1
|
Koh JYC, Chen L, Gong L, Tan SJ, Hou HW, Tay CY. Lost in Rotation: How TiO 2 and ZnO Nanoparticles Disrupt Coordinated Epithelial Cell Rotation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2312007. [PMID: 38708799 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202312007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Coordinated cell movement is a cardinal feature in tissue organization that highlights the importance of cells working together as a collective unit. Disruptions to this synchronization can have far-reaching pathological consequences, ranging from developmental disorders to tissue repair impairment. Herein, it is shown that metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), even at low and non-toxic doses (1 and 10 µg mL-1), can perturb the coordinated epithelial cell rotation (CECR) in micropatterned human epithelial cell clusters via distinct nanoparticle-specific mechanisms. Zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs are found to induce significant levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) to promote mitogenic activity. Generation of a new localized force field through changes in the cytoskeleton organization and an increase in cell density leads to the arrest of CECR. Conversely, epithelial cell clusters exposed to titanium dioxide (TiO2) NPs maintain their CECR directionality but display suppressed rotational speed in an autophagy-dependent manner. Thus, these findings reveal that nanoparticles can actively hijack the nano-adaptive responses of epithelial cells to disrupt the fundamental mechanics of cooperation and communication in a collective setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yan Cheryl Koh
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| | - Liuying Chen
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Lingyan Gong
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shao Jie Tan
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Han Wei Hou
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Chor Yong Tay
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Environmental Chemistry and Materials Centre, Nanyang Environment & Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Murphy GRF, Feneck E, Paget J, Sivakumar B, Smith G, Logan MPO. Investigating the role connective tissue fibroblasts play in the altered muscle anatomy associated with the limb abnormality, Radial Dysplasia. J Anat 2024. [PMID: 38624036 DOI: 10.1111/joa.14040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Radial dysplasia (RD) is a congenital upper limb birth defect that presents with changes to the upper limb anatomy, including a shortened or absent radius, bowed ulna, thumb malformations, a radially deviated hand and a range of muscle and tendon malformations, including absent or abnormally shaped muscle bundles. Current treatments to address wrist instability caused by a shortened or absent radius frequently require an initial soft tissue distraction intervention followed by a wrist stabilisation procedure. Following these surgical interventions, however, recurrence of the wrist deviation remains a common, long-term problem following treatment. The impact of the abnormal soft connective tissue (muscle and tendon) anatomy on the clinical presentation of RD and the complications following surgery are not understood. To address this, we have examined the muscle, fascia and the fascial irregular connective tissue (ICT) fibroblasts found within soft connective tissues, from RD patients. We show that ICT fibroblasts isolated from RD patients are functionally abnormal when compared to the same cells isolated from control patients and secrete a relatively disordered extracellular matrix (ECM). Furthermore, we show that ICT fibroblast dysfunction is a unifying feature found in RD patients, even when the RD clinical presentation is caused by distinct genetic syndromes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George R F Murphy
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Eleanor Feneck
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - James Paget
- Targeted Therapy Team, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Branavan Sivakumar
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Gill Smith
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Malcolm P O Logan
- Randall Centre of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yin X, Liu YQ, Zhang LY, Liang D, Xu GK. Emergence, Pattern, and Frequency of Spontaneous Waves in Spreading Epithelial Monolayers. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:3631-3637. [PMID: 38466240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
A striking phenomenon of collective cell motion is that they can exhibit a spontaneously emerging wave during epithelia expansions. However, the fundamental mechanism, governing the emergence and its crucial characteristics (e.g., the eigenfrequency and the pattern), remains an enigma. By introducing a mechanochemical feedback loop, we develop a highly efficient discrete vertex model to investigate the spatiotemporal evolution of spreading epithelia. We find both numerically and analytically that expanding cell monolayers display a power-law dependence of wave frequency on the local heterogeneities (i.e., cell density) with a scaling exponent of -1/2. Moreover, our study demonstrates the quantitative capability of the proposed model in capturing distinct X-, W-, and V-mode wave patterns. We unveil that the phase transition between these modes is governed by the distribution of active self-propulsion forces. Our work provides an avenue for rigorous quantitative investigations into the collective motion and pattern formation of cell groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yin
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, Department of Engineering Mechanics, SVL, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yong-Quan Liu
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, Department of Engineering Mechanics, SVL, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Li-Yuan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Dong Liang
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, Department of Engineering Mechanics, SVL, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Guang-Kui Xu
- Laboratory for Multiscale Mechanics and Medical Science, Department of Engineering Mechanics, SVL, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Williams AM, Horne-Badovinac S. Fat2 polarizes Lar and Sema5c to coordinate the motility of collectively migrating epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261173. [PMID: 37593878 PMCID: PMC10508692 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Migrating epithelial cells globally align their migration machinery to achieve tissue-level movement. Biochemical signaling across leading-trailing cell-cell interfaces can promote this alignment by partitioning migratory behaviors like protrusion and retraction to opposite sides of the interface. However, how signaling proteins become organized at interfaces to accomplish this is poorly understood. The follicular epithelial cells of Drosophila melanogaster have two signaling modules at their leading-trailing interfaces - one composed of the atypical cadherin Fat2 (also known as Kugelei) and the receptor tyrosine phosphatase Lar, and one composed of Semaphorin5c and its receptor Plexin A. Here, we show that these modules form one interface signaling system with Fat2 at its core. Trailing edge-enriched Fat2 concentrates both Lar and Semaphorin5c at leading edges of cells, but Lar and Semaphorin5c play little role in the localization of Fat2. Fat2 is also more stable at interfaces than Lar or Semaphorin5c. Once localized, Lar and Semaphorin5c act in parallel to promote collective migration. We propose that Fat2 serves as the organizer of this interface signaling system by coupling and polarizing the distributions of multiple effectors that work together to align the migration machinery of neighboring cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Miller Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Phillips TA, Marcotti S, Cox S, Parsons M. Imaging actin organisation and dynamics in 3D. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261389. [PMID: 38236161 PMCID: PMC10906668 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton plays a critical role in cell architecture and the control of fundamental processes including cell division, migration and survival. The dynamics and organisation of F-actin have been widely studied in a breadth of cell types on classical two-dimensional (2D) surfaces. Recent advances in optical microscopy have enabled interrogation of these cytoskeletal networks in cells within three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds, tissues and in vivo. Emerging studies indicate that the dimensionality experienced by cells has a profound impact on the structure and function of the cytoskeleton, with cells in 3D environments exhibiting cytoskeletal arrangements that differ to cells in 2D environments. However, the addition of a third (and fourth, with time) dimension leads to challenges in sample preparation, imaging and analysis, necessitating additional considerations to achieve the required signal-to-noise ratio and spatial and temporal resolution. Here, we summarise the current tools for imaging actin in a 3D context and highlight examples of the importance of this in understanding cytoskeletal biology and the challenges and opportunities in this domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A. Phillips
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Stefania Marcotti
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
- Microscopy Innovation Centre, King's College London, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Susan Cox
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunts House, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Berg C, Sieber M, Sun J. Finishing the egg. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad183. [PMID: 38000906 PMCID: PMC10763546 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gamete development is a fundamental process that is highly conserved from early eukaryotes to mammals. As germ cells develop, they must coordinate a dynamic series of cellular processes that support growth, cell specification, patterning, the loading of maternal factors (RNAs, proteins, and nutrients), differentiation of structures to enable fertilization and ensure embryonic survival, and other processes that make a functional oocyte. To achieve these goals, germ cells integrate a complex milieu of environmental and developmental signals to produce fertilizable eggs. Over the past 50 years, Drosophila oogenesis has risen to the forefront as a system to interrogate the sophisticated mechanisms that drive oocyte development. Studies in Drosophila have defined mechanisms in germ cells that control meiosis, protect genome integrity, facilitate mRNA trafficking, and support the maternal loading of nutrients. Work in this system has provided key insights into the mechanisms that establish egg chamber polarity and patterning as well as the mechanisms that drive ovulation and egg activation. Using the power of Drosophila genetics, the field has begun to define the molecular mechanisms that coordinate environmental stresses and nutrient availability with oocyte development. Importantly, the majority of these reproductive mechanisms are highly conserved throughout evolution, and many play critical roles in the development of somatic tissues as well. In this chapter, we summarize the recent progress in several key areas that impact egg chamber development and ovulation. First, we discuss the mechanisms that drive nutrient storage and trafficking during oocyte maturation and vitellogenesis. Second, we examine the processes that regulate follicle cell patterning and how that patterning impacts the construction of the egg shell and the establishment of embryonic polarity. Finally, we examine regulatory factors that control ovulation, egg activation, and successful fertilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celeste Berg
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5065USA
| | - Matthew Sieber
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390USA
| | - Jianjun Sun
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dadwal A, Prasher M, Sengupta P, Kumar N. Quantifying nematic order in the evaporation-driven self-assembly of halloysite nanotubes: nematic islands and the critical aspect ratio. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:9050-9058. [PMID: 37975238 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01224g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are naturally occurring clay minerals found in the Earth's crust that typically exist in the form of high aspect-ratio nanometer-long rods. Here, we investigate the evaporation-driven self-assembly process of HNTs and show that a highly polydisperse collection of HNTs self-sort into a spatially inhomogeneous structure, displaying a systematic variation in the resulting nematic order. Through detailed quantification using the nematic order parameter S and nematic correlation functions, we show the existence of well-defined isotropic-nematic transitions in the emerging structures. We also show that the onset of these transitions gives rise to the formation of nematic islands, a phase resembling ordered nematic domains surrounded by an isotropic phase, which grow in size with S. Detailed image analysis indicates a strong correlation between local S and the local aspect ratio, L/D, with nematic order possible only for rods with L/D ≥ 6.5 ± 1. Finally, we conclude that the observed phenomena directly result from aspect ratio-based sorting in our system. Altogether, our results provide a unique method of tuning the local microscopic structure in self-assembled HNTs using L/D as an external parameter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Dadwal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| | - Meenu Prasher
- Materials Science Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
| | - Pranesh Sengupta
- Materials Science Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, India.
