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Mahajan D, Kumar T, Rath PK, Sahoo AK, Mishra BP, Kumar S, Nayak NR, Jena MK. Dendritic Cells and the Establishment of Fetomaternal Tolerance for Successful Human Pregnancy. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2024; 72:aite-2024-0010. [PMID: 38782369 DOI: 10.2478/aite-2024-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Pregnancy is a remarkable event where the semi-allogeneic fetus develops in the mother's uterus, despite genetic and immunological differences. The antigen handling and processing at the maternal-fetal interface during pregnancy appear to be crucial for the adaptation of the maternal immune system and for tolerance to the developing fetus and placenta. Maternal antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as macrophages (Mφs) and dendritic cells (DCs), are present at the maternal-fetal interface throughout pregnancy and are believed to play a crucial role in this process. Despite numerous studies focusing on the significance of Mφs, there is limited knowledge regarding the contribution of DCs in fetomaternal tolerance during pregnancy, making it a relatively new and growing field of research. This review focuses on how the behavior of DCs at the maternal-fetal interface adapts to pregnancy's unique demands. Moreover, it discusses how DCs interact with other cells in the decidual leukocyte network to regulate uterine and placental homeostasis and the local maternal immune responses to the fetus. The review particularly examines the different cell lineages of DCs with specific surface markers, which have not been critically reviewed in previous publications. Additionally, it emphasizes the impact that even minor disruptions in DC functions can have on pregnancy-related complications and proposes further research into the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting DCs to manage these complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deviyani Mahajan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Tarun Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana 125001, India
| | - Prasana Kumar Rath
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
| | - Anjan Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
| | - Bidyut Prava Mishra
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science and AH, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
| | - Sudarshan Kumar
- Proteomics and Structural Biology Laboratory, Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana 132001, India
| | - Nihar Ranjan Nayak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Manoj Kumar Jena
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
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2
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Xu Y, He Z, Du J, Chen Z, Creemers JWM, Wang B, Li F, Wang Y. Epigenetic modulations of immune cells: from normal development to tumor progression. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:5120-5144. [PMID: 37928272 PMCID: PMC10620821 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.88327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysfunction of immune cell development often impairs immunological homeostasis, thus causing various human diseases. Accumulating evidence shows that the development of different immune cells from hematopoietic stem cells are highly fine-tuned by different epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling and RNA-related regulations. Understanding how epigenetic regulators modulate normal development of immune cells contributes to the identification of new strategies for various diseases. Here, we review recent advances suggesting that epigenetic modulations can orchestrate immune cell development and functions through their impact on critical gene expression. We also discuss the aberrations of epigenetic modulations in immune cells that influence tumor progression, and the fact that underlying mechanisms affect how epigenetic drugs interfere with tumor progression in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchun Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of nursing, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongsheng He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Du
- Department of General Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziqiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Bin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- Department of nursing, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Tang WW, Bauer KM, Barba C, Ekiz HA, O’Connell RM. miR-aculous new avenues for cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929677. [PMID: 36248881 PMCID: PMC9554277 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising toll of cancer globally necessitates ingenuity in early detection and therapy. In the last decade, the utilization of immune signatures and immune-based therapies has made significant progress in the clinic; however, clinical standards leave many current and future patients without options. Non-coding RNAs, specifically microRNAs, have been explored in pre-clinical contexts with tremendous success. MicroRNAs play indispensable roles in programming the interactions between immune and cancer cells, many of which are current or potential immunotherapy targets. MicroRNAs mechanistically control a network of target genes that can alter immune and cancer cell biology. These insights provide us with opportunities and tools that may complement and improve immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss immune and cancer cell-derived miRNAs that regulate cancer immunity and examine miRNAs as an integral part of cancer diagnosis, classification, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W. Tang
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Hunstman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kaylyn M. Bauer
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Hunstman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Cindy Barba
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Hunstman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Huseyin Atakan Ekiz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Izmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ryan M. O’Connell
- Divison of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Hunstman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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4
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Zhang X, Feng WH. Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Evades Antiviral Innate Immunity via MicroRNAs Regulation. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:804264. [PMID: 34975824 PMCID: PMC8714953 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.804264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most important diseases in pigs, leading to significant economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded non-coding RNAs involved in regulating gene expressions at the post-transcriptional levels. A variety of host miRNAs are dysregulated and exploited by PRRSV to escape host antiviral surveillance and help virus infection. In addition, PRRSV might encode miRNAs. In this review, we will summarize current progress on how PRRSV utilizes miRNAs for immune evasions. Increasing knowledge of the role of miRNAs in immune evasion will improve our understanding of PRRSV pathogenesis and help us develop new treatments for PRRSV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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5
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A regulatory network of microRNAs confers lineage commitment during early developmental trajectories of B and T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2104297118. [PMID: 34750254 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104297118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The commitment of hematopoietic multipotent progenitors (MPPs) toward a particular lineage involves activation of cell type-specific genes and silencing of genes that promote alternate cell fates. Although the gene expression programs of early-B and early-T lymphocyte development are mutually exclusive, we show that these cell types exhibit significantly correlated microRNA (miRNA) profiles. However, their corresponding miRNA targetomes are distinct and predominated by transcripts associated with natural killer, dendritic cell, and myeloid lineages, suggesting that miRNAs function in a cell-autonomous manner. The combinatorial expression of miRNAs miR-186-5p, miR-128-3p, and miR-330-5p in MPPs significantly attenuates their myeloid differentiation potential due to repression of myeloid-associated transcripts. Depletion of these miRNAs caused a pronounced de-repression of myeloid lineage targets in differentiating early-B and early-T cells, resulting in a mixed-lineage gene expression pattern. De novo motif analysis combined with an assay of promoter activities indicates that B as well as T lineage determinants drive the expression of these miRNAs in lymphoid lineages. Collectively, we present a paradigm that miRNAs are conserved between developing B and T lymphocytes, yet they target distinct sets of promiscuously expressed lineage-inappropriate genes to suppress the alternate cell-fate options. Thus, our studies provide a comprehensive compendium of miRNAs with functional implications for B and T lymphocyte development.
