemical Conversion in Porous Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Chmelik
- Faculty of Physics and Earth SciencesUniversität Leipzig Linnéstrasse 5 Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Michael Liebau
- Faculty of Physics and Earth SciencesUniversität Leipzig Linnéstrasse 5 Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Institute of Chemical TechnologyUniversität Leipzig Linnéstrasse 3 Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Majd Al‐Naji
- Institute of Chemical TechnologyUniversität Leipzig Linnéstrasse 3 Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces Am Mühlenberg 1 Postdam 14476 Germany
| | - Jens Möllmer
- Institute for Non-Classical Chemistry e. V. Permoserstrasse 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
| | - Dirk Enke
- Institute of Chemical TechnologyUniversität Leipzig Linnéstrasse 3 Leipzig 04103 Germany
| | - Roger Gläser
- Institute of Chemical TechnologyUniversität Leipzig Linnéstrasse 3 Leipzig 04103 Germany
- Institute for Non-Classical Chemistry e. V. Permoserstrasse 15 Leipzig 04318 Germany
| | - Jörg Kärger
- Faculty of Physics and Earth SciencesUniversität Leipzig Linnéstrasse 5 Leipzig 04103 Germany
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28
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Visualizing pore architecture and molecular transport boundaries in catalyst bodies with fluorescent nanoprobes. Nat Chem 2018; 11:23-31. [PMID: 30397319 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0163-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The performances of porous materials are closely related to the accessibility and interconnectivity of their porous domains. Visualizing pore architecture and its role on functionality-for example, mass transport-has been a challenge so far, and traditional bulk and often non-visual pore measurements have to suffice in most cases. Here, we present an integrated, facile fluorescence microscopy approach to visualize the pore accessibility and interconnectivity of industrial-grade catalyst bodies, and link it unequivocally with their catalytic performance. Fluorescent nanoprobes of various sizes were imaged and correlated with the molecular transport of fluorescent molecules formed during a separate catalytic reaction. A direct visual relationship between the pore architecture-which depends on the pore sizes and interconnectivity of the material selected-and molecular transport was established. This approach can be applied to other porous materials, and the insight gained may prove useful in the design of more efficient heterogeneous catalysts.
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29
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Gao Y, Xu W, Shi W, Soares A, Jakoncic J, Myers S, Martins B, Skinner J, Liu Q, Bernstein H, McSweeney S, Nazaretski E, Fuchs MR. High-speed raster-scanning synchrotron serial microcrystallography with a high-precision piezo-scanner. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2018; 25:1362-1370. [PMID: 30179174 PMCID: PMC6140394 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577518010354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Frontier Microfocus Macromolecular Crystallography (FMX) beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source II with its 1 µm beam size and photon flux of 3 × 1012 photons s-1 at a photon energy of 12.66 keV has reached unprecedented dose rates for a structural biology beamline. The high dose rate presents a great advantage for serial microcrystallography in cutting measurement time from hours to minutes. To provide the instrumentation basis for such measurements at the full flux of the FMX beamline, a high-speed, high-precision goniometer based on a unique XYZ piezo positioner has been designed and constructed. The piezo-based goniometer is able to achieve sub-100 nm raster-scanning precision at over 10 grid-linepairs s-1 frequency for fly scans of a 200 µm-wide raster. The performance of the scanner in both laboratory and serial crystallography measurements up to the maximum frame rate of 750 Hz of the Eiger 16M's 4M region-of-interest mode has been verified in this work. This unprecedented experimental speed significantly reduces serial-crystallography data collection time at synchrotrons, allowing utilization of the full brightness of the emerging synchrotron radiation facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Photon Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Weihe Xu
- Photon Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Wuxian Shi
- Photon Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
- Case Center for Synchrotron Biosciences, Case Western Reserve University, OH 44106, USA
| | - Alexei Soares
- Photon Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Jean Jakoncic
- Photon Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Stuart Myers
- Photon Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Bruno Martins
- Photon Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - John Skinner
- Photon Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Qun Liu
- Photon Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Herbert Bernstein
- Photon Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, NY 14623, USA
| | - Sean McSweeney
- Photon Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Evgeny Nazaretski
- Photon Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Martin R. Fuchs
- Photon Sciences, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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30
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Structural Evolution of Highly Active Multicomponent Catalysts for Selective Propylene Oxidation. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8090356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent Bi-Mo-Fe-Co oxide catalysts prepared via flame spray pyrolysis were tested for selective propylene oxidation, showing high conversion (>70%) and selectivity (>85%) for acrolein and acrylic acid at temperatures of 330 °C. During extended time-on-stream tests (5–7 days), the catalysts retained high activity while undergoing diverse structural changes. This was evident on: (a) the atomic scale, using powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy; and (b) the microscopic scale, using synchrotron X-ray nanotomography, including full-field holotomography, scanning X-ray fluorescence, and absorption contrast imaging. On the atomic scale, sintering, coke formation, growth, and transformation of active and spectator components were observed. On the microscopic scale, the catalyst life cycle was studied at various stages through noninvasive imaging of a ~50-µm grain with 100-nm resolution. Variation of catalyst synthesis parameters led to the formation of notably different structural compositions after reaction. Mobile bismuth species formed agglomerates of several hundred nanometres and segregated within the catalyst interior. This appeared to facilitate the formation of different active phases and induce selectivity for acrolein and acrylic acid. The combined multiscale approach here is generally applicable for deconvolution of complex catalyst systems. This is an important step to bridge model two-component catalysts with more relevant but complex multicomponent catalysts.