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Nitin Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai, Mumbai 400076, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kenny FN, Marcotti S, De Freitas DB, Drudi EM, Leech V, Bell RE, Easton J, Díaz-de-la-Loza MDC, Fleck R, Allison L, Philippeos C, Manhart A, Shaw TJ, Stramer BM. Autocrine IL-6 drives cell and extracellular matrix anisotropy in scar fibroblasts. Matrix Biol 2023; 123:1-16. [PMID: 37660739 PMCID: PMC10878985 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2023.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis is associated with dramatic changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) architecture of unknown etiology. Here we exploit keloid scars as a paradigm to understand fibrotic ECM organization. We reveal that keloid patient fibroblasts uniquely produce a globally aligned ECM network in 2-D culture as observed in scar tissue. ECM anisotropy develops after rapid initiation of a fibroblast supracellular actin network, suggesting that cell alignment initiates ECM patterning. Keloid fibroblasts produce elevated levels of IL-6, and autocrine IL-6 production is both necessary and sufficient to induce cell and ECM alignment, as evidenced by ligand stimulation of normal dermal fibroblasts and treatment of keloid fibroblasts with the function blocking IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, tocilizumab. Downstream of IL-6, supracellular organization of keloid fibroblasts is controlled by activation of cell-cell adhesion. Adhesion formation inhibits contact-induced cellular overlap leading to nematic organization of cells and an alignment of focal adhesions. Keloid fibroblasts placed on isotropic ECM align the pre-existing matrix, suggesting that focal adhesion alignment leads to active anisotropic remodeling. These results show that IL-6-induced fibroblast cooperativity can control the development of a nematic ECM, highlighting both IL-6 signaling and cell-cell adhesions as potential therapeutic targets to inhibit this common feature of fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona N Kenny
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stefania Marcotti
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Elena M Drudi
- Centre for Inflammation Biology & Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vivienne Leech
- Department of Mathematics, University College London, UK
| | - Rachel E Bell
- Centre for Inflammation Biology & Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Easton
- Centre for Inflammation Biology & Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Roland Fleck
- Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King's College London, UK
| | - Leanne Allison
- Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King's College London, UK
| | - Christina Philippeos
- Centre for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Angelika Manhart
- Department of Mathematics, University College London, UK; Faculty of Mathematics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tanya J Shaw
- Centre for Inflammation Biology & Cancer Immunology, Department of Inflammation Biology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Brian M Stramer
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Grudtsyna V, Packirisamy S, Bidone TC, Swaminathan V. Extracellular matrix sensing via modulation of orientational order of integrins and F-actin in focal adhesions. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202301898. [PMID: 37463754 PMCID: PMC10355215 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202301898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Specificity of cellular responses to distinct cues from the ECM requires precise and sensitive decoding of physical information. However, how known mechanisms of mechanosensing like force-dependent catch bonds and conformational changes in FA proteins can confer that this sensitivity is not known. Using polarization microscopy and computational modeling, we identify dynamic changes in an orientational order of FA proteins as a molecular organizational mechanism that can fine-tune cell sensitivity to the ECM. We find that αV integrins and F-actin show precise changes in the orientational order in an ECM-mediated integrin activation-dependent manner. These changes are sensitive to ECM density and are regulated independent of myosin-II activity though contractility can enhance this sensitivity. A molecular-clutch model demonstrates that the orientational order of integrin-ECM binding coupled to directional catch bonds can capture cellular responses to changes in ECM density. This mechanism also captures decoupling of ECM density sensing from stiffness sensing thus elucidating specificity. Taken together, our results suggest relative geometric organization of FA molecules as an important molecular architectural feature and regulator of mechanotransduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia Grudtsyna
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Swathi Packirisamy
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tamara C Bidone
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Vinay Swaminathan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Eckert J, Ladoux B, Mège RM, Giomi L, Schmidt T. Hexanematic crossover in epithelial monolayers depends on cell adhesion and cell density. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5762. [PMID: 37717032 PMCID: PMC10505199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in tissue geometry during developmental processes are associated with collective migration of cells. Recent experimental and numerical results suggest that these changes could leverage on the coexistence of nematic and hexatic orientational order at different length scales. How this multiscale organization is affected by the material properties of the cells and their substrate is presently unknown. In this study, we address these questions in monolayers of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells having various cell densities and molecular repertoires. At small length scales, confluent monolayers are characterized by a prominent hexatic order, independent of the presence of E-cadherin, monolayer density, and underlying substrate stiffness. However, all three properties affect the meso-scale tissue organization. The length scale at which hexatic order transits to nematic order, the "hexanematic" crossover scale, strongly depends on cell-cell adhesions and correlates with monolayer density. Our study demonstrates how epithelial organization is affected by mechanical properties, and provides a robust description of tissue organization during developmental processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Eckert
- Physics of Life Processes, Leiden Institute of Physics, Universiteit Leiden, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Centre for Cell Biology of Chronic Disease, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Benoît Ladoux
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Luca Giomi
- Instituut-Lorentz, Leiden Institute of Physics, Universiteit Leiden, P.O. Box 9506, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Physics of Life Processes, Leiden Institute of Physics, Universiteit Leiden, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bai Y, Zhao F, Wu T, Chen F, Pang X. Actin polymerization and depolymerization in developing vertebrates. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1213668. [PMID: 37745245 PMCID: PMC10515290 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1213668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Development is a complex process that occurs throughout the life cycle. F-actin, a major component of the cytoskeleton, is essential for the morphogenesis of tissues and organs during development. F-actin is formed by the polymerization of G-actin, and the dynamic balance of polymerization and depolymerization ensures proper cellular function. Disruption of this balance results in various abnormalities and defects or even embryonic lethality. Here, we reviewed recent findings on the structure of G-actin and F-actin and the polymerization of G-actin to F-actin. We also focused on the functions of actin isoforms and the underlying mechanisms of actin polymerization/depolymerization in cellular and organic morphogenesis during development. This information will extend our understanding of the role of actin polymerization in the physiologic or pathologic processes during development and may open new avenues for developing therapeutics for embryonic developmental abnormalities or tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Fangchun Chen
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Pang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
SubramanianBalachandar V, Islam MM, Steward RL. A machine learning approach to predict cellular mechanical stresses in response to chemical perturbation. Biophys J 2023; 122:3413-3424. [PMID: 37496269 PMCID: PMC10502424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stresses generated at the cell-cell level and cell-substrate level have been suggested to be important in a host of physiological and pathological processes. However, the influence various chemical compounds have on the mechanical stresses mentioned above is poorly understood, hindering the discovery of novel therapeutics, and representing a barrier in the field. To overcome this barrier, we implemented two approaches: 1) monolayer boundary predictor and 2) discretized window predictor utilizing either stepwise linear regression or quadratic support vector machine machine learning model to predict the dose-dependent response of tractions and intercellular stresses to chemical perturbation. We used experimental traction and intercellular stress data gathered from samples subject to 0.2 or 2 μg/mL drug concentrations along with cell morphological properties extracted from the bright-field images as predictors to train our model. To demonstrate the predictive capability of our machine learning models, we predicted tractions and intercellular stresses in response to 0 and 1 μg/mL drug concentrations which were not utilized in the training sets. Results revealed the discretized window predictor trained just with four samples (292 images) to best predict both intercellular stresses and tractions using the quadratic support vector machine and stepwise linear regression models, respectively, for the unseen sample images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- VigneshAravind SubramanianBalachandar
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida; Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Md Mydul Islam
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - R L Steward
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida; Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Messer CL, McDonald JA. Expect the unexpected: conventional and unconventional roles for cadherins in collective cell migration. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:1495-1504. [PMID: 37387360 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Migrating cell collectives navigate complex tissue environments both during normal development and in pathological contexts such as tumor invasion and metastasis. To do this, cells in collectives must stay together but also communicate information across the group. The cadherin superfamily of proteins mediates junctional adhesions between cells, but also serve many essential functions in collective cell migration. Besides keeping migrating cell collectives cohesive, cadherins help follower cells maintain their attachment to leader cells, transfer information about front-rear polarity among the cohort, sense and respond to changes in the tissue environment, and promote intracellular signaling, in addition to other cellular behaviors. In this review, we highlight recent studies that reveal diverse but critical roles for both classical and atypical cadherins in collective cell migration, specifically focusing on four in vivo model systems in development: the Drosophila border cells, zebrafish mesendodermal cells, Drosophila follicle rotation, and Xenopus neural crest cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Luke Messer