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6
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Hu T, Wei L, Li S, Cheng T, Zhang X, Wang X. Single-cell Transcriptomes Reveal Characteristics of MicroRNA in Gene Expression Noise Reduction. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 19:394-407. [PMID: 34606979 PMCID: PMC8864250 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Isogenic cells growing in identical environments show cell-to-cell variations because of the stochasticity in gene expression. High levels of variation or noise can disrupt robust gene expression and result in tremendous consequences for cell behaviors. In this work, we showed evidence from single-cell RNA sequencing data analysis that microRNAs (miRNAs) can reduce gene expression noise at the mRNA level in mouse cells. We identified that the miRNA expression level, number of targets, target pool abundance, and miRNA–target interaction strength are the key features contributing to noise repression. miRNAs tend to work together in cooperative subnetworks to repress target noise synergistically in a cell type-specific manner. By building a physical model of post-transcriptional regulation and observing in synthetic gene circuits, we demonstrated that accelerated degradation with elevated transcriptional activation of the miRNA target provides resistance to extrinsic fluctuations. Together, through the integrated analysis of single-cell RNA and miRNA expression profiles, we demonstrated that miRNAs are important post-transcriptional regulators for reducing gene expression noise and conferring robustness to biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Bioinformatics Division, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Wei
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Bioinformatics Division, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuailin Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Bioinformatics Division, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianrun Cheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Bioinformatics Division, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuegong Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Bioinformatics Division, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaowo Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Bioinformatics Division, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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7
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Xia P, Gao X, Li F, Shao L, Sun Y. Down-Regulation of microRNA-30d Alleviates Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Through the Promotion of FOXO3 and Suppression of CXCL10. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 108:252-264. [PMID: 33118080 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00760-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are important biomarkers for the progression of intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). We investigated the role of miR-30d in IDD progression through its interactions with forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) and C-X-C motif ligand 10 (CXCL10). We first measured the expression of miR-30d, FOXO3, and CXCL10 in NP cells cultured from IDD patients. RNA-immunoprecipitation (RIP), chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and dual-luciferase reporter assays were then employed to test the relationship among miR-30d, FOXO3, and CXCL10. Besides, gain- and loss-of function approaches were performed to assess the functional roles of miR-30d and FOXO3 in IDD in vitro and in vivo. We found high expression of miR-30d and CXCL10 and low expression of FOXO3 in IDD. We showed that miR-30d specifically targeted FOXO3, and that down-regulation of miR-30d promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of NP cells in IDD by increasing the expression of FOXO3. Besides, FOXO3 inhibited apoptosis of NP cells by downregulation of CXCL10 expression. Moreover, inhibition of miR-30d promoted proliferation and inhibited apoptosis of NP cells in IDD by decreasing CXCL10. Furthermore, findings in the mouse IDD model confirmed the inhibitory role of decreased miR-30d in IDD progression. Thus, we show that downregulation of miR-30d could promote the proliferation of NP cells by increasing FOXO3 and decreasing CXCL10 expression, which may provide a novel therapeutic target for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 132000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liwei Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130033, Jilin Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifu Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 132000, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Li J, Xie Y, Li L, Li X, Shen L, Gong J, Zhang R. MicroRNA-30a Modulates Type I Interferon Responses to Facilitate Coxsackievirus B3 Replication Via Targeting Tripartite Motif Protein 25. Front Immunol 2021; 11:603437. [PMID: 33519812 PMCID: PMC7840606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.603437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral myocarditis is caused by a viral infection and characterized by the inflammation of the myocardium. Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection is one of the most common among the infections caused by this virus. The host's early innate immune response to CVB3 infection particularly depends on the functions of type I interferons (IFNs). In this study, we report that a host microRNA, miR-30a, was upregulated by CVB3 to facilitate its replication. We demonstrated that miR-30a was a potent negative regulator of IFN-I signaling by targeting tripartite motif protein 25 (TRIM25). In addition, we found that TRIM25 overexpression significantly suppressed CVB3 replication, whereas TRIM25 knockdown increased viral titer and VP1 protein expression. MiR-30a inhibits the expression of TRIM25 and TRIM25-mediated retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I ubiquitination to suppress IFN-β activation and production, thereby resulting in the enhancement of CVB3 replication. These results indicate the proviral role of miR-30a in modulating CVB3 infection for the first time. This not only provides a new strategy followed by CVB3 in order to modulate IFN-I-mediated antiviral immune responses by engaging host miR-30a but also improves our understanding of its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yewei Xie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liwei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Gong
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rufang Zhang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Yan W, Jiang S. Immune Cell-Derived Exosomes in the Cancer-Immunity Cycle. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:506-517. [PMID: 32460004 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cells can communicate through extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion and uptake. Exosomes are lipid bilayer-enclosed EVs of 30-150 nm in diameter, which can transfer RNA, functional proteins, lipids, and metabolites to recipient cells in vivo. Most cell types, including immune cells, can secrete and uptake exosomes. Biogenesis, secretion, and uptake of immune cell-derived exosomes are regulated by intracellular proteins and extracellular stimuli. Immune cell-derived exosomes can mediate crosstalk between innate and adaptive immunity and regulate cancer progression and metastasis. The dichotomous roles of immune cell-derived exosomes towards tumor cells can induce suppressive or active immune responses. Hence, immune cell-secreted exosomes may have applications in cancer diagnosis and immunotherapy and could potentially be developed for vaccination and chemotherapy drug transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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10
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Inducible degradation of lncRNA Sros1 promotes IFN-γ-mediated activation of innate immune responses by stabilizing Stat1 mRNA. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:1621-1630. [PMID: 31740800 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-019-0542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is essential for the innate immune response to intracellular bacteria. Noncoding RNAs and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) need to be further considered in studies of regulation of the IFN-γ-activated signaling pathway in macrophages. In the present study, we found that the microRNA miR-1 promoted IFN-γ-mediated clearance of Listeria monocytogenes in macrophages by indirectly stabilizing the Stat1 messenger RNA through the degradation of the cytoplasmic long noncoding RNA Sros1. Inducible degradation or genetic loss of Sros1 led to enhanced IFN-γ-dependent activation of the innate immune response. Mechanistically, Sros1 blocked the binding of Stat1 mRNA to the RBP CAPRIN1, which stabilized the Stat1 mRNA and, consequently, promoted IFN-γ-STAT1-mediated innate immunity. These observations shed light on the complex RNA-RNA regulatory networks involved in cytokine-initiated innate responses in host-pathogen interactions.
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11
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Andreadou I, Cabrera-Fuentes HA, Devaux Y, Frangogiannis NG, Frantz S, Guzik T, Liehn EA, Gomes CPC, Schulz R, Hausenloy DJ. Immune cells as targets for cardioprotection: new players and novel therapeutic opportunities. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 115:1117-1130. [PMID: 30825305 PMCID: PMC6529904 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapies are required to reduce myocardial infarct (MI) size and prevent the onset of heart failure in patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), one of the leading causes of death and disability globally. In this regard, the immune cell response to AMI, which comprises an initial pro-inflammatory reaction followed by an anti-inflammatory phase, contributes to final MI size and post-AMI remodelling [changes in left ventricular (LV) size and function]. The transition between these two phases is critical in this regard, with a persistent and severe pro-inflammatory reaction leading to adverse LV remodelling and increased propensity for developing heart failure. In this review article, we provide an overview of the immune cells involved in orchestrating the complex and dynamic inflammatory response to AMI-these include neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, and emerging players such as dendritic cells, lymphocytes, pericardial lymphoid cells, endothelial cells, and cardiac fibroblasts. We discuss potential reasons for past failures of anti-inflammatory cardioprotective therapies, and highlight new treatment targets for modulating the immune cell response to AMI, as a potential therapeutic strategy to improve clinical outcomes in AMI patients. This article is part of a Cardiovascular Research Spotlight Issue entitled 'Cardioprotection Beyond the Cardiomyocyte', and emerged as part of the discussions of the European Union (EU)-CARDIOPROTECTION Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, CA16225.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Andreadou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Hector A Cabrera-Fuentes
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical School, Justus-Liebig University, Ludwigstrasse 23, Giessen, Germany
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnologia-FEMSA, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan, Kremlyovskaya St, 18, Kazan, Respublika Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Yvan Devaux
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1A-B rue Thomas Edison, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute Department of Medicine (Cardiology) Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Forchheimer G46B Bronx NY USA
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tomasz Guzik
- Department of Internal and Agricultural Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Świętej Anny 12, Kraków, Poland
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University ofGlasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elisa A Liehn
- Institute for Molecular Cardiovascular Research, Rheinisch Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University,Templergraben 55, Aachen, Germany
- Human Genomics Laboratory, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Strada Petru Rareș 2, Craiova, Romania
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Angiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, Rheinisch Westfälische Technische Hochschule,Templergraben 55, Aachen, Germany
| | - Clarissa P C Gomes
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1A-B rue Thomas Edison, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Physiologisches Institut Fachbereich Medizin der Justus-Liebig-Universität, Aulweg 129, Giessen, Germany
| | - Derek J Hausenloy
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 5 Hospital Drive, Singapore
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Centro de Biotecnologia-FEMSA, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London, UK
- The National Institute of Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, Research & Development, Maple House 1st floor, 149 Tottenham Court Road, London, UK
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12
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Wang H, Hu X, Huang M, Liu J, Gu Y, Ma L, Zhou Q, Cao X. Mettl3-mediated mRNA m 6A methylation promotes dendritic cell activation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1898. [PMID: 31015515 PMCID: PMC6478715 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09903-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 303] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification plays important roles in various cellular responses by regulating mRNA biology. However, how m6A modification is involved in innate immunity via affecting the translation of immune transcripts remains to be further investigated. Here we report that RNA methyltransferase Mettl3-mediated mRNA m6A methylation promotes dendritic cell (DC) activation and function. Specific depletion of Mettl3 in DC resulted in impaired phenotypic and functional maturation of DC, with decreased expression of co-stimulatory molecules CD40, CD80 and cytokine IL-12, and reduced ability to stimulate T cell responses both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, Mettl3-mediated m6A of CD40, CD80 and TLR4 signaling adaptor Tirap transcripts enhanced their translation in DC for stimulating T cell activation, and strengthening TLR4/NF-κB signaling-induced cytokine production. Our findings identify a new role for Mettl3-mediated m6A modification in increasing translation of certain immune transcripts for physiological promotion of DC activation and DC-based T cell response. Here the authors examine how m6A modification is involved in innate immunity. They show that RNA methyltransferase Mettl3-mediated mRNA m6A methylation promotes dendritic cell (DC) activation and function, and in promoting DC-based T cells responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Wang
- Department of Immunology & Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100005, Beijing, China.,National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China.,College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Hu
- Department of Immunology & Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100005, Beijing, China.,National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mingyan Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijia Ma
- Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 321116, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Department of Immunology & Center for Immunotherapy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 100005, Beijing, China. .,National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Second Military Medical University, 200433, Shanghai, China. .,College of Life Science, Nankai University, 300071, Tianjin, China. .,Institute of Immunology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China.
