1
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Vine W, Kringhøj A, Savytskyi M, Parker D, Schenkel T, Johnson BC, McCallum JC, Morello A, Pla JJ. Latched detection of zeptojoule spin echoes with a kinetic inductance parametric oscillator. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm7624. [PMID: 38578995 PMCID: PMC10997192 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm7624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
When strongly pumped at twice their resonant frequency, nonlinear resonators develop a high-amplitude intracavity field, a phenomenon known as parametric self-oscillations. The boundary over which this instability occurs can be extremely sharp and thereby presents an opportunity for realizing a detector. Here, we operate such a device based on a superconducting microwave resonator whose nonlinearity is engineered from kinetic inductance. The device indicates the absorption of low-power microwave wavepackets by transitioning to a self-oscillating state. Using calibrated pulses, we measure the detection efficiency to zeptojoule energy wavepackets. We then apply it to measurements of electron spin resonance, using an ensemble of 209Bi donors in silicon that are inductively coupled to the resonator. We achieve a latched readout of the spin signal with an amplitude that is five hundred times greater than the underlying spin echoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt Vine
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Anders Kringhøj
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mykhailo Savytskyi
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Daniel Parker
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Thomas Schenkel
- Accelerator Technology and Applied Physics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brett C. Johnson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Jeffrey C. McCallum
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andrea Morello
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Jarryd J. Pla
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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2
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Iyama D, Kamiya T, Fujii S, Mukai H, Zhou Y, Nagase T, Tomonaga A, Wang R, Xue JJ, Watabe S, Kwon S, Tsai JS. Observation and manipulation of quantum interference in a superconducting Kerr parametric oscillator. Nat Commun 2024; 15:86. [PMID: 38167480 PMCID: PMC10762009 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44496-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantum tunneling is the phenomenon that makes superconducting circuits "quantum". Recently, there has been a renewed interest in using quantum tunneling in phase space of a Kerr parametric oscillator as a resource for quantum information processing. Here, we report a direct observation of quantum interference induced by such tunneling and its dynamics in a planar superconducting circuit through Wigner tomography. We experimentally elucidate all essential properties of this quantum interference, such as mapping from Fock states to cat states, a temporal oscillation due to the pump detuning, as well as its characteristic Rabi oscillations and Ramsey fringes. Finally, we perform gate operations as manipulations of the observed quantum interference. Our findings lay the groundwork for further studies on quantum properties of superconducting Kerr parametric oscillators and their use in quantum information technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Iyama
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takahiko Kamiya
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shiori Fujii
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroto Mukai
- RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Zhou
- RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nagase
- Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Tomonaga
- RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rui Wang
- RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jiao-Jiao Xue
- RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shohei Watabe
- College of Engineering, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Koto-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sangil Kwon
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Jaw-Shen Tsai
- RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing (RQC), Wako-shi, Saitama, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Chen QM, Fischer M, Nojiri Y, Renger M, Xie E, Partanen M, Pogorzalek S, Fedorov KG, Marx A, Deppe F, Gross R. Quantum behavior of the Duffing oscillator at the dissipative phase transition. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2896. [PMID: 37210421 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-deterministic behavior of the Duffing oscillator is classically attributed to the coexistence of two steady states in a double-well potential. However, this interpretation fails in the quantum-mechanical perspective which predicts a single unique steady state. Here, we measure the non-equilibrium dynamics of a superconducting Duffing oscillator and experimentally reconcile the classical and quantum descriptions as indicated by the Liouvillian spectral theory. We demonstrate that the two classically regarded steady states are in fact quantum metastable states. They have a remarkably long lifetime but must eventually relax into the single unique steady state allowed by quantum mechanics. By engineering their lifetime, we observe a first-order dissipative phase transition and reveal the two distinct phases by quantum state tomography. Our results reveal a smooth quantum state evolution behind a sudden dissipative phase transition and form an essential step towards understanding the intriguing phenomena in driven-dissipative systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Ming Chen
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany.
| | - Michael Fischer
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Yuki Nojiri
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Renger
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Edwar Xie
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Matti Partanen
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748, Garching, Germany
- IQM, Keilaranta 19, FI-02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Stefan Pogorzalek
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany
- IQM, Nymphenburger Str. 86, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | - Kirill G Fedorov
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Achim Marx
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Frank Deppe
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799, Munich, Germany.