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, U.S.A
| | - Jocelyn A McDonald
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) is a thin, planar-organized extracellular matrix that underlies epithelia and surrounds most organs. During development, the BM is highly dynamic and simultaneously provides mechanical properties that stabilize tissue structure and shape organs. Moreover, it is important for cell polarity, cell migration, and cell signaling. Thereby BM diverges regarding molecular composition, structure, and modes of assembly. Different BM organization leads to various physical features. The mechanisms that regulate BM composition and structure and how this affects mechanical properties are not fully understood. Recent studies show that precise control of BM deposition or degradation can result in BMs with locally different protein densities, compositions, thicknesses, or polarization. Such heterogeneous matrices can induce temporospatial force anisotropy and enable tissue sculpting. In this Review, I address recent findings that provide new perspectives on the role of the BM in morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Töpfer
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada, V6T 1Z3
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Molina López E, Kabanova A, Winkel A, Franze K, Palacios IM, Martín-Bermudo MD. Constriction imposed by basement membrane regulates developmental cell migration. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002172. [PMID: 37379333 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) is a specialized extracellular matrix (ECM), which underlies or encases developing tissues. Mechanical properties of encasing BMs have been shown to profoundly influence the shaping of associated tissues. Here, we use the migration of the border cells (BCs) of the Drosophila egg chamber to unravel a new role of encasing BMs in cell migration. BCs move between a group of cells, the nurse cells (NCs), that are enclosed by a monolayer of follicle cells (FCs), which is, in turn, surrounded by a BM, the follicle BM. We show that increasing or reducing the stiffness of the follicle BM, by altering laminins or type IV collagen levels, conversely affects BC migration speed and alters migration mode and dynamics. Follicle BM stiffness also controls pairwise NC and FC cortical tension. We propose that constraints imposed by the follicle BM influence NC and FC cortical tension, which, in turn, regulate BC migration. Encasing BMs emerge as key players in the regulation of collective cell migration during morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Molina López
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Anna Kabanova
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
- Department Physiology of Cognitive Processes, MPI for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Winkel
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Franze
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Medical Physics and Micro-Tissue Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Isabel M Palacios
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - María D Martín-Bermudo
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo CSIC-University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brandstätter T, Brückner DB, Han YL, Alert R, Guo M, Broedersz CP. Curvature induces active velocity waves in rotating spherical tissues. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1643. [PMID: 36964141 PMCID: PMC10039078 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The multicellular organization of diverse systems, including embryos, intestines, and tumors relies on coordinated cell migration in curved environments. In these settings, cells establish supracellular patterns of motion, including collective rotation and invasion. While such collective modes have been studied extensively in flat systems, the consequences of geometrical and topological constraints on collective migration in curved systems are largely unknown. Here, we discover a collective mode of cell migration in rotating spherical tissues manifesting as a propagating single-wavelength velocity wave. This wave is accompanied by an apparently incompressible supracellular flow pattern featuring topological defects as dictated by the spherical topology. Using a minimal active particle model, we reveal that this collective mode arises from the effect of curvature on the active flocking behavior of a cell layer confined to a spherical surface. Our results thus identify curvature-induced velocity waves as a mode of collective cell migration, impacting the dynamical organization of 3D curved tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Brandstätter
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, 80333, Munich, Germany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - David B Brückner
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, 80333, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Yu Long Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ricard Alert
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Nöthnitzerstr. 38, 01187, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Pfotenhauerstr. 108, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chase P Broedersz
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, 80333, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Williams AM, Horne-Badovinac S. Fat2 polarizes Lar and Sema5c to coordinate the motility of collectively migrating epithelial cells. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.28.530349. [PMID: 36909523 PMCID: PMC10002635 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.28.530349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Migrating epithelial cells globally align their migration machinery to achieve tissue-level movement. Biochemical signaling across leading-trailing cell-cell interfaces can promote this alignment by partitioning migratory behaviors like protrusion and retraction to opposite sides of the interface. However, how the necessary signaling proteins become organized at this site is poorly understood. The follicular epithelial cells of Drosophila melanogaster have two signaling modules at their leading-trailing interfaces-one composed of the atypical cadherin Fat2 and the receptor tyrosine phosphatase Lar, and one composed of Semaphorin 5c and its receptor Plexin A. Here we show that these modules form one interface signaling system with Fat2 at its core. Trailing edge-enriched Fat2 concentrates both Lar and Sema5c at cells' leading edges, likely by slowing their turnover at this site. Once localized, Lar and Sema5c act in parallel to promote collective migration. Our data suggest a model in which Fat2 couples and polarizes the distributions of multiple effectors that work together to align the migration machinery of neighboring cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Miller Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Schamberger B, Ziege R, Anselme K, Ben Amar M, Bykowski M, Castro APG, Cipitria A, Coles RA, Dimova R, Eder M, Ehrig S, Escudero LM, Evans ME, Fernandes PR, Fratzl P, Geris L, Gierlinger N, Hannezo E, Iglič A, Kirkensgaard JJK, Kollmannsberger P, Kowalewska Ł, Kurniawan NA, Papantoniou I, Pieuchot L, Pires THV, Renner LD, Sageman-Furnas AO, Schröder-Turk GE, Sengupta A, Sharma VR, Tagua A, Tomba C, Trepat X, Waters SL, Yeo EF, Roschger A, Bidan CM, Dunlop JWC. Curvature in Biological Systems: Its Quantification, Emergence, and Implications across the Scales. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206110. [PMID: 36461812 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface curvature both emerges from, and influences the behavior of, living objects at length scales ranging from cell membranes to single cells to tissues and organs. The relevance of surface curvature in biology is supported by numerous experimental and theoretical investigations in recent years. In this review, first, a brief introduction to the key ideas of surface curvature in the context of biological systems is given and the challenges that arise when measuring surface curvature are discussed. Giving an overview of the emergence of curvature in biological systems, its significance at different length scales becomes apparent. On the other hand, summarizing current findings also shows that both single cells and entire cell sheets, tissues or organisms respond to curvature by modulating their shape and their migration behavior. Finally, the interplay between the distribution of morphogens or micro-organisms and the emergence of curvature across length scales is addressed with examples demonstrating these key mechanistic principles of morphogenesis. Overall, this review highlights that curved interfaces are not merely a passive by-product of the chemical, biological, and mechanical processes but that curvature acts also as a signal that co-determines these processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schamberger
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ricardo Ziege
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Karine Anselme
- IS2M (CNRS - UMR 7361), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100, Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Martine Ben Amar
- Department of Physics, Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Michał Bykowski
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - André P G Castro
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
- ESTS, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, 2914-761, Setúbal, Portugal
| | - Amaia Cipitria
- IS2M (CNRS - UMR 7361), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100, Mulhouse, France
- Group of Bioengineering in Regeneration and Cancer, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, 20014, San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Rhoslyn A Coles
- Cluster of Excellence, Matters of Activity, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10178, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rumiana Dimova
- Department of Theory and Bio-Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Michaela Eder
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ehrig
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute for Medical Systems Biology, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis M Escudero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Myfanwy E Evans
- Institute for Mathematics, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Paulo R Fernandes
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute of Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (Boku), 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Aleš Iglič
- Laboratory of Physics, Faculty of Electrical engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška 25, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jacob J K Kirkensgaard
- Condensed Matter Physics, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, København Ø, Denmark
- Ingredients and Dairy Technology, Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Philip Kollmannsberger
- Center for Computational and Theoretical Biology, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Łucja Kowalewska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nicholas A Kurniawan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ioannis Papantoniou
- Prometheus Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, O&N1, Herestraat 49, PB 813, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Stadiou Str., 26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Laurent Pieuchot
