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Wang B, Li J, Fang Z, Jiang Y, Li S, Zhan F, Dai Z, Chen Q, Wei X. Large and Pressure-Dependent c-Axis Piezoresistivity of Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite near Zero Pressure. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38525903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The c-axis piezoresistivity is a fundamental and important parameter of graphite, but its value near zero pressure has not been well determined. Herein, a new method for studying the c-axis piezoresistivity of van der Waals materials near zero pressure is developed on the basis of in situ scanning electron microscopy and finite element simulation. The c-axis piezoresistivity of microscale highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) is found to show a large value of 5.68 × 10-5 kPa-1 near zero pressure and decreases by 2 orders of magnitude to the established value of ∼10-7 kPa-1 when the pressure increases to 200 MPa. By modulating the serial tunneling barrier model on the basis of the stacking faults, we describe the c-axis electrical transport of HOPG under compression. The large c-axis piezoresistivity near zero pressure and its large decrease in magnitude with pressure are attributed to the rapid stiffening of the electromechanical properties under compression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjie Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Juyao Li
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zheng Fang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yifan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhan
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhaohe Dai
- Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xianlong Wei
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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2
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Wu T, Chen W, Wangye L, Wang Y, Wu Z, Ma M, Zheng Q. Ultrahigh Critical Current Density across Sliding Electrical Contacts in Structural Superlubric State. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:096201. [PMID: 38489654 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.096201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
In conventional sliding electrical contacts (SECs), large critical current density (CCD) requires a high ratio between actual and apparent contact area, while low friction and wear require the opposites. Structural superlubricity (SSL) has the characteristics of zero wear, near zero friction, and all-atoms in real contact between the contacting surfaces. Here, we show a measured current density up to 17.5 GA/m^{2} between microscale graphite contact surfaces while sliding under ambient conditions. This value is nearly 146 times higher than the maximum CCD of other SECs reported in literatures (0.12 GA/m^{2}). Meanwhile, the coefficient of friction for the graphite contact is less than 0.01 and the sliding interface is wear-free according to the Raman characterization, indicating the presence of the SSL state. Furthermore, we estimate the intrinsic CCD of single crystalline graphite to be 6.69 GA/m^{2} by measuring the scaling relation of CCD. Theoretical analysis reveals that the CCD is limited by thermal effect due to the Joule heat. Our results show the great potential of the SSL contacts to be used as SECs, such as micro- or nanocontact switches, conductive slip rings, or pantographs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tielin Wu
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weipeng Chen
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lingyi Wangye
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhanghui Wu
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Ma
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Lab of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
- Institute of Superlubricity Technology, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Quanshui Zheng
- Center for Nano and Micro Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Lab of Tribology in Advanced Equipment (SKLT), Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
- Institute of Superlubricity Technology, Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Shenzhen 518057, China
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Liu J, Yang X, Fang H, Yan W, Ouyang W, Liu Z. In Situ Twistronics: A New Platform Based on Superlubricity. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2305072. [PMID: 37867201 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Twistronics, an emerging field focused on exploring the unique electrical properties induced by twist interface in graphene multilayers, has garnered significant attention in recent years. The general manipulation of twist angle depends on the assembly of van der Waals (vdW) layered materials, which has led to the discovery of unconventional superconductivity, ferroelectricity, and nonlinear optics, thereby expanding the realm of twistronics. Recently, in situ tuning of interlayer conductivity in vdW layered materials has been achieved based on scanning probe microscope. In this Perspective, the advancements in in situ twistronics are focused on by reviewing the state-of-the-art in situ manipulating technology, discussing the underlying mechanism based on the concept of structural superlubricity, and exploiting the real-time twistronic tests under scanning electron microscope (SEM). It is shown that the real-time manipulation under SEM allows for visualizing and monitoring the interface status during in situ twistronic testing. By harnessing the unique tribological properties of vdW layered materials, this novel platform not only enhances the fabrication of twistronic devices but also facilitates the fundamental understanding of interface phenomena in vdW layered materials. Moreover, this platform holds great promise for the application of twistronic-mechanical systems, providing avenues for the integration of twistronics into various mechanical frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Hui Fang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Weidong Yan
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Wengen Ouyang
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Ze Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources Engineering and Management, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