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31
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Solsona M, Nieuwelink A, Meirer F, Abelmann L, Odijk M, Olthuis W, Weckhuysen BM, van den Berg A. Magnetophoretic Sorting of Single Catalyst Particles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201804942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Solsona
- BIOS lab on a chip groupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Anne‐Eva Nieuwelink
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Leon Abelmann
- BIOS lab on a chip groupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 Enschede The Netherlands
- KIST Europe Campus E7 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS lab on a chip groupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Olthuis
- BIOS lab on a chip groupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS lab on a chip groupMESA+ Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of Twente Drienerlolaan 5 Enschede The Netherlands
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32
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Solsona M, Nieuwelink AE, Meirer F, Abelmann L, Odijk M, Olthuis W, Weckhuysen BM, van den Berg A. Magnetophoretic Sorting of Single Catalyst Particles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:10589-10594. [PMID: 29962102 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201804942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A better understanding of the deactivation processes taking place within solid catalysts is vital to design better ones. However, since inter-particle heterogeneities are more a rule than an exception, particle sorting is crucial to analyse single catalyst particles in detail. Microfluidics offers new possibilities to sort catalysts at the single particle level. Herein, we report a first-of-its-kind 3D printed magnetophoretic chip able to sort catalyst particles by their magnetic moment. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particles were separated based on their Fe content. Magnetophoretic sorting shows that large Fe aggregates exist within 20 % of the FCC particles with the highest Fe content. The availability of Brønsted acid sites decreases with increasing Fe content. This work paves the way towards a high-throughput catalyst diagnostics platform to determine why specific catalyst particles perform better than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Solsona
- BIOS lab on a chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Eva Nieuwelink
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leon Abelmann
- BIOS lab on a chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands.,KIST Europe, Campus E7, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS lab on a chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Olthuis
- BIOS lab on a chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert van den Berg
- BIOS lab on a chip group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, Enschede, The Netherlands
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33
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Fam Y, Sheppard TL, Diaz A, Scherer T, Holler M, Wang W, Wang D, Brenner P, Wittstock A, Grunwaldt J. Correlative Multiscale 3D Imaging of a Hierarchical Nanoporous Gold Catalyst by Electron, Ion and X-ray Nanotomography. ChemCatChem 2018; 10:2858-2867. [PMID: 30069248 PMCID: PMC6055843 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201800230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tomographic imaging of catalysts allows non-invasive investigation of structural features and chemical properties by combining large fields of view, high spatial resolution, and the ability to probe multiple length scales. Three complementary nanotomography techniques, (i) electron tomography, (ii) focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy, and (iii) synchrotron ptychographic X-ray computed tomography, were applied to render the 3D structure of monolithic nanoporous gold doped with ceria, a catalytically active material with hierarchical porosity on the nm and μm scale. The resulting tomograms were used to directly measure volume fraction, surface area and pore size distribution, together with 3D pore network mapping. Each technique is critically assessed in terms of approximate spatial resolution, field of view, sample preparation and data processing requirements. Ptychographic X-ray computed tomography produced 3D electron density maps with isotropic spatial resolution of 23 nm, the highest so far demonstrated for a catalyst material, and is highlighted as an emerging method with excellent potential in the field of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakub Fam
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstraße 2076131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Thomas L. Sheppard
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstraße 2076131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Ana Diaz
- Paul Scherrer Institut5232Villigen PSISwitzerland
| | - Torsten Scherer
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Mirko Holler
- Paul Scherrer Institut5232Villigen PSISwitzerland
| | - Wu Wang
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Di Wang
- Institute of NanotechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Patrice Brenner
- Center for Functional NanostructuresKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyWolfgang-Gaede-Straße 1a76131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Arne Wittstock
- Institute of Applied and Physical ChemistryUniversität Bremen28359BremenGermany
| | - Jan‐Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer ChemistryKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyEngesserstraße 2076131KarlsruheGermany
- Institute of Catalysis Research and TechnologyKarlsruhe Institute of TechnologyHermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
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34
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Imaging of alumina supports by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy: A new tool to understand the diffusion of trace metal impurities. J Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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36