- IQM, Nymphenburger Str. 86, 80636, Munich, Germany.
| | - Rudolf Gross
- Walther-Meißner-Institut, Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, 85748, Garching, Germany.
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799, Munich, Germany.
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4
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Čižas V, Subačius L, Alexeeva NV, Seliuta D, Hyart T, Köhler K, Alekseev KN, Valušis G. Dissipative Parametric Gain in a GaAs/AlGaAs Superlattice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:236802. [PMID: 35749173 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.236802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Parametric generation of oscillations and waves is a paradigm, which is known to be realized in various physical systems. Unique properties of quantum semiconductor superlattices allow us to investigate high-frequency phenomena induced by the Bragg reflections and negative differential velocity of the miniband electrons. Effects of parametric gain in the superlattices at different strengths of dissipation have been earlier discussed in a number of theoretical works, but their experimental demonstrations are so far absent. Here, we report on the first observation of the dissipative parametric generation in a subcritically doped GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice subjected to a dc bias and a microwave pump. We argue that the dissipative parametric mechanism originates from a periodic variation of the negative differential velocity. It enforces excitation of slow electrostatic waves in the superlattice that provide a significant enhancement of the gain coefficient. This work paves the way for a development of a miniature solid-state parametric generator of GHz-THz frequencies operating at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislovas Čižas
- Department of Optoelectronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Avenue 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Liudvikas Subačius
- Department of Optoelectronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Avenue 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Natalia V Alexeeva
- Department of Optoelectronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Avenue 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dalius Seliuta
- Department of Optoelectronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Avenue 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Timo Hyart
- International Research Centre MagTop, Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Avenue Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Klaus Köhler
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Angewandte Festkörperphysik, Tullastrasse 72, Freiburg D-79108, Germany
| | - Kirill N Alekseev
- Department of Optoelectronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Avenue 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physics, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Gintaras Valušis
- Department of Optoelectronics, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio Avenue 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Department of Physics, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio Ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
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5
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Controls of a superconducting quantum parametron under a strong pump field. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11459. [PMID: 34075132 PMCID: PMC8169783 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pumped at approximately twice the natural frequency, a Josephson parametric oscillator called parametron or Kerr parametric oscillator shows self-oscillation. Quantum annealing and universal quantum computation using self-oscillating parametrons as qubits were proposed. However, controls of parametrons under the pump field are degraded by unwanted rapidly oscillating terms in the Hamiltonian, which we call non-resonant rapidly oscillating terms (NROTs) coming from the violation of the rotating wave approximation. Therefore, the pump field can be an intrinsic origin of the imperfection of controls of parametrons. Here, we theoretically study the influence of the NROTs on the accuracy of controls of a parametron: a cat-state creation and a single-qubit gate. It is shown that there is a trade-off relationship between the suppression of the nonadiabatic transitions and the validity of the rotating wave approximation in a conventional approach. We also show that the tailored time dependence of the detuning of the pump field can suppress both of the nonadiabatic transitions and the disturbance of the state of the parametron due to the NROTs.