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13
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Su X, Ye L, Chen X, Zhang H, Zhou Y, Ding X, Chen D, Lin Q, Chen C. MiR-199-3p promotes ERK-mediated IL-10 production by targeting poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase-1 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 306:110-116. [PMID: 30991045 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in both biological and pathological processes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Previous studies have demonstrated dysregulated expression of miR-199-3p, interleukin (IL)-10, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in SLE. However, the underlying mechanisms of these aberrations have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the mechanism through which miR-199-3p dysregulation contributed to the pathogenesis of SLE. Altered gene expression was assessed by ChIP analysis. We then silenced the expression of candidate genes using siRNA for functional analysis; mRNA expression, protein levels, and protein expression were determined by qRT-PCR, ELISA, and western blotting, respectively. According to ChIP and qRT-PCR results, miR-199-3p was up-regulated in SLE patients. Moreover, IL-10 was found to be highly expressed in SLE patients by ELISA. Further, PARP1 was significantly down-regulated in SLE patients based on western blotting. Our results also indicated that miR-199-3p inhibits PARP1 expression by activating the ERK1/2 pathway, thereby increasing IL-10 expression. Significantly up-regulated miR-199-3p was inversely related to PARP-1 expression and positively correlated with IL-10 levels in SLE. As miR-199-3p was shown to target PARP-1 to activate the ERK1/2 pathway and promote IL-10 production, restoring physiological miR-199-3p levels could represent a potential therapeutic strategy for SLE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Su
- Children's Heart Center, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translational Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, PR China
| | - Lele Ye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, PR China
| | - Xinxin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China
| | - Huidi Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China
| | - Xiaokai Ding
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China
| | - Dan Chen
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China
| | - Qiaoai Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, PR China.
| | - Chaosheng Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, PR China.
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14
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Wang JK, Wang Z, Li G. MicroRNA-125 in immunity and cancer. Cancer Lett 2019; 454:134-145. [PMID: 30981762 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that play a wide variety of critical roles in different biological processes by post-transcriptionally regulating gene expression. They access diverse regulatory pathways during various stages of cellular differentiation, growth, and apoptosis, and can contribute to both normal and diseased functions. One important family of miRNAs involved in these functions is the miR-125 family (miR-125a and miR-125b). Investigations have been made to increasingly uncover the mechanisms by which the miR-125 family regulates normal homeostasis and growth in a variety of cell types including immune cells, and how dysregulation of miR-125a and miR-125b can lead to disease pathogenesis and tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize what is currently known about miR-125a and miR-125b, mainly focusing on their roles in immune cell development and function as well as tumor suppression and promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Wang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Zhe Wang
- Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Guideng Li
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States; Center of Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China; Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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15
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Wu T, Tan M, Gong HY, Wang Y, Shuai XT. Co-delivery of Andrographolide and Notch1-targeted siRNA to Macrophages with Polymer-based Nanocarrier for Enhanced Anti-inflammation. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-018-2158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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16
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Shi Y, Jia Y, Zhao W, Zhou L, Xie X, Tong Z. Histone deacetylase inhibitors alter the expression of molecular markers in breast cancer cells via microRNAs. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:435-442. [PMID: 29620153 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are able to suppress breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo by altering the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her2/neu). Since HDACis can alter the expression of various microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs), the present study aimed to examine the role of miRNAs in the effects of HDACis on breast cancer cells. We first examined the mRNA expression of ER, PR, and Her2/neu using RT-PCR and the protein levels of ER, PR, and Her2/neu using western blot analysis in MDA-MB-231 and BT474 cells, after trichostatin A (TSA) or vorinostat (SAHA) treatment. We then conducted miRNA expression profiling using microarrays after BT474 cells were treated with TSA or SAHA. Finally, we examined the effects of synthetic miR-762 and miR-642a-3p inhibitors on SAHA-induced downregulation of Her2/neu and SAHA-induced apoptosis and PARP cleavage in BT474 cells. The results indicated that TSA and SAHA dose‑dependently enhanced the mRNA and protein expression levels of ER and PR in MDA‑MB‑231 and BT474 cells. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of Her2/neu were reduced in MDA‑MB‑231 cells, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of Her2/neu were reduced in BT474 cells in response to SAHA and TSA. Furthermore, treatment with TSA (0.2 µM) or SAHA (5.0 µM) induced a marked alteration in the expression of various miRNAs in BT474 cells. Notably, when cells were cotransfected with miR‑762 and miR‑642a‑3p inhibitors, SAHA‑induced downregulation of Her2/neu was inhibited, and SAHA‑induced apoptosis and poly (ADP‑ribose) polymerase cleavage were significantly reduced in BT474 cells. These results indicated that numerous HDACi‑induced miRNAs are required to downregulate Her2/neu levels and promote apoptosis of Her2‑overexpressing breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehui Shi
- Department of Breast Oncology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Yongsheng Jia
- Department of Breast Oncology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Weipeng Zhao
- Department of Breast Oncology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Zhongsheng Tong
- Department of Breast Oncology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
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17
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Li J, Zhao J, Li S, Zhang L, Huang Y, Zhao S, Liu YM. Electrophoresis separation assisted G-quadruplex DNAzyme-based chemiluminescence signal amplification strategy on a microchip platform for highly sensitive detection of microRNA. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:12806-12809. [PMID: 27711307 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc06327f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We have developed an electrophoresis separation assisted G-quadruplex DNAzyme-based chemiluminescence (CL) signal amplification strategy on a microchip platform for the detection of trace microRNA. This strategy exhibits high sensitivity and specificity for detection of target molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Jingjin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Shuting Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Shulin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Yi-Ming Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Jackson State University, 1400 Lynch St, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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18
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Abstract
As potent antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) comprise the most heterogeneous cell population with significant cellular phenotypic and functional plasticity. They form a sentinel network to modulate immune responses, since intrinsic cellular mechanisms and complex external, environmental signals endow DCs with the distinct capacity to induce protective immunity or tolerance to self. Interactions between DCs and other cells of the immune system mediate this response. This interactive response depends on DC maturation status and subtype, as well as the microenvironment of the tissue location and DC-intrinsic regulators. Dysregulated DCs can initiate and perpetuate various immune disorders, which creates attractive therapeutic targets. In this review, we provide a detailed outlook on DC ontogeny and functional specialization. We highlight recent advances on the regulatory role that DCs play in immune responses, the putative molecular regulators that control DC functional responding and the contribution of DCs to inflammatory disease physiopathology.