- IS2M (CNRS - UMR 7361), Université de Haute-Alsace, F-68100, Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, F-67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tiago H V Pires
- IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lars D Renner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research and the Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Gerd E Schröder-Turk
- School of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Murdoch University, 90 South St, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2600, Australia
| | - Anupam Sengupta
- Physics of Living Matter, Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, L-1511, Luxembourg City, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Vikas R Sharma
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Antonio Tagua
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Biomedical Network Research Centre on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031, Madrid, Spain
| | - Caterina Tomba
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, INSA Lyon, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, INL, UMR5270, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xavier Trepat
- ICREA at the Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia, The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sarah L Waters
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, Oxford, UK
| | - Edwina F Yeo
- Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, Oxford, UK
| | - Andreas Roschger
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cécile M Bidan
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - John W C Dunlop
- Department of the Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
In this chapter, we highlight examples of the diverse array of developmental, cellular, and biochemical insights that can be gained by using Drosophila melanogaster oogenesis as a model tissue. We begin with an overview of ovary development and adult oogenesis. Then we summarize how the adult Drosophila ovary continues to advance our understanding of stem cells, cell cycle, cell migration, cytoplasmic streaming, nurse cell dumping, and cell death. We also review emerging areas of study, including the roles of lipid droplets, ribosomes, and nuclear actin in egg development. Finally, we conclude by discussing the growing conservation of processes and signaling pathways that regulate oogenesis and female reproduction from flies to humans.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zajac AL, Williams AM, Horne-Badovinac S. A Low-Tech Flow Chamber for Live Imaging of Drosophila Egg Chambers During Drug Treatments. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2626:277-289. [PMID: 36715910 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2970-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Drosophila egg chamber is a powerful system to study epithelial cell collective migration and polarized basement membrane secretion. A strength of this system is the ability to capture these dynamic processes in ex vivo organ culture using high-resolution live imaging. Ex vivo culture also allows acute pharmacological or labeling treatments, extending the versatility of the system. However, many current ex vivo egg chamber culture setups do not permit easy medium exchange, preventing researchers from following individual egg chambers through multiple treatments. Here we present a method to immobilize egg chambers in an easy-to-construct flow chamber that permits imaging of the same egg chamber through repeated solution exchanges. This will allow researchers to take greater advantage of the wide variety of available pharmacological perturbations and other treatments like dyes to study dynamic processes in the egg chamber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Zajac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Audrey Miller Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Optimized Fixation and Phalloidin Staining of Basally Localized F-Actin Networks in Collectively Migrating Follicle Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2626:179-191. [PMID: 36715905 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2970-3_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The follicular epithelial cells of the Drosophila egg chamber have become a premier model to study how cells globally orient their actin-based machinery for collective migration. The basal surface of each follicle cell has lamellipodial and filopodial protrusions that extend from its leading edge and an array of stress fibers that mediate its adhesion to the extracellular matrix; these migratory structures are all globally aligned in the direction of tissue movement. To understand how this global alignment is achieved, one must be able to reliably visualize the underlying F-actin; however, dynamic F-actin networks can be difficult to preserve in fixed tissues. Here, we describe an optimized protocol for the fixation and phalloidin staining of the follicular epithelium. We also provide a brief primer on relevant aspects of the image acquisition process to ensure high quality data are collected.
Collapse
|
22
|
SubramanianBalachandar V, Steward RL. Extracellular Matrix Composition Alters Endothelial Force Transmission. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2499973. [PMID: 36747754 PMCID: PMC9900979 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2499973/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ECM composition is important in a host of pathophysiological processes such as angiogenesis, atherosclerosis, and diabetes, for example and during each of these processes ECM composition has been reported to change over time. However, the impact ECM composition has on the endothelium’s ability to respond mechanically is currently unknown. Therefore, in this study we seeded human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) onto soft hydrogels coated with an ECM concentration of 0.1 mg/mL at the following collagen I (Col-I) and fibronectin (FN) ratios: 100%Col-I, 75%Col-I-25%FN, 50%Col-I-50%FN, 25%Col-I-75%FN, and 100%FN. We subsequently measured tractions, intercellular stresses, strain energy, cell morphology, and cell velocity. Our results revealed huvecs seeded on gels coated with 50% Col-I - 50% FN to have the highest intercellular stresses, tractions, strain energies, but the lowest velocities and cell circularity. Huvecs seeded on 100% Col-I had the lowest tractions, cell area while havingthe highest velocities and cell circularity. In addition, cells cultured on 25% Col-I and 75% FN had the lowest intercellular stresses, but the highest cell area. Huvecs cultured on 100% FN yielded the lowest strain energies. We believe these results will be of great importance to the cardiovascular field, biomedical field, and cell mechanics. Summary: Study the influence of different Col-I - FN ECM compositions on endothelial cell mechanics and morphology.
Collapse
|
23
|
Banzai K, Nishimura T. Isolation of a novel missense mutation in insulin receptor as a spontaneous revertant in ImpL2 mutants in Drosophila. Development 2023; 150:285910. [PMID: 36504086 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionarily conserved insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling (IIS) correlates nutrient levels to metabolism and growth, thereby playing crucial roles in development and adult fitness. In the fruit fly Drosophila, ImpL2, an ortholog of IGFBP7, binds to and inhibits the function of Drosophila insulin-like peptides. In this study, we isolated a temperature-sensitive mutation in the insulin receptor (InR) gene as a spontaneous revertant in ImpL2 null mutants. The p.Y902C missense mutation is located at the functionally conserved amino acid residue of the first fibronectin type III domain of InR. The hypomorphic InR mutant animals showed a temperature-dependent reduction in IIS and body size. The mutant animals also exhibited metabolic defects, such as increased triglyceride and carbohydrate levels. Metabolomic analysis further revealed that defects in InR caused dysregulation of amino acid and ribonucleotide metabolism. We also observed that InR mutant females produced tiny irregular-shaped embryos with reduced fecundity. In summary, this novel allele of InR is a valuable tool for the Drosophila genetic model of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kota Banzai
- Laboratory for Growth Control Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Growth Control Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan.,Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Matsubayashi Y. Dynamic movement and turnover of extracellular matrices during tissue development and maintenance. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:248-274. [PMID: 35856387 PMCID: PMC9302511 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2076539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrices (ECMs) are essential for the architecture and function of animal tissues. ECMs have been thought to be highly stable structures; however, too much stability of ECMs would hamper tissue remodelling required for organ development and maintenance. Regarding this conundrum, this article reviews multiple lines of evidence that ECMs are in fact rapidly moving and replacing components in diverse organisms including hydra, worms, flies, and vertebrates. Also discussed are how cells behave on/in such dynamic ECMs, how ECM dynamics contributes to embryogenesis and adult tissue homoeostasis, and what molecular mechanisms exist behind the dynamics. In addition, it is highlighted how cutting-edge technologies such as genome engineering, live imaging, and mathematical modelling have contributed to reveal the previously invisible dynamics of ECMs. The idea that ECMs are unchanging is to be changed, and ECM dynamics is emerging as a hitherto unrecognized critical factor for tissue development and maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsubayashi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Dorset, Poole, Dorset, UK
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Collective cell migration during optic cup formation features changing cell-matrix interactions linked to matrix topology. Curr Biol 2022; 32:4817-4831.e9. [PMID: 36208624 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is crucial for organismal development and shapes organisms in health and disease. Although a lot of research has revealed the role of intracellular components and extracellular signaling in driving single and collective cell migration, the influence of physical properties of the tissue and the environment on migration phenomena in vivo remains less explored. In particular, the role of the extracellular matrix (ECM), which many cells move upon, is currently unclear. To overcome this gap, we use zebrafish optic cup formation, and by combining novel transgenic lines and image analysis pipelines, we study how ECM properties influence cell migration in vivo. We show that collectively migrating rim cells actively move over an immobile extracellular matrix. These cell movements require cryptic lamellipodia that are extended in the direction of migration. Quantitative analysis of matrix properties revealed that the topology of the matrix changes along the migration path. These changes in matrix topologies are accompanied by changes in the dynamics of cell-matrix interactions. Experiments and theoretical modeling suggest that matrix porosity could be linked to efficient migration. Indeed, interfering with matrix topology by increasing its porosity results in a loss of cryptic lamellipodia, less-directed cell-matrix interactions, and overall inefficient migration. Thus, matrix topology is linked to the dynamics of cell-matrix interactions and the efficiency of directed collective rim cell migration during vertebrate optic cup morphogenesis.