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6
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Rosenthal EI, Schneider CMF, Malnou M, Zhao Z, Leditzky F, Chapman BJ, Wustmann W, Ma X, Palken DA, Zanner MF, Vale LR, Hilton GC, Gao J, Smith G, Kirchmair G, Lehnert KW. Efficient and Low-Backaction Quantum Measurement Using a Chip-Scale Detector. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:090503. [PMID: 33750151 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.090503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Superconducting qubits are a leading platform for scalable quantum computing and quantum error correction. One feature of this platform is the ability to perform projective measurements orders of magnitude more quickly than qubit decoherence times. Such measurements are enabled by the use of quantum-limited parametric amplifiers in conjunction with ferrite circulators-magnetic devices which provide isolation from noise and decoherence due to amplifier backaction. Because these nonreciprocal elements have limited performance and are not easily integrated on chip, it has been a long-standing goal to replace them with a scalable alternative. Here, we demonstrate a solution to this problem by using a superconducting switch to control the coupling between a qubit and amplifier. Doing so, we measure a transmon qubit using a single, chip-scale device to provide both parametric amplification and isolation from the bulk of amplifier backaction. This measurement is also fast, high fidelity, and has 70% efficiency, comparable to the best that has been reported in any superconducting qubit measurement. As such, this work constitutes a high-quality platform for the scalable measurement of superconducting qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric I Rosenthal
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Christian M F Schneider
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maxime Malnou
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Ziyi Zhao
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Felix Leditzky
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Mathematics & Illinois Quantum Information Science and Technology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Benjamin J Chapman
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Waltraut Wustmann
- The Laboratory for Physical Sciences, College Park, Maryland 20740, USA
| | - Xizheng Ma
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Daniel A Palken
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Maximilian F Zanner
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Leila R Vale
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Gene C Hilton
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Jiansong Gao
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Graeme Smith
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Center for Theory of Quantum Matter, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Gerhard Kirchmair
- Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Experimental Physics, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - K W Lehnert
- JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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7
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Frimmer M, Heugel TL, Nosan Ž, Tebbenjohanns F, Hälg D, Akin A, Degen CL, Novotny L, Chitra R, Zilberberg O, Eichler A. Rapid Flipping of Parametric Phase States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:254102. [PMID: 31922787 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.254102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally demonstrate flipping the phase state of a parametron within a single period of its oscillation. A parametron is a binary logic element based on a driven nonlinear resonator. It features two stable phase states that define an artificial spin. The most basic operation performed on a parametron is a bit flip between these two states. Thus far, this operation involved changing the energetic population of the resonator and therefore required a number of oscillations on the order of the quality factor Q. Our technique takes a radically different approach and relies on rapid control of the underlying potential. Our work represents a paradigm shift for phase-encoded logic operations by boosting the speed of a parametron bit flip to its ultimate limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Frimmer
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Toni L Heugel
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Žiga Nosan
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - David Hälg
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Abdulkadir Akin
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Novotny
- Photonics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - R Chitra
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oded Zilberberg
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Nosan Ž, Märki P, Hauff N, Knaut C, Eichler A. Gate-controlled phase switching in a parametron. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:062205. [PMID: 31330679 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.062205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The parametron, a resonator-based logic device, is a promising physical platform for emerging computational paradigms. When the parametron is subject to both parametric pumping and external driving, complex phenomena arise that can be harvested for applications. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate deterministic phase switching of a parametron by applying frequency tuning pulses. To our surprise, we find different regimes of phase switching due to the interplay between a parametric pump and an external drive. We provide full modeling of our device with numerical simulations and find excellent agreement between model and measurements. Our result opens up new possibilities for fast and robust logic operations within large-scale parametron architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ž Nosan
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - P Märki
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - N Hauff
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - C Knaut
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A Eichler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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9
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Boltzmann sampling from the Ising model using quantum heating of coupled nonlinear oscillators. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7154. [PMID: 29740061 PMCID: PMC5940910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A network of Kerr-nonlinear parametric oscillators without dissipation has recently been proposed for solving combinatorial optimization problems via quantum adiabatic evolution through its bifurcation point. Here we investigate the behavior of the quantum bifurcation machine (QbM) in the presence of dissipation. Our numerical study suggests that the output probability distribution of the dissipative QbM is Boltzmann-like, where the energy in the Boltzmann distribution corresponds to the cost function of the optimization problem. We explain the Boltzmann distribution by generalizing the concept of quantum heating in a single nonlinear oscillator to the case of multiple coupled nonlinear oscillators. The present result also suggests that such driven dissipative nonlinear oscillator networks can be applied to Boltzmann sampling, which is used, e.g., for Boltzmann machine learning in the field of artificial intelligence.