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Trewby W, Voïtchovsky K. Nanoscale probing of local dielectric changes at the interface between solids and aqueous saline solutions. Faraday Discuss 2023; 246:387-406. [PMID: 37449374 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00021d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The mobility of dissolved ions and charged molecules at interfaces underpins countless processes in science and technology. Experimentally, this is typically measured from the averaged response of the charges to an electrical potential. High-resolution Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) can image single adsorbed ions and molecules at solid-liquid interfaces, but probing the associated dynamics remains highly challenging. One possible strategy is to investigate the response of the species of interest to a highly localized AC electric field in an approach analogous to dielectric spectroscopy. The dielectric force experienced by the AFM tip apex is modulated by the dielectric properties of the sample probed, itself sensitive to the mobilities of solvated charges and dipoles. Previous work successfully used this approach to quantify the dielectric constant of thin samples, but with limited spatial resolution. Here we propose a strategy to simultaneously map the nanoscale topography and local dielectric variations across a range of interfaces by conducting high-resolution AFM imaging concomitantly with electrical AC measurements in a multifrequency approach. The strategy is tested over a 500 MHz bandwidth in pure liquids with different dielectric constants and in saline aqueous solutions. In liquids with higher dielectric constants, the system behaves as inductive-resistive-capacitive but the adjunction of ions removes the inductive resonances and precludes measurements at higher frequencies. High-resolution imaging is demonstrated over single graphene oxide (GrO) flakes with simultaneous but decoupled dielectric measurements. The dielectric constant is consistent and reproducible across liquids, except at higher salt concentrations where frequency-dependent effects occur. The results suggest the strategy is suitable for nanometre-level mapping of the dielectric properties of solid-liquid interfaces, but more work is needed to fully understand the different physical effects underpinning the measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Trewby
- Physics Department, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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Oz A, Dutta D, Nitzan A, Hod O, Koren E. Edge State Quantum Interference in Twisted Graphitic Interfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2102261. [PMID: 35285174 PMCID: PMC9108635 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202102261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zigzag edges in graphitic systems exhibit localized electronic states that drastically affect their properties. Here, room-temperature charge transport experiments across a single graphitic interface are reported, in which the interlayer current is confined to the contact edges. It is shown that the current exhibits pronounced oscillations of up to ≈40 µA with a dominant period of ≈5 Å with respect to lateral displacement that do not directly correspond to typical graphene lattice spacing. The origin of these features is computationally rationalized as quantum mechanical interference of localized edge states showing significant amplitude and interlayer coupling variations as a function of the interface stacking configuration. Such interference effects may therefore dominate the transport properties of low-dimensional graphitic interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Oz
- Department of Physical ChemistrySchool of ChemistryThe Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials ScienceTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
| | - Debopriya Dutta
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology InstituteTechnion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200003Israel
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Physical ChemistrySchool of ChemistryThe Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials ScienceTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA19103USA
| | - Oded Hod
- Department of Physical ChemistrySchool of ChemistryThe Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials ScienceTel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv6997801Israel
| | - Elad Koren
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology InstituteTechnion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200003Israel
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy ProgramTechnion – Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa3200003Israel
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6
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Sumaiya SA, Martini A, Baykara MZ. Improving the reliability of conductive atomic force microscopy-based electrical contact resistance measurements. NANO EXPRESS 2020. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/abcae0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Electrical contact resistance (ECR) measurements performed via conductive atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) suffer from poor reliability and reproducibility. These issues are due to a number of factors, including sample roughness, contamination via adsorbates, changes in environmental conditions such as humidity and temperature, as well as deformation of the tip apex caused by contact pressures and/or Joule heating. Consequently, ECR may vary dramatically from measurement to measurement even on a single sample tested with the same instrument. Here we present an approach aimed at improving the reliability of such measurements by addressing multiple sources of variability. In particular, we perform current-voltage spectroscopy on atomically flat terraces of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) under an inert nitrogen atmosphere and at controlled temperatures. The sample is annealed before the measurements to desorb adsorbates, and conductive diamond tips are used to limit tip apex deformation. These precautions lead to measured ECR values that follow a Gaussian distribution with significantly smaller standard deviation than those obtained under conventional measurement conditions. The key factor leading to this improvement is identified as the switch from ambient conditions to a dry nitrogen atmosphere. Despite these improvements, spontaneous changes in ECR are observed during measurements performed over several minutes. However, it is shown that such variations can be suppressed by applying a higher normal load.