Collapse
|
26
|
Williams AM, Donoughe S, Munro E, Horne-Badovinac S. Fat2 polarizes the WAVE complex in trans to align cell protrusions for collective migration. eLife 2022; 11:e78343. [PMID: 36154691 PMCID: PMC9576270 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For a group of cells to migrate together, each cell must couple the polarity of its migratory machinery with that of the other cells in the cohort. Although collective cell migrations are common in animal development, little is known about how protrusions are coherently polarized among groups of migrating epithelial cells. We address this problem in the collective migration of the follicular epithelial cells in Drosophila melanogaster. In this epithelium, the cadherin Fat2 localizes to the trailing edge of each cell and promotes the formation of F-actin-rich protrusions at the leading edge of the cell behind. We show that Fat2 performs this function by acting in trans to concentrate the activity of the WASP family verprolin homolog regulatory complex (WAVE complex) at one long-lived region along each cell's leading edge. Without Fat2, the WAVE complex distribution expands around the cell perimeter and fluctuates over time, and protrusive activity is reduced and unpolarized. We further show that Fat2's influence is very local, with sub-micron-scale puncta of Fat2 enriching the WAVE complex in corresponding puncta just across the leading-trailing cell-cell interface. These findings demonstrate that a trans interaction between Fat2 and the WAVE complex creates stable regions of protrusive activity in each cell and aligns the cells' protrusions across the epithelium for directionally persistent collective migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Miller Williams
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Seth Donoughe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Glentis A, Blanch-Mercader C, Balasubramaniam L, Saw TB, d’Alessandro J, Janel S, Douanier A, Delaval B, Lafont F, Lim CT, Delacour D, Prost J, Xi W, Ladoux B. The emergence of spontaneous coordinated epithelial rotation on cylindrical curved surfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn5406. [PMID: 36103541 PMCID: PMC9473582 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn5406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional collective epithelial rotation around a given axis represents a coordinated cellular movement driving tissue morphogenesis and transformation. Questions regarding these behaviors and their relationship with substrate curvatures are intimately linked to spontaneous active matter processes and to vital morphogenetic and embryonic processes. Here, using interdisciplinary approaches, we study the dynamics of epithelial layers lining different cylindrical surfaces. We observe large-scale, persistent, and circumferential rotation in both concavely and convexly curved cylindrical tissues. While epithelia of inverse curvature show an orthogonal switch in actomyosin network orientation and opposite apicobasal polarities, their rotational movements emerge and vary similarly within a common curvature window. We further reveal that this persisting rotation requires stable cell-cell adhesion and Rac-1-dependent cell polarity. Using an active polar gel model, we unveil the different relationships of collective cell polarity and actin alignment with curvatures, which lead to coordinated rotational behavior despite the inverted curvature and cytoskeleton order.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Glentis
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Carles Blanch-Mercader
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, UMR 168, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Thuan Beng Saw
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | | | - Sebastien Janel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019–UMR 9017–CIIL–Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | | | - Frank Lafont
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur Lille, U1019–UMR 9017–CIIL–Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Delphine Delacour
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Prost
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, UMR 168, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Wang Xi
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Jia D, Jevitt A, Huang YC, Ramos B, Deng WM. Developmental regulation of epithelial cell cuboidal-to-squamous transition in Drosophila follicle cells. Dev Biol 2022; 491:113-125. [PMID: 36100084 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells form continuous membranous structures for organ formation, and these cells are classified into three major morphological categories: cuboidal, columnar, and squamous. It is crucial that cells transition between these shapes during the morphogenetic events of organogenesis, yet this process remains poorly understood. All three epithelial cell shapes can be found in the follicular epithelium of Drosophila egg chamber during oogenesis. Squamous cells (SCs) are initially restricted to the anterior terminus in cuboidal shape. They then rapidly become flattened to assume squamous shape by stretching and expansion in 12 h during midoogenesis. Previously, we reported that Notch signaling activated a zinc-finger transcription factor Broad (Br) at the end of early oogenesis. Here we report that ecdysone and JAK/STAT pathways subsequently converge on Br to serve as an important spatiotemporal regulator of this dramatic morphological change of SCs. The early uniform pattern of Br in the follicular epithelium is directly established by Notch signaling at stage 5 of oogenesis. Later, ecdysone and JAK/STAT signaling activities synergize to suppress Br in SCs from stage 8 to 10a, contributing to proper SC squamous shape. During this process, ecdysone signaling is essential for SC stretching, while JAK/STAT regulates SC clustering and cell fate determination. This study reveals an inhibitory role of ecdysone signaling in suppressing Br in epithelial cell remodeling. In this study we also used single-cell RNA sequencing data to highlight the shift in gene expression which occurs as Br is suppressed and cells become flattened.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongyu Jia
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA; Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
| | - Allison Jevitt
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA; Cell Cycle and Cancer Biology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Yi-Chun Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA
| | - Belen Ramos
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA, 30460, USA
| | - Wu-Min Deng
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Trivedi S, Bhattacharya M, Starz-Gaiano M. Mind bomb 2 promotes cell migration and epithelial structure by regulating adhesion complexes and the actin cytoskeleton. Dev Biol 2022; 491:94-104. [PMID: 36067835 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is essential in animal development and co-opted during metastasis and inflammatory diseases. Some cells migrate collectively, which requires them to balance epithelial characteristics such as stable cell-cell adhesions with features of motility like rapid turnover of adhesions and dynamic cytoskeletal structures. How this is regulated is not entirely clear but important to understand. While investigating Drosophila oogenesis, we found that the putative E3 ubiquitin ligase, Mind bomb 2 (Mib2), is required to promote epithelial stability and the collective cell migration of border cells. Through biochemical analysis, we identified components of Mib2 complexes, which include E-cadherin and α- and β-catenins, as well as actin regulators. We also found that three Mib2 interacting proteins, RhoGAP19D, Supervillin, and Myosin heavy chain-like, affect border cell migration. mib2 mutant main body follicle cells have drastically reduced E-cadherin-based adhesion complexes and diminished actin filaments. We conclude that Mib2 acts to stabilize E-cadherin-based adhesion complexes and promote a robust actin cytoskeletal network, which is important for maintenance of epithelial integrity. The interaction with cadherin adhesion complexes and other cytoskeletal regulators contribute to its role in collective cell migration. Since Mib2 is well conserved, it may have similar functional significance in other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunny Trivedi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Mallika Bhattacharya
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA
| | - Michelle Starz-Gaiano
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD, 21250, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Marchetti M, Zhang C, Edgar BA. An improved organ explant culture method reveals stem cell lineage dynamics in the adult Drosophila intestine. eLife 2022; 11:e76010. [PMID: 36005292 PMCID: PMC9578704 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, live-imaging techniques have been developed for the adult midgut of Drosophila melanogaster that allow temporal characterization of key processes involved in stem cell and tissue homeostasis. However, these organ culture techniques have been limited to imaging sessions of <16 hours, an interval too short to track dynamic processes such as damage responses and regeneration, which can unfold over several days. Therefore, we developed an organ explant culture protocol capable of sustaining midguts ex vivo for up to 3 days. This was made possible by the formulation of a culture medium specifically designed for adult Drosophila tissues with an increased Na+/K+ ratio and trehalose concentration, and by placing midguts at an air-liquid interface for enhanced oxygenation. We show that midgut progenitor cells can respond to gut epithelial damage ex vivo, proliferating and differentiating to replace lost cells, but are quiescent in healthy intestines. Using ex vivo gene induction to promote stem cell proliferation using RasG12V or string and Cyclin E overexpression, we demonstrate that progenitor cell lineages can be traced through multiple cell divisions using live imaging. We show that the same culture set-up is useful for imaging adult renal tubules and ovaries for up to 3 days and hearts for up to 10 days. By enabling both long-term imaging and real-time ex vivo gene manipulation, our simple culture protocol provides a powerful tool for studies of epithelial biology and cell lineage behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marchetti
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Chenge Zhang
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| | - Bruce A Edgar