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Krumeich F, Ihli J, Shu Y, Cheng WC, van Bokhoven JA. Structural Changes in Deactivated Fluid Catalytic Cracking Catalysts Determined by Electron Microscopy. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Krumeich
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - YuYing Shu
- W. R. Grace Refining Technologies, Columbia Maryland 21044, United States
| | - Wu-Cheng Cheng
- W. R. Grace Refining Technologies, Columbia Maryland 21044, United States
| | - Jeroen A. van Bokhoven
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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37
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Jiang J, Plonka AM, Frenkel AI, Gersappe D. Modeling Gas Flow Dynamics in Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1092-1096. [PMID: 29446955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Modeling fluid flow dynamics in metal organic frameworks (MOFs) is a required step toward understanding mechanisms of their activity as novel catalysts, sensors, and filtration materials. We adapted a lattice Boltzmann model, previously used for studying flow dynamics in meso- and microporous media, to the nanoscale dimensions of the MOF pores. Using this model, rapid screening of permeability of a large number of MOF structures, in different crystallographic directions, is possible. The method was illustrated here on the example of an anisotropic MOF, for which we calculated permeability values in different flow directions. This method can be generalized to a large class of MOFs and used to design MOFs with the desired gas flow permeabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaolong Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794 United States
| | - Anna M Plonka
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794 United States
| | - Anatoly I Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794 United States
- Division of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973 United States
| | - Dilip Gersappe
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794 United States
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38
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Yao S, Fan J, Chen Z, Zong Y, Zhang J, Sun Z, Zhang L, Tai R, Liu Z, Chen C, Jiang H. Three-dimensional ultrastructural imaging reveals the nanoscale architecture of mammalian cells. IUCRJ 2018; 5:141-149. [PMID: 29765603 PMCID: PMC5947718 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252517017912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the interactions between nanomaterials and large-size mammalian cells, including cellular uptake, intracellular localization and translocation, has greatly advanced nanomedicine and nanotoxicology. Imaging techniques that can locate nanomaterials within the structures of intact large-size cells at nanoscale resolution play crucial roles in acquiring this knowledge. Here, the quantitative imaging of intracellular nanomaterials in three dimensions was performed by combining dual-energy contrast X-ray microscopy and an iterative tomographic algorithm termed equally sloped tomography (EST). Macrophages with a size of ∼20 µm that had been exposed to the potential antitumour agent [Gd@C82(OH)22] n were investigated. Large numbers of nanoparticles (NPs) aggregated within the cell and were mainly located in phagosomes. No NPs were observed in the nucleus. Imaging of the nanomedicine within whole cells advanced the understanding of the high-efficiency antitumour activity and the low toxicity of this agent. This imaging technique can be used to probe nanomaterials within intact large-size cells at nanometre resolution uniformly in three dimensions and may greatly benefit the fields of nanomedicine and nanotoxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengkun Yao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiadong Fan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiyun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yunbing Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhibin Sun
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 239 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renzhong Tai
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 239 Zhangheng Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201204, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunying Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11 ZhongGuanCun BeiYiTiao, Beijing 100190, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaidong Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Pudong, Shanghai 201210, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nanlu, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People’s Republic of China
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39
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Hendriks FC, Mohammadian S, Ristanović Z, Kalirai S, Meirer F, Vogt ETC, Bruijnincx PCA, Gerritsen HC, Weckhuysen BM. Integrated Transmission Electron and Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy Correlates Reactivity with Ultrastructure in a Single Catalyst Particle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:257-261. [PMID: 29119721 PMCID: PMC5765468 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Establishing structure-activity relationships in complex, hierarchically structured nanomaterials, such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalysts, requires characterization with complementary, correlated analysis techniques. An integrated setup has been developed to perform transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and single-molecule fluorescence (SMF) microscopy on such nanostructured samples. Correlated structure-reactivity information was obtained for 100 nm thin, microtomed sections of a single FCC catalyst particle using this novel SMF-TEM high-resolution combination. High reactivity in a thiophene oligomerization probe reaction correlated well with TEM-derived zeolite locations, while matrix components, such as clay and amorphous binder material, were found not to display activity. Differences in fluorescence intensity were also observed within and between distinct zeolite aggregate domains, indicating that not all zeolite domains are equally active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank C. Hendriks