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hoppensteadt
- Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, New York 10012-1185, USA
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11
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Inomata K, Lin Z, Koshino K, Oliver WD, Tsai JS, Yamamoto T, Nakamura Y. Single microwave-photon detector using an artificial Λ-type three-level system. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12303. [PMID: 27453153 PMCID: PMC4962486 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-photon detection is a requisite technique in quantum-optics experiments in both the optical and the microwave domains. However, the energy of microwave quanta are four to five orders of magnitude less than their optical counterpart, making the efficient detection of single microwave photons extremely challenging. Here we demonstrate the detection of a single microwave photon propagating through a waveguide. The detector is implemented with an impedance-matched artificial Λ system comprising the dressed states of a driven superconducting qubit coupled to a microwave resonator. Each signal photon deterministically induces a Raman transition in the Λ system and excites the qubit. The subsequent dispersive readout of the qubit produces a discrete 'click'. We attain a high single-photon-detection efficiency of 0.66±0.06 with a low dark-count probability of 0.014±0.001 and a reset time of ∼400 ns. This detector can be exploited for various applications in quantum sensing, quantum communication and quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro Inomata
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Zhirong Lin
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuki Koshino
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Ichikawa 272-0827, Chiba, Japan
| | - William D. Oliver
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, USA
- Departent of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jaw-Shen Tsai
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Yamamoto
- NEC IoT Device Research Laboratories, Tsukuba 305-8501, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Nakamura
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako 351-0198, Saitama, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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12
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Krantz P, Bengtsson A, Simoen M, Gustavsson S, Shumeiko V, Oliver WD, Wilson CM, Delsing P, Bylander J. Single-shot read-out of a superconducting qubit using a Josephson parametric oscillator. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11417. [PMID: 27156732 PMCID: PMC4865746 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose and demonstrate a read-out technique for a superconducting qubit by dispersively coupling it with a Josephson parametric oscillator. We employ a tunable quarter wavelength superconducting resonator and modulate its resonant frequency at twice its value with an amplitude surpassing the threshold for parametric instability. We map the qubit states onto two distinct states of classical parametric oscillation: one oscillating state, with 185±15 photons in the resonator, and one with zero oscillation amplitude. This high contrast obviates a following quantum-limited amplifier. We demonstrate proof-of-principle, single-shot read-out performance, and present an error budget indicating that this method can surpass the fidelity threshold required for quantum computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Krantz
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andreas Bengtsson
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michaël Simoen
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Simon Gustavsson
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Vitaly Shumeiko
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - W. D. Oliver
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 244 Wood Street, Lexington, Massachusetts 02420, USA
| | - C. M. Wilson
- Institute of Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Per Delsing
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bylander
- Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 9, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Bifurcation-based adiabatic quantum computation with a nonlinear oscillator network. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21686. [PMID: 26899997 PMCID: PMC4761947 DOI: 10.1038/srep21686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamics of nonlinear systems qualitatively change depending on their parameters, which is called bifurcation. A quantum-mechanical nonlinear oscillator can yield a quantum superposition of two oscillation states, known as a Schrödinger cat state, via quantum adiabatic evolution through its bifurcation point. Here we propose a quantum computer comprising such quantum nonlinear oscillators, instead of quantum bits, to solve hard combinatorial optimization problems. The nonlinear oscillator network finds optimal solutions via quantum adiabatic evolution, where nonlinear terms are increased slowly, in contrast to conventional adiabatic quantum computation or quantum annealing, where quantum fluctuation terms are decreased slowly. As a result of numerical simulations, it is concluded that quantum superposition and quantum fluctuation work effectively to find optimal solutions. It is also notable that the present computer is analogous to neural computers, which are also networks of nonlinear components. Thus, the present scheme will open new possibilities for quantum computation, nonlinear science, and artificial intelligence.
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14
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Lin ZR, Nakamura Y, Dykman MI. Critical fluctuations and the rates of interstate switching near the excitation threshold of a quantum parametric oscillator. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:022105. [PMID: 26382342 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.022105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We study the dynamics of a nonlinear oscillator near the critical point where period-two vibrations are first excited with the increasing amplitude of parametric driving. Above the threshold, quantum fluctuations induce transitions between the period-two states over the quasienergy barrier. We find the effective quantum activation energies for such transitions and their scaling with the difference of the driving amplitude from its critical value. We also find the scaling of the fluctuation correlation time with the quantum noise parameters in the critical region near the threshold. The results are extended to oscillators with nonlinear friction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z R Lin
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Y Nakamura
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
| | - M I Dykman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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