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19
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Li B, Zhu Y, Xie L, Hu S, Liu S, Jiang X. Portal vein ligation alters coding and noncoding gene expression in rat livers. Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 96:1-10. [PMID: 28837779 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2017-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Portal vein occlusion increases the resectability of initially unresectable liver cancer by inducing hypertrophy in non-occluded liver lobes. However, the mechanisms of how portal vein occlusion induces hepatic hypertrophy remain unclear. A cDNA microarray was used to identify the gene expression signatures of ligated (LLLs) and nonligated liver lobes (NLLLs) at different time points after portal vein ligation (PVL). The results of a bioinformatics analysis revealed that LLLs and NLLLs displayed different gene expression profiles. Moreover, the expression levels of both coding and noncoding RNA were different between LLLs and NLLLs at different time points after PVL. A series test of cluster analysis revealed that the No. 22 and No. 5 expression patterns, which showed altered expression at 24 h and maintained this altered expression over the following 14 days, had the lowest P values and the highest number of differentially expressed genes in both the LLLs and NLLLs. The results of a GO analysis showed the activation of hypoxia pathways in LLLs and the activation of cell proliferation and cell-cycle pathways in NLLLs, suggesting the involvement of these pathways in PVL-induced hepatic hypertrophy and regeneration. These results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying hepatic hypertrophy and regeneration induced by portal vein occlusion, and they identify potential targeting pathways that can promote the clinical application of PVL in liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- a Biliary Tract Surgery Department I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- b Department of Pathology, Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xie
- a Biliary Tract Surgery Department I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuyang Hu
- a Biliary Tract Surgery Department I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shupeng Liu
- c Clinical Research Center, Changhai Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqing Jiang
- a Biliary Tract Surgery Department I, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Secondary Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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20
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Robertson SA, Zhang B, Chan H, Sharkey DJ, Barry SC, Fullston T, Schjenken JE. MicroRNA regulation of immune events at conception. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:914-925. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Bihong Zhang
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Honyueng Chan
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - David J. Sharkey
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Simon C. Barry
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - Tod Fullston
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
| | - John E. Schjenken
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia
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21
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Rosales-Mendoza S, Salazar-González JA. Do microRNAs play a role in the activity of plant-based vaccines? Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:529-533. [PMID: 28447884 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1323636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An important trend in vaccinology is the development of oral vaccines based on genetically modified plants. Areas covered: Several studies have suggested that dietary microRNAs from plants and other organisms are bioavailable upon oral ingestion exerting biological events in the host such as the modulation of gene expression in several cell types. Since oral plant-based vaccines rely on whole cells as vaccine delivery vehicles, miRNAs could play a role in the immunogenic activity of this type of vaccine. In the present report, this hypothesis is discussed under the light of recent evidence on the immunomodulatory activity exerted by miRNAs using in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Expert commentary: The ways to generate new knowledge and exploit the potential of miRNAs in the development of oral vaccines are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- a Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, 78210 , México
| | - Jorge A Salazar-González
- a Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas , Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí , Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, SLP, 78210 , México
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22
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Crossland RE, Norden J, Juric MK, Green K, Pearce KF, Lendrem C, Greinix HT, Dickinson AM. Expression of Serum microRNAs is Altered During Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:308. [PMID: 28392786 PMCID: PMC5364146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) is the most frequent and serious complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), with a high mortality rate. A clearer understanding of the molecular pathogenesis may allow for improved therapeutic options or guide personalized prophylactic protocols. Circulating microRNAs are expressed in body fluids and have recently been associated with the etiology of aGvHD, but global expression profiling in a HSCT setting is lacking. This study profiled expression of n = 799 mature microRNAs in patient serum, using the NanoString platform, to identify microRNAs that showed altered expression at aGvHD diagnosis. Selected microRNAs (n = 10) were replicated in independent cohorts of serum samples taken at aGvHD diagnosis (n = 42) and prior to disease onset (day 14 post-HSCT, n = 47) to assess their prognostic potential. Sera from patients without aGvHD were used as controls. Differential microRNAs were investigated in silico for predicted networks and mRNA targets. Expression analysis identified 61 microRNAs that were differentially expressed at aGvHD diagnosis. miR-146a (p = 0.03), miR-30b-5p (p = 0.007), miR-374-5p (p = 0.02), miR-181a (p = 0.03), miR-20a (p = 0.03), and miR-15a (p = 0.03) were significantly verified in an independent cohort (n = 42). miR-146a (p = 0.01), miR-20a (p = 0.03), miR-18 (p = 0.03), miR-19a (p = 0.03), miR-19b (p = 0.01), and miR-451 (p = 0.01) were differentially expressed 14 days post-HSCT in patients who later developed aGvHD (n = 47). High miR-19b expression was associated with improved overall survival (OS) (p = 0.008), whereas high miR-20a and miR-30b-5p were associated with lower rates of non-relapse mortality (p = 0.05 and p = 0.008) and improved OS (p = 0.016 and p = 0.021). Pathway analysis associated the candidate microRNAs with hematological and inflammatory disease. Circulating biofluid microRNAs show altered expression at aGvHD onset and have the capacity to act as prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers. Their differential expression in serum suggests a role for circulatory microRNAs in aGvHD pathology, which warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Crossland
- Haematological Sciences, Medical School, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Jean Norden
- Haematological Sciences, Medical School, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Mateja Kralj Juric
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria
| | - Kile Green
- Haematological Sciences, Medical School, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Kim F Pearce
- Haematological Sciences, Medical School, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Clare Lendrem
- Haematological Sciences, Medical School, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | | | - Anne M Dickinson
- Haematological Sciences, Medical School, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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23
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Duan ZQ, Shi JD, Wu MN, Hu NZ, Hu YZ. Influence of miR-30b regulating humoral immune response by genetic difference. Immunol Res 2016; 64:181-90. [PMID: 26590946 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of genetic difference will be beneficial to researchers to understand the origins and nature of diseases. Previous studies have revealed that L-kynurenine (L-Kyn) level was changed significantly in patient with cancer and that miR-30b play different role in tumor cells and immune cells. Moreover, it has been also conformed that miR-30b involved in the process of L-Kyn-mediated suppression of humoral immune responses induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in human normal B cells separated from volunteers' peripheral blood. Nevertheless, the miR-30b role regulating humoral immune response in B lymphoma cells has been still unclear due to the genetic difference between normal cells and tumor cells. The current study demonstrated that the selected concentration of L-Kyn (100, 1000 μM) significantly reduced the immunoglobulin M secretion induced by LPS when compared with the control group in B lymphoma, CH12.LX, and BCL-1 cells, which had, at least, incomplete dependence on Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, the receptor of L-Kyn. In addition, although L-Kyn (100 μM) significantly attenuated the expression of miR-30b in BCL-1 cells rather than in CH12.LX cells, no significant differences in the strength of L-Kyn-mediated suppression of humoral immune responses induced by LPS were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay between the LPS (10 μg/ml) + L-Kyn (100 μM) group and the LPS (10 μg/ml) + L-Kyn (100 μM) + miR-30b mimics/miR-30b inhibitor group in CH12.LX and BCL-1 cells, respectively. Further data also showed that mouse Bach2 mRNA was a novel target of miR-30b. These results suggest that genetic difference among cells has a great influence on the miR-30b role in the process of L-Kyn-mediated suppression of humoral immune responses induced by LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qing Duan
- Shanxi Medical University, 56 South Xinjian Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China. .,The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Dong Shi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei-Ni Wu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning-Zhu Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Zhang Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 935 Jiaoling Road, Kunming, 650118, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Mobley CB, Mumford PW, McCarthy JJ, Miller ME, Young KC, Martin JS, Beck DT, Lockwood CM, Roberts MD. Whey protein-derived exosomes increase protein synthesis and hypertrophy in C 2-C 12 myotubes. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:48-64. [PMID: 28341051 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We sought to examine potential amino acid independent mechanisms whereby hydrolyzed whey protein (WP) affects muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and anabolism in vitro. Specifically, we tested (1) whether 3-h and 6-h treatments of WP, essential amino acids, or l-leucine (Leu) affected MPS, and whether 6-h treatments with low-, medium-, or high doses of WP versus Leu affected MPS; (2) whether knockdown of the primary Leu transporter affected WP- and Leu-mediated changes in MPS, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling responses, or both, following 6-h treatments; (3) whether exosomes isolated from WP (WP-EXO) affected MPS, mTOR signaling responses, or both, compared with untreated (control) myotubes, following 6-h, 12-h, and 24-h treatments, and whether they affected myotube diameter following 24-h and 48-h treatments. For all treatments, 7-d post-differentiated C2C12 myotubes were examined. In experiment 1, 6-h WP treatments increased MPS compared with control (+46%), Leu (+24%), and essential amino acids (+25%). Moreover, the 6-h low-, medium-, and high WP treatments increased MPS by approximately 40 to 50% more than corresponding Leu treatments. In experiment 2 (LAT short hairpin RNA-transfected myotubes), 6-h WP treatments increased MPS compared with control (+18%) and Leu (+19%). In experiment 3, WP-EXO treatments increased MPS over controls at 12h (+18%) and 24h (+45%), and myotube diameters increased with 24-h (+24%) and 48-h (+40%) WP-EXO treatments compared with controls. The WP-EXO treatments did not appear to operate through mTOR signaling; instead, they increased mRNA and protein levels o eukaryotic initiation factor 4A. Bovine-specific microRNA following 24-h WP-EXO treatments were enriched in myotubes (chiefly miR-149-3p, miR-2881), but were not related to hypertrophic gene targets. To summarize, hydrolyzed WP-EXO increased skeletal MPS and anabolism in vitro, and this may be related to an unknown mechanism that increases translation initiation factors rather than enhancing mTOR signaling or the involvement of bovine-specific microRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky Medical College of Medicine, Lexington 40506
| | - Michael E Miller
- Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Kaelin C Young
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849; Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Jeffrey S Martin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849; Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - Darren T Beck
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849; Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL 36849
| | | | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849; Department of Cellular Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn Campus, Auburn, AL 36849.