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of UtahSalt Lake CityUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fierro Morales JC, Xue Q, Roh-Johnson M. An evolutionary and physiological perspective on cell-substrate adhesion machinery for cell migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:943606. [PMID: 36092727 PMCID: PMC9453864 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.943606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-substrate adhesion is a critical aspect of many forms of cell migration. Cell adhesion to an extracellular matrix (ECM) generates traction forces necessary for efficient migration. One of the most well-studied structures cells use to adhere to the ECM is focal adhesions, which are composed of a multilayered protein complex physically linking the ECM to the intracellular actin cytoskeleton. Much of our understanding of focal adhesions, however, is primarily derived from in vitro studies in Metazoan systems. Though these studies provide a valuable foundation to the cell-substrate adhesion field, the evolution of cell-substrate adhesion machinery across evolutionary space and the role of focal adhesions in vivo are largely understudied within the field. Furthering investigation in these areas is necessary to bolster our understanding of the role cell-substrate adhesion machinery across Eukaryotes plays during cell migration in physiological contexts such as cancer and pathogenesis. In this review, we review studies of cell-substrate adhesion machinery in organisms evolutionary distant from Metazoa and cover the current understanding and ongoing work on how focal adhesions function in single and collective cell migration in an in vivo environment, with an emphasis on work that directly visualizes cell-substrate adhesions. Finally, we discuss nuances that ought to be considered moving forward and the importance of future investigation in these emerging fields for application in other fields pertinent to adhesion-based processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Minna Roh-Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yousafzai MS, Yadav V, Amiri S, Staddon MF, Errami Y, Jaspard G, Banerjee S, Murrell M. Cell-Matrix Elastocapillary Interactions Drive Pressure-based Wetting of Cell Aggregates. PHYSICAL REVIEW. X 2022; 12:031027. [PMID: 38009085 PMCID: PMC10673637 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.12.031027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Cell-matrix interfacial energies and the energies of matrix deformations may be comparable on cellular length-scales, yet how capillary effects influence tis sue shape and motion are unknown. In this work, we induce wetting (spreading and migration) of cell aggregates, as models of active droplets onto adhesive substrates of varying elasticity and correlate the dynamics of wetting to the balance of interfacial tensions. Upon wetting rigid substrates, cell-substrate tension drives outward expansion of the monolayer. By contrast, upon wetting compliant substrates, cell substrate tension is attenuated and aggregate capillary forces contribute to internal pressures that drive expansion. Thus, we show by experiments, data-driven modeling and computational simulations that myosin-driven 'active elasto-capillary' effects enable adaptation of wetting mechanisms to substrate rigidity and introduce a novel, pressure-based mechanism for guiding collective cell motion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Yousafzai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - V Yadav
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - S Amiri
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Yale University, 10 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - M F Staddon
- Center for Systems Biology Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Y Errami
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Sterling Hall of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, 06510
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - G Jaspard
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - S Banerjee
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA and
| | - M Murrell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yamaguchi N, Knaut H. Focal adhesion-mediated cell anchoring and migration: from in vitro to in vivo. Development 2022; 149:275460. [PMID: 35587444 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-extracellular matrix interactions have been studied extensively using cells cultured in vitro. These studies indicate that focal adhesion (FA)-based cell-extracellular matrix interactions are essential for cell anchoring and cell migration. Whether FAs play a similarly important role in vivo is less clear. Here, we summarize the formation and function of FAs in cultured cells and review how FAs transmit and sense force in vitro. Using examples from animal studies, we also describe the role of FAs in cell anchoring during morphogenetic movements and cell migration in vivo. Finally, we conclude by discussing similarities and differences in how FAs function in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Yamaguchi
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Holger Knaut
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Activity-induced polar patterns of filaments gliding on a sphere. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2579. [PMID: 35546549 PMCID: PMC9095588 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30128-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Active matter systems feature the ability to form collective patterns as observed in a plethora of living systems, from schools of fish to swimming bacteria. While many of these systems move in a wide, three-dimensional environment, several biological systems are confined by a curved topology. The role played by a non-Euclidean geometry on the self-organization of active systems is not yet fully understood, and few experimental systems are available to study it. Here, we introduce an experimental setup in which actin filaments glide on the inner surface of a spherical lipid vesicle, thus embedding them in a curved geometry. We show that filaments self-assemble into polar, elongated structures and that, when these match the size of the spherical geometry, both confinement and topological constraints become relevant for the emergent patterns, leading to the formation of polar vortices and jammed states. These results experimentally demonstrate that activity-induced complex patterns can be shaped by spherical confinement and topology. Active matter exhibits a range of collective behaviors offering insights into how complex patterns can emerge at different length scales. Here, Hsu et al. confine active filaments on the spherical surface of a lipid vesicle and observe the formation of off-equator polar vortices and jammed patterns.
Collapse
|
35
|
Yousafzai MS, Yadav V, Amiri S, Errami Y, Amiri S, Murrell M. Active Regulation of Pressure and Volume Defines an Energetic Constraint on the Size of Cell Aggregates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:048103. [PMID: 35148133 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.048103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We explore the relationship between the nonequilibrium generation of myosin-induced active stress within the F-actin cytoskeleton and the pressure-volume relationship of cellular aggregates as models of simple tissues. We find that due to active stress, aggregate surface tension depends upon its size. As a result, both pressure and cell number density depend on size and violate equilibrium assumptions. However, the relationship between them resembles an equilibrium equation of state with an effective temperature. This suggests that bulk and surface properties of aggregates balance to yield a constant average work performed by each cell on their environment in regulating tissue size. These results describe basic physical principles that govern the size of cell aggregates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Yousafzai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - V Yadav
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - S Amiri
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Yale University, 10 Hillhouse Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| | - Y Errami
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Sterling Hall of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06510, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - S Amiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
| | - M Murrell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
- Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
- Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, 850 West Campus Drive, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, 217 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Valer FB, Spegiorim GC, Espreafico EM, Ramos RGP. The IRM cell adhesion molecules Hibris, Kin of irre and Roughest control egg morphology by modulating ovarian muscle contraction in Drosophila. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 136:104344. [PMID: 34896373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Irre Cell Recognition Module (IRM) is an evolutionarily conserved group of transmembrane glycoproteins required for cell-cell recognition and adhesion in metazoan development. In Drosophila melanogaster ovaries, four members of this group - Roughest (Rst), Kin of irre (Kirre), Hibris (Hbs) and Sticks and stones (Sns) - play important roles in germ cell encapsulation and muscle sheath organization during early pupal stages, as well as in the progression to late oogenesis in the adult. Females carrying some of the mutant rst alleles are viable but sterile, and previous work from our laboratory had identified defects in the organization of the peritoneal and epithelial muscle sheaths of these mutants that could underlie their sterile phenotype. In this study, besides further characterizing the sterility phenotype associated with rst mutants, we investigated the role of the IRM molecules Rst, Kirre and Hbs in maintaining the functionality of the ovarian muscle sheaths. We found that knocking down any of the three genes in these structures, either individually or in double heterozygous combinations, not only decreases contraction frequency but also irregularly increases contraction amplitude. Furthermore, these alterations can significantly impact the morphology of eggs laid by IRM-depleted females demonstrating a hitherto unknown role of IRM molecules in egg morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Berti Valer
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Giulia Covolo Spegiorim
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Enilza Maria Espreafico
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Cheng J, Allgeyer ES, Richens JH, Dzafic E, Palandri A, Lewków B, Sirinakis G, St Johnston D. A single-molecule localization microscopy method for tissues reveals nonrandom nuclear pore distribution in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs259570. [PMID: 34806753 PMCID: PMC8729783 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM) can provide nanoscale resolution in thin samples but has rarely been applied to tissues because of high background from out-of-focus emitters and optical aberrations. Here, we describe a line scanning microscope that provides optical sectioning for SMLM in tissues. Imaging endogenously-tagged nucleoporins and F-actin on this system using DNA- and peptide-point accumulation for imaging in nanoscale topography (PAINT) routinely gives 30 nm resolution or better at depths greater than 20 µm. This revealed that the nuclear pores are nonrandomly distributed in most Drosophila tissues, in contrast to what is seen in cultured cells. Lamin Dm0 shows a complementary localization to the nuclear pores, suggesting that it corrals the pores. Furthermore, ectopic expression of the tissue-specific Lamin C causes the nuclear pores to distribute more randomly, whereas lamin C mutants enhance nuclear pore clustering, particularly in muscle nuclei. Given that nucleoporins interact with specific chromatin domains, nuclear pore clustering could regulate local chromatin organization and contribute to the disease phenotypes caused by human lamin A/C laminopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinmei Cheng
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Edward S. Allgeyer
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Jennifer H. Richens
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Edo Dzafic
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Amandine Palandri
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Bohdan Lewków
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - George Sirinakis
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Daniel St Johnston
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
In search of conserved principles of planar cell polarization. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2021; 72:69-81. [PMID: 34871922 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The making of an embryo and its internal organs entails the spatial coordination of cellular activities. This manifests during tissue morphogenesis as cells change shape, rearrange and divide along preferential axis and during cell differentiation. Cells live in a polarized field and respond to it by polarizing their cellular activities in the plane of the tissue by a phenomenon called planar cell polarization. This phenomenon is ubiquitous in animals and depends on a few conserved planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways. All PCP pathways share two essential characteristics: the existence of local interactions between protein complexes present at the cell surface leading to their asymmetric distribution within cells; a supracellular graded cue that aligns these cellular asymmetries at the tissue level. Here, we discuss the potential common principles of planar cell polarization by comparing the local and global mechanisms employed by the different PCP pathways identified so far. The focus of the review is on the logic of the system rather than the molecules per se.