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sajjad Mohammadian
- Molecular BiophysicsDepartment of Soft Condensed Matter and BiophysicsScience FacultyUtrecht UniversityPrincetonplein 1, 3584CCUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Zoran Ristanović
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Sam Kalirai
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Eelco T. C. Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Hans C. Gerritsen
- Molecular BiophysicsDepartment of Soft Condensed Matter and BiophysicsScience FacultyUtrecht UniversityPrincetonplein 1, 3584CCUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisDebye Institute of Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitsweg 993584CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
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40
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Zhang K, Ren F, Wang X, Hu E, Xu Y, Yang XQ, Li H, Chen L, Pianetta P, Mehta A, Yu X, Liu Y. Finding a Needle in the Haystack: Identification of Functionally Important Minority Phases in an Operating Battery. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:7782-7788. [PMID: 29116799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The in-depth understanding of the minority phases' roles in functional materials, e.g., batteries, is critical for optimizing the system performance and the operational efficiency. Although the visualization of battery electrode under operating conditions has been demonstrated, the development of advanced data-mining approaches is still needed in order to identify minority phases and to understand their functionalities. The present study uses nanoscale X-ray spectromicroscopy to study a functional LiCoO2/Li battery pouch cell. The data-mining approaches developed herein were used to search through over 10 million X-ray absorption spectra that cover more than 100 active cathode particles. Two particles with unanticipated chemical fingerprints were identified and further analyzed, providing direct evidence and valuable insight into the undesired side reactions involving the cation dissolution and precipitation as well as the local overlithiation-caused subparticle domain deactivation. The data-mining approach described in this work is widely applicable to many other structurally complex and chemically heterogeneous systems, in which the secondary/minority phases could critically affect the overall performance of the system, well beyond battery research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science , Beijing 100049, China
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Fang Ren
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Xuelong Wang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Enyuan Hu
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Yahong Xu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Xiao-Qing Yang
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Hong Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Liquan Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Piero Pianetta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Apurva Mehta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Xiqian Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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Hendriks FC, Mohammadian S, Ristanović Z, Kalirai S, Meirer F, Vogt ETC, Bruijnincx PCA, Gerritsen HC, Weckhuysen BM. Integrated Transmission Electron and Single-Molecule Fluorescence Microscopy Correlates Reactivity with Ultrastructure in a Single Catalyst Particle. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank C. Hendriks
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sajjad Mohammadian
- Molecular Biophysics; Department of Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysics; Science Faculty; Utrecht University; Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Zoran Ristanović
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Sam Kalirai
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Eelco T. C. Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Pieter C. A. Bruijnincx
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Hans C. Gerritsen
- Molecular Biophysics; Department of Soft Condensed Matter and Biophysics; Science Faculty; Utrecht University; Princetonplein 1, 3584 CC Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis; Debye Institute of Nanomaterials Science; Utrecht University; Universiteitsweg 99 3584 CG Utrecht The Netherlands
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A three-dimensional view of structural changes caused by deactivation of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts. Nat Commun 2017; 8:809. [PMID: 28993649 PMCID: PMC5634498 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its commercial introduction three-quarters of a century ago, fluid catalytic cracking has been one of the most important conversion processes in the petroleum industry. In this process, porous composites composed of zeolite and clay crack the heavy fractions in crude oil into transportation fuel and petrochemical feedstocks. Yet, over time the catalytic activity of these composite particles decreases. Here, we report on ptychographic tomography, diffraction, and fluorescence tomography, as well as electron microscopy measurements, which elucidate the structural changes that lead to catalyst deactivation. In combination, these measurements reveal zeolite amorphization and distinct structural changes on the particle exterior as the driving forces behind catalyst deactivation. Amorphization of zeolites, in particular, close to the particle exterior, results in a reduction of catalytic capacity. A concretion of the outermost particle layer into a dense amorphous silica-alumina shell further reduces the mass transport to the active sites within the composite.Catalyst deactivation in fluid catalytic cracking processes is unavoidably associated with structural changes. Here, the authors visualize the deactivation of zeolite catalysts by ptychography and other imaging techniques, showing pronounced amorphization of the outer layer of the catalyst particles.