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25
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Naqvi AR, Fordham JB, Ganesh B, Nares S. miR-24, miR-30b and miR-142-3p interfere with antigen processing and presentation by primary macrophages and dendritic cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32925. [PMID: 27611009 PMCID: PMC5017188 DOI: 10.1038/srep32925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen uptake, processing and presentation by antigen presenting cells (APCs) are tightly coupled processes which consequently lead to the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the regulatory role of microRNA (miRNAs) in these critical pathways is poorly understood. In this study, we show that overexpression of miR-24, miR-30b and miR-142-3p attenuates uptake and processing of soluble antigen ovalbumin (Ova) in primary human macrophages and dendritic cells. MiRNA mimic transfected APCs exhibit defects in antigen presentation (Ova and CMV antigen) to CD4+ T-cells leading to reduced cell proliferation. Using transgenic OT-II mice we demonstrated that this impairment in T-cell proliferation is specific to antigen provided i.e., Ova. Further, human T-cells co-cultured with miRNA transfected dendritic cells secrete low levels of T helper (Th)-1 polarization associated cytokines. Analysis of molecules regulating APC and T-cell receptor interaction shows miRNA-mediated induced expression of Programmed Death-Ligand 1 (PD-L1) which inhibits T-cell proliferation. Blocking PD-L1 with antibodies rescues miRNA-mediated inhibition of T cell priming by DCs. These results uncover regulatory functions of miR-24, miR-30b and miR-142-3p in pairing innate and adaptive components of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsar Raza Naqvi
- Department of Periodontology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jezrom B Fordham
- Department of Periodontology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Balaji Ganesh
- Research Resources Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Salvador Nares
- Department of Periodontology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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DNA-PK-mediated phosphorylation of EZH2 regulates the DNA damage-induced apoptosis to maintain T-cell genomic integrity. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2316. [PMID: 27468692 PMCID: PMC4973345 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
EZH2 is a histone methyltransferase whose functions in stem cells and tumor cells are well established. Accumulating evidence shows that EZH2 has critical roles in T cells and could be a promising therapeutic target for several immune diseases. To further reveal the novel functions of EZH2 in human T cells, protein co-immunoprecipitation combined mass spectrometry was conducted and several previous unknown EZH2-interacting proteins were identified. Of them, we focused on a DNA damage responsive protein, Ku80, because of the limited knowledge regarding EZH2 in the DNA damage response. Then, we demonstrated that instead of being methylated by EZH2, Ku80 bridges the interaction between the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) complex and EZH2, thus facilitating EZH2 phosphorylation. Moreover, EZH2 histone methyltransferase activity was enhanced when Ku80 was knocked down or DNA-PK activity was inhibited, suggesting DNA-PK-mediated EZH2 phosphorylation impairs EZH2 histone methyltransferase activity. On the other hand, EZH2 inhibition increased the DNA damage level at the late phase of T-cell activation, suggesting EZH2 involved in genomic integrity maintenance. In conclusion, our study is the first to demonstrate that EZH2 is phosphorylated by the DNA damage responsive complex DNA-PK and regulates DNA damage-mediated T-cell apoptosis, which reveals a novel functional crosstalk between epigenetic regulation and genomic integrity.
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27
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Naqvi AR, Fordham JB, Nares S. MicroRNA target Fc receptors to regulate Ab-dependent Ag uptake in primary macrophages and dendritic cells. Innate Immun 2016; 22:510-21. [PMID: 27449126 DOI: 10.1177/1753425916661042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis commences with particle internalization and culminates with the activation of innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the role of miRNAs in phagocytosis remains largely unknown. In this study, we examined the role of miR-24, miR-30b and miR-142-3p in Ab Fc receptor (FcR)-mediated phagocytosis by macrophages (MΦ) and dendritic cells (DC). The expression of these miRNAs was reduced following phagocytosis of both IgG-opsonized beads and Escherichia coli, indicating their regulatory role in the process. Further, overexpression of these miRNAs impaired the uptake of IgG-coated latex beads, which corroborated the reduced secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-8 and down-regulation of PKC-α, as well as superoxide-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase 2 expression level. Mechanistically, MΦ and DC transfected with miRNA mimics show marked reduction in expression of FcRs including FCGR2A, FcɛR1G and FCER2. We show that FcɛR1G expression is not affected at the transcription level, rather it is post-transcriptionally regulated by miR-30b. Finally, we demonstrate that siRNA-mediated knockdown of FcɛR1G leads to reduced uptake of IgG-opsonized beads, indicating its involvement on Ab-mediated phagocytosis. These results uncover miR-24, miR-30b and miR-142-3p as an essential component of FcR-mediated phagocytosis and associated innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsar Raza Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jezrom B Fordham
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Salvador Nares
- Department of Periodontics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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28
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Lu Z, Liu R, Huang E, Chu Y. MicroRNAs: New regulators of IL-22. Cell Immunol 2016; 304-305:1-8. [PMID: 27221197 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a cytokine that belongs to the IL-10 family of interleukins. It can be produced by T helper 22 (Th22) cells, T helper 1 (Th1) cells, T helper 17 (Th17) cells, natural killer 22 (NK22) cells, natural killer T (NKT) cells, innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), and γδ T cells. IL-22 acts via binding to a heterodimeric transmembrane receptor complex that consists of IL-22R1 and IL-10R2 and mainly contributes to the tissue repair and host defense. Transcription factors such as retinoid orphan receptor γt (RORγt) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), have been reported to play important roles in regulation of IL-22 expression. Recently, it has been demonstrated in several studies that microRNAs (miRNAs) potently regulate expression of interleukins, including production of IL-22. Here, we review current knowledge about regulators of IL-22 expression with a particular emphasis on the role of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Lu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Enyu Huang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiwei Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China; Biotherapy Research Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China.
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Endogenous and tumour-derived microRNAs regulate cross-presentation in dendritic cells and consequently cytotoxic T cell function. Cytotechnology 2016; 68:2223-2233. [PMID: 27193424 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-016-9975-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen presenting cells (APCs). They are also specialized in the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated responses against extracellular antigens, including tumour-specific antigens, by presenting peptide-Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) I complexes to naïve CD8+ T cells in lymphoid tissues, a process called cross-presentation. Emerging evidence suggests that the efficiency of cross-presentation can be influenced by a unique set of microRNAs (miRNAs). Some are differentially expressed in the course of morphological and functional development of DCs while tumorigenic miRNAs (onco-miRs) can be delivered to and inserted into DCs via exosomes. The latter reprogram the miRNA repertoire of DCs, transforming them from effective APCs to negative modulators of immunity, ultimately aiding cancers to evade host immunity. On the other hand, endogenous microRNAs can influence cross-presentation either positively or negatively. In this review, we discuss the possible mechanisms by which specific miRNAs influence cross-presentation as well as the viability of manipulating the expression of miRNAs that regulate DC cross-presentation as a potential cancer immunotherapy intervention.
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Ma H, Wu Y, Yang H, Liu J, Dan H, Zeng X, Zhou Y, Jiang L, Chen Q. MicroRNAs in oral lichen planus and potential miRNA-mRNA pathogenesis with essential cytokines: a review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016; 122:164-73. [PMID: 27282956 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a potentially premalignant condition with unknown pathogenesis. Immune and inflammatory factors are thought to play important roles in the development of OLP, and cytokines, such as interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, can act as critical players in the immunopathogenesis of OLP. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are closely correlated with cytokines in various inflammation-related diseases. In patients with OLP, miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 are increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and numerous miRNAs have been shown to exhibit altered expression profiles in lesions. Although the microRNA-messenger RNA (miRNA-mRNA) network is thought to be involved in the development of OLP, in-depth studies are lacking. Here, we summarize current data on the mechanisms of action of miRNAs regulating typical cytokines in OLP, including interleukin (IL)-10, IL-17, IL-22, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, to study the genetic basis of the pathogenesis of OLP and to provide prospects of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanqin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Huamei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxia Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Lu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Mangino G, Chiantore MV, Iuliano M, Fiorucci G, Romeo G. Inflammatory microenvironment and human papillomavirus-induced carcinogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 30:103-11. [PMID: 27021827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
More than 15% of the global cancer burden is attributable to infectious agents. Pathogens that cause persistent infections are strongly associated with cancer, inflammation being a major component of the chronic infections as revealed by basic, clinical and epidemiological studies. Persistent infection and viral oncoproteins induce specific cellular pathways modifications that promote tumorigenesis. Deregulated and continuous immune response leads to severe tissue and systemic damage, impaired tumor surveillance and consequent carcinogenesis promotion by selecting for metastatic and therapeutically resistant tumor phenotypes. In this review, the role of inflammatory microenvironment in the HPV-induced carcinogenesis is addressed, with a specific focus on the involvement of the immune molecules and microRNAs as well as their delivery through the microvesicle cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Mangino
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Vincenza Chiantore
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Iuliano
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Gianna Fiorucci
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Romeo
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy.