Collapse
|
39
|
Paci G, Mao Y. Forced into shape: Mechanical forces in Drosophila development and homeostasis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:160-170. [PMID: 34092509 PMCID: PMC8681862 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical forces play a central role in shaping tissues during development and maintaining epithelial integrity in homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the roles of mechanical forces in Drosophila development and homeostasis, starting from the interplay of mechanics with cell growth and division. We then discuss several examples of morphogenetic processes where complex 3D structures are shaped by mechanical forces, followed by a closer look at patterning processes. We also review the role of forces in homeostatic processes, including cell elimination and wound healing. Finally, we look at the interplay of mechanics and developmental robustness and discuss open questions in the field, as well as novel approaches that will help tackle them in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Paci
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yanlan Mao
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sherrard KM, Cetera M, Horne-Badovinac S. DAAM mediates the assembly of long-lived, treadmilling stress fibers in collectively migrating epithelial cells in Drosophila. eLife 2021; 10:e72881. [PMID: 34812144 PMCID: PMC8610420 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress fibers (SFs) are actomyosin bundles commonly found in individually migrating cells in culture. However, whether and how cells use SFs to migrate in vivo or collectively is largely unknown. Studying the collective migration of the follicular epithelial cells in Drosophila, we found that the SFs in these cells show a novel treadmilling behavior that allows them to persist as the cells migrate over multiple cell lengths. Treadmilling SFs grow at their fronts by adding new integrin-based adhesions and actomyosin segments over time. This causes the SFs to have many internal adhesions along their lengths, instead of adhesions only at the ends. The front-forming adhesions remain stationary relative to the substrate and typically disassemble as the cell rear approaches. By contrast, a different type of adhesion forms at the SF's terminus that slides with the cell's trailing edge as the actomyosin ahead of it shortens. We further show that SF treadmilling depends on cell movement and identify a developmental switch in the formins that mediate SF assembly, with Dishevelled-associated activator of morphogenesis acting during migratory stages and Diaphanous acting during postmigratory stages. We propose that treadmilling SFs keep each cell on a linear trajectory, thereby promoting the collective motility required for epithelial migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Sherrard
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Maureen Cetera
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
- Committee on Development, Regeneration, and Stem Cell Biology, The University of ChicagoChicagoUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Marcotti S, de Freitas DB, Troughton LD, Kenny FN, Shaw TJ, Stramer BM, Oakes PW. A workflow for rapid unbiased quantification of fibrillar feature alignment in biological images. FRONTIERS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE 2021; 3:745831. [PMID: 34888522 PMCID: PMC8654057 DOI: 10.3389/fcomp.2021.745831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring the organisation of the cellular cytoskeleton and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) is currently of wide interest as changes in both local and global alignment can highlight alterations in cellular functions and material properties of the extracellular environment. Different approaches have been developed to quantify these structures, typically based on fibre segmentation or on matrix representation and transformation of the image, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Here we present AFT-Alignment by Fourier Transform, a workflow to quantify the alignment of fibrillar features in microscopy images exploiting 2D Fast Fourier Transforms (FFT). Using pre-existing datasets of cell and ECM images, we demonstrate our approach and compare and contrast this workflow with two other well-known ImageJ algorithms to quantify image feature alignment. These comparisons reveal that AFT has a number of advantages due to its grid-based FFT approach. 1) Flexibility in defining the window and neighbourhood sizes allows for performing a parameter search to determine an optimal length scale to carry out alignment metrics. This approach can thus easily accommodate different image resolutions and biological systems. 2) The length scale of decay in alignment can be extracted by comparing neighbourhood sizes, revealing the overall distance that features remain anisotropic. 3) The approach is ambivalent to the signal source, thus making it applicable for a wide range of imaging modalities and is dependent on fewer input parameters than segmentation methods. 4) Finally, compared to segmentation methods, this algorithm is computationally inexpensive, as high-resolution images can be evaluated in less than a second on a standard desktop computer. This makes it feasible to screen numerous experimental perturbations or examine large images over long length scales. Implementation is made available in both MATLAB and Python for wider accessibility, with example datasets for single images and batch processing. Additionally, we include an approach to automatically search parameters for optimum window and neighbourhood sizes, as well as to measure the decay in alignment over progressively increasing length scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Marcotti
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | - Lee D Troughton
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, US
| | - Fiona N Kenny
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Tanya J Shaw
- Centre for Inflammation Biology & Cancer Immunology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Brian M Stramer
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick W Oakes
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, US
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Luo W, Liu S, Zhang W, Yang L, Huang J, Zhou S, Feng Q, Palli SR, Wang J, Roth S, Li S. Juvenile hormone signaling promotes ovulation and maintains egg shape by inducing expression of extracellular matrix genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2104461118. [PMID: 34544864 PMCID: PMC8488625 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104461118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that the juvenile hormone (JH) can function as a gonadotropic hormone that stimulates vitellogenesis by activating the production and uptake of vitellogenin in insects. Here, we describe a phenotype associated with mutations in the Drosophila JH receptor genes, Met and Gce: the accumulation of mature eggs with reduced egg length in the ovary. JH signaling is mainly activated in ovarian muscle cells and induces laminin gene expression in these cells. Meanwhile, JH signaling induces collagen IV gene expression in the adult fat body, from which collagen IV is secreted and deposited onto the ovarian muscles. Laminin locally and collagen IV remotely contribute to the assembly of ovarian muscle extracellular matrix (ECM); moreover, the ECM components are indispensable for ovarian muscle contraction. Furthermore, ovarian muscle contraction externally generates a mechanical force to promote ovulation and maintain egg shape. This work reveals an important mechanism for JH-regulated insect reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology and School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Suning Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology and School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology and School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology and School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shutang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qili Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology and School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Siegfried Roth
- Institute for Zoology, University of Cologne, D-50674 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sheng Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, Institute of Insect Science and Technology and School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China;
- Guangmeiyuan R&D Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental Biology and Applied Technology, South China Normal University, Meizhou 514779, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bischoff MC, Bogdan S. Collective cell migration driven by filopodia-New insights from the social behavior of myotubes. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100124. [PMID: 34480489 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Collective migration is a key process that is critical during development, as well as in physiological and pathophysiological processes including tissue repair, wound healing and cancer. Studies in genetic model organisms have made important contributions to our current understanding of the mechanisms that shape cells into different tissues during morphogenesis. Recent advances in high-resolution and live-cell-imaging techniques provided new insights into the social behavior of cells based on careful visual observations within the context of a living tissue. In this review, we will compare Drosophila testis nascent myotube migration with established in vivo model systems, elucidate similarities, new features and principles in collective cell migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maik C Bischoff
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sven Bogdan
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Department of Molecular Cell Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Balasubramaniam L, Doostmohammadi A, Saw TB, Narayana GHNS, Mueller R, Dang T, Thomas M, Gupta S, Sonam S, Yap AS, Toyama Y, Mège RM, Yeomans JM, Ladoux B. Investigating the nature of active forces in tissues reveals how contractile cells can form extensile monolayers. NATURE MATERIALS 2021; 20:1156-1166. [PMID: 33603188 PMCID: PMC7611436 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-021-00919-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Actomyosin machinery endows cells with contractility at a single-cell level. However, within a monolayer, cells can be contractile or extensile based on the direction of pushing or pulling forces exerted by their neighbours or on the substrate. It has been shown that a monolayer of fibroblasts behaves as a contractile system while epithelial or neural progentior monolayers behave as an extensile system. Through a combination of cell culture experiments and in silico modelling, we reveal the mechanism behind this switch in extensile to contractile as the weakening of intercellular contacts. This switch promotes the build-up of tension at the cell-substrate interface through an increase in actin stress fibres and traction forces. This is accompanied by mechanotransductive changes in vinculin and YAP activation. We further show that contractile and extensile differences in cell activity sort cells in mixtures, uncovering a generic mechanism for pattern formation during cell competition, and morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amin Doostmohammadi
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Thuan Beng Saw
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Romain Mueller
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tien Dang
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), Paris, France
| | - Minnah Thomas
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shafali Gupta
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Surabhi Sonam
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), Paris, France
- D Y Patil International University, Pune, India
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yusuke Toyama
- Mechanobiology Institute (MBI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), Paris, France.
| | - Julia M Yeomans
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Benoît Ladoux
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod (IJM), Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Morphogenesis is one of the most remarkable examples of biological pattern formation. Despite substantial progress in the field, we still do not understand the organizational principles responsible for the robust convergence of the morphogenesis process across scales to form viable organisms under variable conditions. Achieving large-scale coordination requires feedback between mechanical and biochemical processes, spanning all levels of organization and relating the emerging patterns with the mechanisms driving their formation. In this review, we highlight the role of mechanics in the patterning process, emphasizing the active and synergistic manner in which mechanical processes participate in developmental patterning rather than merely following a program set by biochemical signals. We discuss the value of applying a coarse-grained approach toward understanding this complex interplay, which considers the large-scale dynamics and feedback as well as complementing the reductionist approach focused on molecular detail. A central challenge in this approach is identifying relevant coarse-grained variables and developing effective theories that can serve as a basis for an integrated framework for understanding this remarkable pattern-formation process. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonit Maroudas-Sacks
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel;
| | - Kinneret Keren
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; .,Network Biology Research Laboratories and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Jain S, Ladoux B, Mège RM. Mechanical plasticity in collective cell migration. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2021; 72:54-62. [PMID: 34134013 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration is crucial to maintain epithelium integrity during developmental and repair processes. It requires a tight regulation of mechanical coordination between neighboring cells. This coordination embraces different features including mechanical self-propulsion of individual cells within cellular colonies and large-scale force transmission through cell-cell junctions. This review discusses how the plasticity of biomechanical interactions at cell-cell contacts could help cellular systems to perform coordinated motions and adapt to the properties of the external environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shreyansh Jain
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France
| | - Benoit Ladoux
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France.