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7
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Dutta D, Oz A, Hod O, Koren E. The scaling laws of edge vs. bulk interlayer conduction in mesoscale twisted graphitic interfaces. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4746. [PMID: 32958749 PMCID: PMC7506013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The unusual electronic properties of edges in graphene-based systems originate from the pseudospinorial character of their electronic wavefunctions associated with their non-trivial topological structure. This is manifested by the appearance of pronounced zero-energy electronic states localized at the material zigzag edges that are expected to have a significant contribution to the interlayer transport in such systems. In this work, we utilize a unique experimental setup and electronic transport calculations to quantitatively distinguish between edge and bulk transport, showing that their relative contribution strongly depends on the angular stacking configuration and interlayer potential. Furthermore, we find that, despite of the strong localization of edge state around the circumference of the contact, edge transport in incommensurate interfaces can dominate up to contact diameters of the order of 2 μm, even in the presence of edge disorder. The intricate interplay between edge and bulk transport contributions revealed in the present study may have profound consequences on practical applications of nanoscale twisted graphene-based electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopriya Dutta
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Annabelle Oz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IL, 6997801, Israel
| | - Oded Hod
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, IL, 6997801, Israel
| | - Elad Koren
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 3200003, Haifa, Israel.
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8
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Tezura M, Kizuka T. Crossing interfacial conduction in nanometer-sized graphitic carbon layers. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:1116-1126. [PMID: 32432629 DOI: 10.1039/d0nh00119h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon layers (GCLs), exemplified by graphene, have been proposed for potential application in high-performance functional devices due to superior electrical properties, e.g., high electron mobility. In state-of-the-art electronics, it is required that GCLs are miniaturized to nanometer scales and incorporated into the integrated circuits to exhibit novel functions at nanometer scales. However, the implementation of nanometer-scale GCLs is suspended; the function in devices is deteriorated by increasing contact resistance in miniaturized GCL/electrode interfaces. In this study, nanometer-sized GCL/gold (Au) interfaces were fabricated via atomistic visualization of nanomanipulation, and simultaneously their contact resistance was measured. We showed that the contact resistivity of the interfaces was decreased to the order of 10-10Ω cm2, which was 104 times smaller than that of micrometer-sized or larger GCL/metal interfaces. In addition, it was revealed that peculiar electrical conduction at the nanometer-sized GCL/Au interfaces emerged; current flows throughout the entire area of the interfaces unlike micrometer-sized or larger GCL/metal interfaces. These results directly contribute to actual application of GCLs in advanced nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Tezura
- Department of Material Science, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan.
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9
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Seki K, Kubo T, Ye N, Shimizu T. Quantifying the spreading resistance of an anisotropic thin film conductor. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10633. [PMID: 32606336 PMCID: PMC7326967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, highly anisotropic conductors, such as multilayer graphene, have been attracting much attention. The local resistivity can be determined by measuring the contact resistance; however, the theoretical expressions of contact resistance have been developed for isotropic slabs but have not been well developed for highly anisotropic film conductors. We obtain theoretical expressions of the spreading resistance below the circular contact for a highly anisotropic film on a bulk slab. The film spreading resistance of isotropic conductors deviates from the bulk spreading resistance when the film thickness is smaller than the contact radius. Nevertheless, the spreading resistance of anisotropic conducting films can be approximated by that of the bulk slabs even when the film thickness is smaller than the contact radius if the in-plane electrical conductivity is larger than the out-of-plane electrical conductivity. Owing to the high in-plane conductivity, the spreading resistance of anisotropic bulk conductors can be lowered from that predicted by the Holm's equation obtained using the out-of-plane conductivity and the contact radius. We show that these characteristics are beneficial to use the highly anisotropic film as a cover layer when the in-plane conductivity of the film is high and the conductivity of the base slab is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Seki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Toshitaka Kubo
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Nan Ye
- Yazaki Corporation 1500 Mishuku, Susono-city, Shizuoka, 410-1194, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Shimizu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba Central 5, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
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10
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Bessler R, Duerig U, Koren E. The dielectric constant of a bilayer graphene interface. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:1702-1706. [PMID: 36134207 PMCID: PMC9417051 DOI: 10.1039/c8na00350e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The interlayer relative dielectric constant, ε r, of 2-dimensional (2D) materials in general and graphitic materials in particular is one of their most important physical properties, especially for electronic applications. In this work, we study the electromechanical actuation of nano-scale graphitic contacts. We find that beside the adhesive forces there are capacitive forces that scale parabolically with the potential drop across the sheared interface. We use this phenomena to measure the intrinsic dielectric constant of the bilayer graphene interface i.e. ε r = 6 ± 2, which is in perfect agreement with recent theoretical predictions for multi-layer graphene structures. Our method can be generally used to extract the dielectric properties of 2D materials systems and interfaces and our results pave the way for utilizing graphitic and other 2D materials in electromechanical based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Bessler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology 3200003 Haifa Israel