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32
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Han SM, Na HY, Ham O, Choi W, Sohn M, Ryu SH, In H, Hwang KC, Park CG. TCF4-Targeting miR-124 is Differentially Expressed amongst Dendritic Cell Subsets. Immune Netw 2016; 16:61-74. [PMID: 26937233 PMCID: PMC4770101 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.1.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that sample their environment and present antigens to naïve T lymphocytes for the subsequent antigen-specific immune responses. DCs exist in a range of distinct subpopulations including plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) and classical DCs (cDCs), with the latter consisting of the cDC1 and cDC2 lineages. Although the roles of DC-specific transcription factors across the DC subsets have become understood, the posttranscriptional mechanisms that regulate DC development are yet to be elucidated. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression in a myriad of biological processes, but their contribution to the immune system is just beginning to surface. In this study, our in-house probe collection was screened to identify miRNAs possibly involved in DC development and function by targeting the transcripts of relevant mouse transcription factors. Examination of DC subsets from the culture of mouse bone marrow with Flt3 ligand identified high expression of miR-124 which was able to target the transcript of TCF4, a transcription factor critical for the development and homeostasis of pDCs. Further expression profiling of mouse DC subsets isolated from in vitro culture as well as via ex vivo purification demonstrated that miR-124 was outstandingly expressed in CD24+ cDC1 cells compared to in pDCs and CD172α+ cDC2 cells. These results imply that miR-124 is likely involved in the processes of DC subset development by posttranscriptional regulation of a transcription factor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Murray Han
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hye Young Na
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Onju Ham
- Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.; Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Korea
| | - Wanho Choi
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Moah Sohn
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seul Hye Ryu
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyunju In
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Ki-Chul Hwang
- Institute for Bio-Medical Convergence, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung 25601, Korea
| | - Chae Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Immunology, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea.; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Zhang C, Ma X, Du J, Yao Z, Shi T, Ai Q, Chen X, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Yao X. MicroRNA-30a as a prognostic factor in urothelial carcinoma of bladder inhibits cellular malignancy by antagonising Notch1. BJU Int 2016; 118:578-89. [PMID: 26775686 DOI: 10.1111/bju.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the relation between microRNA-30a (miR-30a) and Notch1, and to evaluate the potential prognostic role of miR-30a in invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB). PATIENTS AND METHODS In all, 50 invasive UCB tissue specimens, along with the adjacent bladder tissue specimens were obtained, and the clinical parameters of the 50 patients were analysed. Bioinformatics analysis was performed and miR-30a was selected as a potential miRNA targeting Notch1, with a luciferase assay performed to verify the binding site between miR-30a and Notch1. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to assess the RNA expressions of miR-30a and Notch1, while Western Blotting and immunohistochemical staining were used to assess the protein expression of Notch1. Finally, cell proliferation, cell cycle, cell migration and invasion assays were used to evaluate the cellular effects of miR-30a and Notch1 on the UCB cell lines T24 and 5637. RESULTS MiR-30a was downregulated in tumour tissues when compared with adjacent bladder tissues (P < 0.001), negatively correlating with Notch1 messenger RNA (R(2) 0.106, P = 0.021) in invasive UCB, and miR-30a expression further decreased in patients with shorter overall survival and disease-free survival (P = 0.039 and P = 0.037, respectively). The luciferase assay showed that miR-30a inhibited the Notch1 3'-untranslated region reporter activities in the T24 and 5637 cell lines (both P < 0.001). Both miR-30a and small interfering RNA Notch1 negatively regulated cell proliferation (P = 0.002 and P = 0.035 in T24; P = 0.029 and P = 0.037 in 5637 cell lines), activated cell cycle arrest (both P < 0.001 in T24; both P < 0.001 in 5637 cell lines), and prevented cellular migration (both P < 0.001 in T24; P = 0.003 and P < 0.001 in 5637 cell lines) and invasion (P = 0.009 and P = 0.006 in T24; P = 0.006 and P = 0.002 in 5637 cell lines) abilities. Ectopic Notch1 without the 3'untranslated region partially rescued the above-mentioned cellular effects of over-expressed miR-30a on T24 and 5637 cells. CONCLUSIONS MiR-30a lessens cellular malignancy by antagonising oncogene Notch1 and plays an effective prognostic role in invasive UCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Urology, China PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Du
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiyong Yao
- Department of Urology, Air Force General Hospital, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Taoping Shi
- Department of Urology, China PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Ai
- Department of Urology, China PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xusheng Chen
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenting Zhang
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Urology, China PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Yao
- Department of Genitourinary Oncology, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy Tianjin, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Zhang Q, Huang C, Yang Q, Gao L, Liu HC, Tang J, Feng WH. MicroRNA-30c Modulates Type I IFN Responses To Facilitate Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection by Targeting JAK1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2272-82. [PMID: 26826240 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically important pathogen and has evolved several mechanisms to evade IFN-I responses. We report that a host microRNA, miR-30c, was upregulated by PRRSV via activating NF-κB and facilitated its ability to infect subject animals. Subsequently, we demonstrated that miR-30c was a potent negative regulator of IFN-I signaling by targeting JAK1, resulting in the enhancement of PRRSV infection. In addition, we found that JAK1 expression was significantly decreased by PRRSV and recovered when miR-30c inhibitor was overexpressed. Importantly, miR-30c was also upregulated by PRRSV infection in vivo, and miR-30c expression corresponded well with viral loads in lungs and porcine alveolar macrophages of PRRSV-infected pigs. Our findings identify a new strategy taken by PRRSV to escape IFN-I-mediated antiviral immune responses by engaging miR-30c and, thus, improve our understanding of its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hsiao-Ching Liu
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606; and
| | - Jun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wen-hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
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Satoh JI, Takitani M, Miyoshi J, Kino Y. RNA-Seq data analysis identifies the comprehensive profile ofin vivointerferon-β-stimulated genes in multiple sclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/cen3.12268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Satoh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology; Meiji Pharmaceutical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mika Takitani
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology; Meiji Pharmaceutical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Junko Miyoshi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology; Meiji Pharmaceutical University; Tokyo Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kino
- Department of Bioinformatics and Molecular Neuropathology; Meiji Pharmaceutical University; Tokyo Japan
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Gu C, Zhou XD, Yuan Y, Miao XH, Liu Y, Ru YW, Li KQ, Li G. MicroRNA-214 induces dendritic cell switching from tolerance to immunity by targeting β-Catenin signaling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:10050-10060. [PMID: 26617712 PMCID: PMC4637527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to function as negative gene regulators. Recently, miRNAs have been shown to regulate immunity processes; however, the mechanism is unclear. The role of microRNA-214 (miR-214) in dendritic cell (DC) maturation has not been investigated. We found that the miR-214 level was correlated with the maturation of DCs and inflammatory cytokine secretion, as depressed miR-214 levels induced DC tolerance. We also identified β-catenin as a target gene of miR-214 and demonstrated its association with Treg cell differentiation. MiR-214 regulates gene expression by binding to the 3'UTR of β-catenin. The results suggest that β-catenin is a critical regulator of tolerance in DCs via miR-214. The expression of miR-214 could be a potential therapeutic strategy in organ transplantation or autoimmunity patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gu
- Department of Medical Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin 300070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhou
- Laboratory of Flow Cytometry, Tianjin Institute of UrologyTianjin 300211, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Yuan
- Department of Physical Diagnosis, Tianjin HospitalTianjin 300211, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xu-Hong Miao
- Department of Medical Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin 300070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Medical Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin 300070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Wei Ru
- Department of Medical Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin 300070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke-Qiu Li
- Department of Medical Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin 300070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Medical Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin 300070, People’s Republic of China
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37
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Regulatory dendritic cells in autoimmunity: A comprehensive review. J Autoimmun 2015; 63:1-12. [PMID: 26255250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) with significant phenotypic heterogeneity and functional plasticity. DCs play crucial roles in initiating effective adaptive immune responses for elimination of invading pathogens and also in inducing immune tolerance toward harmless components to maintain immune homeostasis. The regulatory capacity of DCs depends on their immature state and distinct subsets, yet not restricted to the immature state and one specialized subset. The tolerogenicity of DC is controlled by a complex network of environmental signals and cellular intrinsic mechanisms. Regulatory DCs play an important role in the maintenance of immunological tolerance via the induction of T cell unresponsiveness or apoptosis, and generation of regulatory T cells. DCs play essential roles in driving autoimmunity via promoting the activation of effector T cells such as T helper 1 and T helper 17 cells, and/or suppressing the generation of regulatory T cells. Besides, a breakdown of DCs-mediated tolerance due to abnormal environmental signals or breakdown of intrinsic regulatory mechanisms is closely linked with the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Novel immunotherapy taking advantage of the tolerogenic potential of regulatory DCs is being developed for treatment of autoimmune diseases. In this review, we will describe the current understanding on the generation of regulatory DC and the role of regulatory DCs in promoting tolerogenic immune responses and suppressing autoimmune responses. The emerging roles of DCs dysfunction in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and the potential application of regulatory DCs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases will also be discussed.