| | - René-Marc Mège
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lavrentovich OD. Design of nematic liquid crystals to control microscale dynamics. LIQUID CRYSTALS REVIEWS 2021; 8:59-129. [PMID: 34956738 PMCID: PMC8698256 DOI: 10.1080/21680396.2021.1919576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of small particles, both living such as swimming bacteria and inanimate, such as colloidal spheres, has fascinated scientists for centuries. If one could learn how to control and streamline their chaotic motion, that would open technological opportunities in the transformation of stored or environmental energy into systematic motion, with applications in micro-robotics, transport of matter, guided morphogenesis. This review presents an approach to command microscale dynamics by replacing an isotropic medium with a liquid crystal. Orientational order and associated properties, such as elasticity, surface anchoring, and bulk anisotropy, enable new dynamic effects, ranging from the appearance and propagation of particle-like solitary waves to self-locomotion of an active droplet. By using photoalignment, the liquid crystal can be patterned into predesigned structures. In the presence of the electric field, these patterns enable the transport of solid and fluid particles through nonlinear electrokinetics rooted in anisotropy of conductivity and permittivity. Director patterns command the dynamics of swimming bacteria, guiding their trajectories, polarity of swimming, and distribution in space. This guidance is of a higher level of complexity than a simple following of the director by rod-like microorganisms. Namely, the director gradients mediate hydrodynamic interactions of bacteria to produce an active force and collective polar modes of swimming. The patterned director could also be engraved in a liquid crystal elastomer. When an elastomer coating is activated by heat or light, these patterns produce a deterministic surface topography. The director gradients define an activation force that shapes the elastomer in a manner similar to the active stresses triggering flows in active nematics. The patterned elastomer substrates could be used to define the orientation of cells in living tissues. The liquid-crystal guidance holds a major promise in achieving the goal of commanding microscale active flows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg D Lavrentovich
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Department of Physics, Materials Science Graduate Program, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Alhadyian H, Shoaib D, Ward RE. Septate junction proteins are required for egg elongation and border cell migration during oogenesis in Drosophila. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2021; 11:6237887. [PMID: 33871584 PMCID: PMC8495938 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein components of the invertebrate occluding junction—known as the septate junction (SJ)—are required for morphogenetic developmental events during embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. In order to determine whether SJ proteins are similarly required for morphogenesis during other developmental stages, we investigated the localization and requirement of four representative SJ proteins during oogenesis: Contactin, Macroglobulin complement-related, Neurexin IV, and Coracle. A number of morphogenetic processes occur during oogenesis, including egg elongation, formation of dorsal appendages, and border cell (BC) migration. We found that all four SJ proteins are expressed in egg chambers throughout oogenesis, with the highest and the most sustained levels in the follicular epithelium (FE). In the FE, SJ proteins localize along the lateral membrane during early and mid-oogenesis, but become enriched in an apical-lateral domain (the presumptive SJ) by stage 11. SJ protein relocalization requires the expression of other SJ proteins, as well as Rab5 and Rab11 like SJ biogenesis in the embryo. Knocking down the expression of these SJ proteins in follicle cells throughout oogenesis results in egg elongation defects and abnormal dorsal appendages. Similarly, reducing the expression of SJ genes in the BC cluster results in BC migration defects. Together, these results demonstrate an essential requirement for SJ genes in morphogenesis during oogenesis, and suggest that SJ proteins may have conserved functions in epithelial morphogenesis across developmental stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haifa Alhadyian
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - Dania Shoaib
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - Robert E Ward
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lenne PF, Munro E, Heemskerk I, Warmflash A, Bocanegra-Moreno L, Kishi K, Kicheva A, Long Y, Fruleux A, Boudaoud A, Saunders TE, Caldarelli P, Michaut A, Gros J, Maroudas-Sacks Y, Keren K, Hannezo E, Gartner ZJ, Stormo B, Gladfelter A, Rodrigues A, Shyer A, Minc N, Maître JL, Di Talia S, Khamaisi B, Sprinzak D, Tlili S. Roadmap for the multiscale coupling of biochemical and mechanical signals during development. Phys Biol 2021; 18. [PMID: 33276350 PMCID: PMC8380410 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/abd0db] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The way in which interactions between mechanics and biochemistry lead to the emergence of complex cell and tissue organization is an old question that has recently attracted renewed interest from biologists, physicists, mathematicians and computer scientists. Rapid advances in optical physics, microscopy and computational image analysis have greatly enhanced our ability to observe and quantify spatiotemporal patterns of signalling, force generation, deformation, and flow in living cells and tissues. Powerful new tools for genetic, biophysical and optogenetic manipulation are allowing us to perturb the underlying machinery that generates these patterns in increasingly sophisticated ways. Rapid advances in theory and computing have made it possible to construct predictive models that describe how cell and tissue organization and dynamics emerge from the local coupling of biochemistry and mechanics. Together, these advances have opened up a wealth of new opportunities to explore how mechanochemical patterning shapes organismal development. In this roadmap, we present a series of forward-looking case studies on mechanochemical patterning in development, written by scientists working at the interface between the physical and biological sciences, and covering a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, organisms, and modes of development. Together, these contributions highlight the many ways in which the dynamic coupling of mechanics and biochemistry shapes biological dynamics: from mechanoenzymes that sense force to tune their activity and motor output, to collectives of cells in tissues that flow and redistribute biochemical signals during development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-François Lenne
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Edwin Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Idse Heemskerk
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States of America
| | - Aryeh Warmflash
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, United States of America
| | | | - Kasumi Kishi
- IST Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Anna Kicheva
- IST Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Yuchen Long
- Reproduction et Dévelopement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRAe, CNRS, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Antoine Fruleux
- Reproduction et Dévelopement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRAe, CNRS, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.,LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Dévelopement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, École normale supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INRAe, CNRS, 69364 Lyon Cedex 07, France.,LadHyX, CNRS, Ecole polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Timothy E Saunders
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, 117411, Singapore
| | - Paolo Caldarelli
- Cellule Pasteur UPMC, Sorbonne Université, rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.,Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR3738, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Arthur Michaut
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR3738, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jerome Gros
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.,CNRS UMR3738, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Yonit Maroudas-Sacks
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Kinneret Keren
- Department of Physics, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Network Biology Research Laboratories and The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Edouard Hannezo
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Zev J Gartner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th St. Box 2280, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Stormo
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 United States of America
| | - Amy Gladfelter
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 United States of America
| | - Alan Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States of America
| | - Amy Shyer
- Laboratory of Morphogenesis, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Minc
- Institut Jacques Monod, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR7592, 15 rue Hélène Brion, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Jean-Léon Maître
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR3215, INSERM U934, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Di Talia
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham NC 27710, United States of America
| | - Bassma Khamaisi
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - David Sprinzak
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Sham Tlili
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Popkova A, Rauzi M, Wang X. Cellular and Supracellular Planar Polarity: A Multiscale Cue to Elongate the Drosophila Egg Chamber. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:645235. [PMID: 33738289 PMCID: PMC7961075 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.645235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue elongation is known to be controlled by oriented cell division, elongation, migration and rearrangement. While these cellular processes have been extensively studied, new emerging supracellular mechanisms driving tissue extension have recently been unveiled. Tissue rotation and actomyosin contractions have been shown to be key processes driving Drosophila egg chamber elongation. First, egg chamber rotation facilitates the dorsal-ventral alignment of the extracellular matrix and of the cell basal actin fibers. Both fiber-like structures form supracellular networks constraining the egg growth in a polarized fashion thus working as 'molecular corsets'. Second, the supracellular actin fiber network, powered by myosin periodic oscillation, contracts anisotropically driving tissue extension along the egg anterior-posterior axis. During both processes, cellular and supracellular planar polarity provide a critical cue to control Drosophila egg chamber elongation. Here we review how different planar polarized networks are built, maintained and function at both cellular and supracellular levels in the Drosophila ovarian epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Popkova
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Matteo Rauzi
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, iBV, Nice, France
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department (MCD), Centre de Biologie Integrative (CBI), University of Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|