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44
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Gostick JT. Versatile and efficient pore network extraction method using marker-based watershed segmentation. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:023307. [PMID: 28950550 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.023307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Obtaining structural information from tomographic images of porous materials is a critical component of porous media research. Extracting pore networks is particularly valuable since it enables pore network modeling simulations which can be useful for a host of tasks from predicting transport properties to simulating performance of entire devices. This work reports an efficient algorithm for extracting networks using only standard image analysis techniques. The algorithm was applied to several standard porous materials ranging from sandstone to fibrous mats, and in all cases agreed very well with established or known values for pore and throat sizes, capillary pressure curves, and permeability. In the case of sandstone, the present algorithm was compared to the network obtained using the current state-of-the-art algorithm, and very good agreement was achieved. Most importantly, the network extracted from an image of fibrous media correctly predicted the anisotropic permeability tensor, demonstrating the critical ability to detect key structural features. The highly efficient algorithm allows extraction on fairly large images of 500^{3} voxels in just over 200 s. The ability for one algorithm to match materials as varied as sandstone with 20% porosity and fibrous media with 75% porosity is a significant advancement. The source code for this algorithm is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff T Gostick
- University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
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45
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Ofner J, Brenner F, Wieland K, Eitenberger E, Kirschner J, Eisenmenger-Sittner C, Török S, Döme B, Konegger T, Kasper-Giebl A, Hutter H, Friedbacher G, Lendl B, Lohninger H. Image-Based Chemical Structure Determination. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6832. [PMID: 28754996 PMCID: PMC5533744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07041-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical imaging is a powerful tool for understanding the chemical composition and nature of heterogeneous samples. Recent developments in elemental, vibrational, and mass-spectrometric chemical imaging with high spatial resolution (50–200 nm) and reasonable timescale (a few hours) are capable of providing complementary chemical information about various samples. However, a single technique is insufficient to provide a comprehensive understanding of chemically complex materials. For bulk samples, the combination of different analytical methods and the application of statistical methods for extracting correlated information across different techniques is a well-established and powerful concept. However, combined multivariate analytics of chemical images obtained via different imaging techniques is still in its infancy, hampered by a lack of analytical methodologies for data fusion and analysis. This study demonstrates the application of multivariate statistics to chemical images taken from the same sample via various methods to assist in chemical structure determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ofner
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Florian Brenner
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karin Wieland
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Eitenberger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Kirschner
- Institute of Solide State Physics, TU Wien, Wiedner Hauptstrasse 8, 1040, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Szilvia Török
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balazs Döme
- National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary.,Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Semmelweis University and National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Molecular and Gender Imaging, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Konegger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anne Kasper-Giebl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Hutter
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gernot Friedbacher
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hans Lohninger
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
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Sheppard TL, Price SWT, Benzi F, Baier S, Klumpp M, Dittmeyer R, Schwieger W, Grunwaldt JD. In Situ Multimodal 3D Chemical Imaging of a Hierarchically Structured Core@Shell Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7855-7863. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Sheppard
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephen W. T. Price
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxon OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Benzi
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sina Baier
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Klumpp
- Institute
of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Wilhelm Schwieger
- Institute
of Chemical Reaction Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 20, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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47
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Mance D, van der Zwan J, Velthoen MEZ, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM, Baldus M, Vogt ETC. A DNP-supported solid-state NMR study of carbon species in fluid catalytic cracking catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:3933-3936. [PMID: 28327736 DOI: 10.1039/c7cc00849j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combination of solid-state NMR techniques supported by EPR and SEM-EDX experiments was used to localize different carbon species (coke) in commercial fluid catalytic cracking catalysts. Aliphatic coke species formed during the catalytic process and aromatic coke species deposited directly from the feedstock respond differently to dynamic nuclear polarization signal enhancement in integral and crushed FCC particles, indicating that aromatic species are mostly concentrated on the outside of the catalyst particles, whereas aliphatic species are also located on the inside of the FCC particles. The comparison of solid-state NMR data with and without the DNP radical at low and ambient temperature suggests the proximity between aromatic carbon deposits and metals (mostly iron) on the catalyst surface. These findings potentially indicate that coke and iron deposit together, or that iron has a role in the formation of aromatic coke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deni Mance
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Johan van der Zwan
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein E Z Velthoen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Florian Meirer
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marc Baldus
- NMR Spectroscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Eelco T C Vogt
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands. and Albemarle Catalysts Company BV, Research Center Amsterdam, PO box 37650, 1030 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schlögl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion; Stiftstr. 34-36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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