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Nakamura T, Fujiwara Y, Warashina S, Harashima H. The intracellular pharmacodynamics of siRNA is responsible for the low gene silencing activity of siRNA-loaded nanoparticles in dendritic cells. Int J Pharm 2015; 494:271-7. [PMID: 26253379 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to dendritic cells (DCs) is a challenging issue for siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles. The cause of this difficulty is unknown. The findings reported herein indicate that the rate-limiting step in gene silencing using siRNA-loaded lipid nanoparticles in DCs, as evidenced by a quantitative analysis of each process in siRNA delivery between mouse bone marrow derived DC (BMDC) and other cell lines, was not associated with the actual delivery of siRNA. A gene silencing of only 50% was observed in BMDC, even when a high dose was used. Contrary to our expectation, the interval between cellular uptake and the delivery of siRNA to the cytosol was not responsible for the low gene silencing. Meanwhile, a drastic difference was found in the relationship between the efficiency of gene silencing and the amount of intracellular intact siRNA. This fact indicates that the processes after cytosolic delivery of siRNA, namely the intracellular pharmacodynamics (PD) of siRNA, appear to be the rate-limiting step in gene silencing in BMDC. The findings reported here demonstrate the importance of the intracellular PD of siRNA delivered to cytosol in the development of siRNA delivery systems for gene silencing in DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujiwara
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Shota Warashina
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Harashima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12 Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan.
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Sohail M, Zhang M, Litchfield D, Wang L, Kung S, Xie J. Differential expression, distinct localization and opposite effect on Golgi structure and cell differentiation by a novel splice variant of human PRMT5. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2444-52. [PMID: 26151339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Alternative splicing contributes greatly to the proteomic diversity of metazoans. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) methylates arginines of Golgi components and other factors exerting diverse effects on cell growth/differentiation, but the underlying molecular basis for its subcellular distribution and diverse roles has not been fully understood. Here we show the detailed properties of an evolutionarily emerged splice variant of human PRMT5 (PRMT5S) that is distinct from the original isoform (PRMT5L). The isoforms are differentially expressed among mammalian cells and tissues. The PRMT5S is distributed all over the cell but PRMT5L mainly colocalizes with Giantin, a Golgi marker. PRMT5 knockdown led to an enlarged Giantin pattern, which was prevented by the expression of either isoform. Rescuing PRMT5S also increased the percentage of cells with an interphase Giantin pattern compacted at one end of the nucleus, consistent with its cell cycle-arresting effect, while rescuing PRMT5L increased that of the mitotic Giantin patterns of dynamically fragmented structures. Moreover, the isoforms are differentially expressed during neuronal or dendritic cell differentiation, and their ectopic expression showed an opposite effect on dendritic cell differentiation. Furthermore, besides their differential regulation of gene expression, both isoforms also similarly regulate over a thousand genes particularly those involved in apoptosis and differentiation. Taking these properties together, we propose that their differential expression and subcellular localization contribute to spatial and temporal regulation of arginine methylation and gene expression to exert different effects. The novel PRMT5S likely contributes to the observed diverse effects of PRMT5 in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Manli Zhang
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - David Litchfield
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Sam Kung
- Department of Immunology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Jiuyong Xie
- Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada; Department of Biochemistry & Medical Genetics, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada.
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40
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Su X, Wang H, Ge W, Yang M, Hou J, Chen T, Li N, Cao X. An In Vivo Method to Identify microRNA Targets Not Predicted by Computation Algorithms: p21 Targeting by miR-92a in Cancer. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2875-85. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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41
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Wang H, Su X, Yang M, Chen T, Hou J, Li N, Cao X. Reciprocal control of miR-197 and IL-6/STAT3 pathway reveals miR-197 as potential therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1031440. [PMID: 26451302 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1031440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is one of the key players in liver cancer. Increased levels of phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) have been detected in many cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and are usually associated with a more aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis. In addition to aberrant activation of STAT3, upregulation of total STAT3 was also detected in HCC, for which the underlying mechanisms and significance remain to be fully elucidated. Here we report that a reciprocal regulation exists between miR-197 and the IL-6/STAT3 inflammatory signaling pathway in HCC. We found that IL-6 stimulation increased total STAT3 expression at protein level but not mRNA level in HCC cells, suggesting the existence of post-transcriptional regulation of STAT3. Our study showed that IL-6/STAT3 pathway decreases expression of miR-197 in HCC, which amplifies IL-6/STAT3 pathway and contributes to HCC progression. miR-197 can significantly inhibit HCC growth both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, IL-6/STAT3-induced downregulation of miR-197 in HCC may be via affecting Drosha binding to primary miR-197 (pri-miR-197) and thus reducing mature miR-197 generation. Our study suggests that miR-197 may serve as a potential therapeutic target for interfering with the IL-6/STAT3 inflammatory pathway in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huamin Wang
- Institute of Immunology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine ; Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Su
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology; Second Military Medical University ; Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjin Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology; Second Military Medical University ; Shanghai, China ; National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences ; Beijing, China
| | - Taoyong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology; Second Military Medical University ; Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology; Second Military Medical University ; Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology; Second Military Medical University ; Shanghai, China
| | - Xuetao Cao
- Institute of Immunology; Zhejiang University School of Medicine ; Hangzhou, China ; National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology; Second Military Medical University ; Shanghai, China ; National Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology & Department of Immunology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences ; Beijing, China
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Smyth LA, Boardman DA, Tung SL, Lechler R, Lombardi G. MicroRNAs affect dendritic cell function and phenotype. Immunology 2015; 144:197-205. [PMID: 25244106 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, non-coding RNA molecules that have been linked with immunity through regulating/modulating gene expression. A role for these molecules in T-cell and B-cell development and function has been well established. An increasing body of literature now highlights the importance of specific miRNA in dendritic cell (DC) development as well as their maturation process, antigen presentation capacity and cytokine release. Given the unique role of DC within the immune system, linking the innate and adaptive immune responses, understanding how specific miRNA affect DC function is of importance for understanding disease. In this review we summarize recent developments in miRNA and DC research, highlighting the requirement of miRNA in DC lineage commitment from bone marrow progenitors and for the development of subsets such as plasmacytoid DC and conventional DC. In addition, we discuss how infections and tumours modulate miRNA expression and consequently DC function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Smyth
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
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43
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NOTCH1 Intracellular Domain Immunohistochemistry as a Diagnostic Tool to Distinguish T-Lymphoblastic Lymphoma From Thymoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2015; 39:565-72. [DOI: 10.1097/pas.0000000000000358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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44
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Differential expression of miRNAs and their relation to active tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:395-403. [PMID: 25936536 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to screen miRNA signatures dysregulated in tuberculosis to improve our understanding of the biological role of miRNAs involved in the disease. Datasets deposited in publically available databases from microarray studies on infectious diseases and malignancies were retrieved, screened, and subjected to further analysis. Effect sizes were combined using the inverse-variance model and between-study heterogeneity was evaluated by the random effects model. 35 miRNAs were differentially expressed (12 up-regulated, 23 down-regulated; p < 0.05) by combining 15 datasets of tuberculosis and other infectious diseases. 15 miRNAs were found to be significantly differentially regulated (7 up-regulated, 8 down-regulated; p < 0.05) by combining 53 datasets of tuberculosis and malignancies. Most of the miRNA signatures identified in this study were found to be involved in immune responses and metabolism. Expression of these miRNA signatures in serum samples from TB subjects (n = 11) as well as healthy controls (n = 10) was examined by TaqMan miRNA array. Taken together, the results revealed differential expression of miRNAs in TB, but available datasets are limited and these miRNA signatures should be validated in future studies.
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45
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Zhang W, Shen X, Xie L, Chu M, Ma Y. MicroRNA-181b regulates endotoxin tolerance by targeting IL-6 in macrophage RAW264.7 cells. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2015; 12:18. [PMID: 25762865 PMCID: PMC4355005 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a major pro-inflammatory cytokine and dysregulation of IL-6 is relevant to many inflammatory diseases. Endotoxin induced tolerance of IL-6 is an important mechanism to avoid the excessive immune reaction. But to date, the molecular mechanisms of endotoxin tolerance of IL-6 remain unclear. Here we reported that IL-6 secretion and microRNA-181b (miR-181b) expression were inversely correlated following LPS stimulation. We also demonstrated that miR-181b targeting the 3′-UTR of IL-6 transcripts and up-regulation of miR-181b was associated with NF-kB. We further demonstrated that up-regulation of miR-181b in response to LPS was required for inducing IL-6 tolerance in macrophage. Our results suggested that the post-transcriptional control mediated by miR-181b could be involved in fine tuning the critical level of IL-6 expression in endotoxin tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Xiaojun Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Luyang Xie
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Maoping Chu
- Children's Heart Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Development and Translation Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province China
| | - Yanmei Ma
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, 200433 China
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46
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Johanson TM, Cmero M, Wettenhall J, Lew AM, Zhan Y, Chong MMW. A microRNA expression atlas of mouse dendritic cell development. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 93:480-5. [PMID: 25533289 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are sentinel cells of the immune system and are essential for inducing a proper immune response. The mechanisms driving the development of DCs are not fully understood. Although the roles of cytokines and transcription factors have been a major focus, there is now substantial interest in the role of microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small RNAs that regulate gene expression by targeting messenger RNAs for translational repression and ultimately degradation. By means of deep sequencing, we have assembled a comprehensive and quantitative resource of miRNA expression during DC development. We show that mature DCs and their hematopoietic progenitors can be distinguished based on miRNA expression profiles. On the other hand, we show that functionally distinct conventional and plasmacytoid DC subsets are indistinguishable based on miRNA profile. In addition, we identify differences between ex vivo purified conventional DCs and their in vitro Flt3L-generated counterparts. This miRNA expression atlas will provide a valuable resource for the study of miRNAs in DC development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Johanson
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia [3] Immunology and Diabetes, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marek Cmero
- Immunology and Diabetes, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - James Wettenhall
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew M Lew
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yifan Zhan
- 1] Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark M W Chong
- 1] Immunology and Diabetes, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia [2] Department of Medicine (St Vincent's), University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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Gao Y, Liu F, Zhou Q, Guo M, Zhang M, Guo W, Wang L, Hu L, Hu C, Shi Y, Liu Y, Wang Q. mir-155 regulates cardiac allograft rejection by targing the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (DOCS1) in dendritic cells. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014; 7:4572-4583. [PMID: 25550988 PMCID: PMC4276246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we observed that mir-155 is induced during dendritic cell (DC) differentiation. We now demon-strated convincing evidence indicating that mir-155 promotes DC maturation and regulates its capacity for antigen presentation and induction of alloreactive T cell activation. Interestingly, the induction of miR-155 expression in DCs is dependent on the TLR4/Myd88/NF-κB signaling. Our mechanistic studies further revealed that SOCS1 is a direct target for mir-155, and by binding to its 3'UTR, mir-155 is likely to affect SOCS1 translation. Suppression of mir-155 expression in DCs significantly attenuated LPS-induced DC maturation along with reduced capability to stimulate allogeneic T cell proliferation. As a result, administration of antagomiR-155 provided protection for cardiac allografts from rejection. Together, our data support that suppression of miR-155 in DCs could be a viable therapeutic strategy for prevention and treatment of allograft rejection in clinical setting of transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Gao
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation Institute of PLA, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation Institute of PLA, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Qiwei Zhou
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation Institute of PLA, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Meng Guo
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation Institute of PLA, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Mingjian Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Wenyuan Guo
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation Institute of PLA, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation Institute of PLA, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Chaozhou Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yongzhao Shi
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Yushan Liu
- Department of Urology and Organ Transplantation Institute of PLA, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
| | - Quanxing Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Second Military Medical UniversityShanghai, China
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Rostama B, Peterson SM, Vary CPH, Liaw L. Notch signal integration in the vasculature during remodeling. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 63:97-104. [PMID: 25464152 PMCID: PMC4304902 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Notch signaling plays many important roles in homeostasis and remodeling in the vessel wall, and serves a critical role in the communication between endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Within blood vessels, Notch signaling integrates with multiple pathways by mechanisms including direct protein–protein interaction, cooperative or synergistic regulation of signal cascades, and co-regulation of transcriptional targets. After establishment of the mature blood vessel, the spectrum and intensity of Notch signaling change during phases of active remodeling or disease progression. These changes can be mediated by regulation via microRNAs and protein stability or signaling, and corresponding changes in complementary signaling pathways. Notch also affects endothelial cells on a system level by regulating key metabolic components. This review will outline the most recent findings of Notch activity in blood vessels, with a focus on how Notch signals integrate with other molecular signaling pathways controlling vascular phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Rostama
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, USA
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49
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Ortega M, Bhatnagar H, Lin AP, Wang L, Aster JC, Sill H, Aguiar RCT. A microRNA-mediated regulatory loop modulates NOTCH and MYC oncogenic signals in B- and T-cell malignancies. Leukemia 2014; 29:968-76. [PMID: 25311243 PMCID: PMC4391979 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that microRNAs facilitate the cross-talk between transcriptional modules and signal transduction pathways. MYC and NOTCH1 contribute to the pathogenesis of lymphoid malignancies. NOTCH induces MYC, connecting two signaling programs that enhance oncogenicity. Here we show that this relationship is bidirectional and that MYC, via a microRNA intermediary, modulates NOTCH. MicroRNA-30a, a member of family of microRNAs that are transcriptionally suppressed by MYC, directly binds to and inhibits NOTCH1 and NOTCH2 expression. Using a murine model and genetically modified human cell lines, we confirmed that microRNA-30a influences NOTCH expression in a MYC-dependent fashion. In turn, through genetic modulation, we demonstrated that intracellular NOTCH1 and NOTCH2, by inducing MYC, suppressed microRNA-30a. Conversely, pharmacological inhibition of NOTCH decreased MYC expression, and ultimately de-repressedmicroRNA-30a. Examination of genetic models of gain and loss of microRNA-30a in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and T-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells suggested a tumor suppressive role for this microRNA. Finally, the activity of the microRNA-30a-NOTCH-MYC loop was validated in primary DLBCL and T-ALL samples. These data define the presence of a microRNA-mediated regulatory circuitry that may modulate the oncogenic signals originating from NOTCH and MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ortega
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - H Bhatnagar
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - A-P Lin
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - L Wang
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - J C Aster
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Sill
- Division of Hematology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - R C T Aguiar
- 1] Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA [2] Cancer Therapy and Research Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA [3] Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA [4] South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Audie Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA
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50
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Yan S, Yim LY, Lu L, Lau CS, Chan VSF. MicroRNA Regulation in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Pathogenesis. Immune Netw 2014; 14:138-48. [PMID: 24999310 PMCID: PMC4079820 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.3.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous small RNA molecules best known for their function in post-transcriptional gene regulation. Immunologically, miRNA regulates the differentiation and function of immune cells and its malfunction contributes to the development of various autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Over the last decade, accumulating researches provide evidence for the connection between dysregulated miRNA network and autoimmunity. Interruption of miRNA biogenesis machinery contributes to the abnormal T and B cell development and particularly a reduced suppressive function of regulatory T cells, leading to systemic autoimmune diseases. Additionally, multiple factors under autoimmune conditions interfere with miRNA generation via key miRNA processing enzymes, thus further skewing the miRNA expression profile. Indeed, several independent miRNA profiling studies reported significant differences between SLE patients and healthy controls. Despite the lack of a consistent expression pattern on individual dysregulated miRNAs in SLE among these studies, the aberrant expression of distinct groups of miRNAs causes overlapping functional outcomes including perturbed type I interferon signalling cascade, DNA hypomethylation and hyperactivation of T and B cells. The impact of specific miRNA-mediated regulation on function of major immune cells in lupus is also discussed. Although research on the clinical application of miRNAs is still immature, through an integrated approach with advances in next generation sequencing, novel tools in bioinformatics database analysis and new in vitro and in vivo models for functional evaluation, the diagnostic and therapeutic potentials of miRNAs may bring to fruition in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Lok Yan Yim
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chak Sing Lau
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Vera Sau-Fong Chan
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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