| | - Urs Duerig
- SwissLitho AG Technopark 8005 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Elad Koren
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology 3200003 Haifa Israel
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11
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Li H, Wei X, Wu G, Gao S, Chen Q, Peng LM. Interlayer electrical resistivity of rotated graphene layers studied by in-situ scanning electron microscopy. Ultramicroscopy 2018; 193:90-96. [PMID: 29957331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Interlayer electrical transport between two-dimensional atomic crystals can be strongly modulated by the rotational misalignment between them. However, the experimental study on the interlayer electrical transport between rotated two-dimensional atomic crystals with variable rotation angles is challenging. Here, an in-situ scanning electron microscopy method is developed to study the interlayer electrical transport between rotated graphene layers. We employ nanoprobes installed in a scanning electron microscope to function as both "fingers" to induce interlayer rotation of a microfabricated metal-graphite-metal sandwiched island and also electrical probes to measure interlayer electrical resistivity of the rotated graphene layers. Interlayer electrical resistivity of the rotated graphene layers is found to increase monotonically by three orders of magnitude from ∼0.1 to ∼100 Ω cm when the rotational misalignment angle increases from 0° to 30°. This phenomenon can be well described by phonon-mediated electrical transport model. The large-magnitude tunability of interlayer electrical resistivity by mechanical rotation implies the potential applications of rotated graphene layers in nanoelectromechanical systems. Our results also provide a method for studying and tuning interlayer electrical transport between rotated two-dimensional atomic crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xianlong Wei
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Gongtao Wu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Gao
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lian-Mao Peng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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12
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Yao W, Long F, Shahbazian-Yassar R. Localized Mechanical Stress Induced Ionic Redistribution in a Layered LiCoO 2 Cathode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:29391-29399. [PMID: 27735185 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Controlling the transport of ions within electrodes is highly desirable for the operation of rechargeable ion batteries. Here, for the first time, we report the role of mechanical stress in controlling the redistribution of lithium ions in a layered LiCoO2 electrode at a resolution of ∼100 nm. Under a higher stress field, more active redistribution of lithium ions was observed along the grain boundaries than the interiors of the layered LiCoO2. The dynamic force ramping test proved the external stress field (<100 nN) is capable of inducing the resistive-switching effect of the layered LiCoO2. The comparison test on the highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) substrate further demonstrated the improved current responses from the layered LiCoO2 resulted from the deficiency of lithium ions, rather than the increase of tip-sample contact area. Our findings will pave the road for a full understanding of how mechanical stimulus can affect the distribution of ions in the layered electrodes of rechargeable ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University , 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Fei Long
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University , 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Reza Shahbazian-Yassar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University , 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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13
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Voïtchovsky K. Effect of temperature on the viscoelastic properties of nano-confined liquid mixtures. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17472-17482. [PMID: 27714164 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr05879e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The behaviour of fluids confined in nanoscale gaps plays a central role in molecular science and nanofluidics, with applications ranging from biological function to multiscale printing, osmosis and filtration, lab-on-chip technology and friction reduction. Here atomic force microscopy is used to shear five different mixtures of hexadecane and squalane confined between the tip apex and atomically flat graphite. The shearing amplitudes are typically <2 nm, hence reflecting highly localised information at the interface. The evolution of each mixture's viscoelastic properties is studied as a function of temperature, between 20 °C and 100 °C. The results, complemented by sub-nanometre resolution images of the interface, show that spatial organisation of the liquid molecules at the surface of graphite largely dominates the measurements. Squalane presents a higher effective affinity for the surface by forming a robust self-assembled layer in all mixtures. This results in a step-like change of the viscous and elastic response of the confined liquid as the confining pressure increases. In contrast, measurements in pure hexadecane show a continuous and linear increase in the apparent viscosity with pressure at all temperatures. This is interpreted as a more fragile interfacial layer and images show that it can be completely removed at high temperatures. Depending on the mixture composition, measurements can be strongly location-dependent which suggests molecular clustering and nanoscale phase separation at the interface.
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14
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Thermally-nucleated self-assembly of water and alcohol into stable structures at hydrophobic interfaces. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13064. [PMID: 27713413 PMCID: PMC5059760 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
At the interface with solids, the mobility of liquid molecules tends to be reduced compared with bulk, often resulting in increased local order due to interactions with the surface of the solid. At room temperature, liquids such as water and methanol can form solvation structures, but the molecules remain highly mobile, thus preventing the formation of long-lived supramolecular assemblies. Here we show that mixtures of water with methanol can form a novel type of interfaces with hydrophobic solids. Combining in situ atomic force microscopy and multiscale molecular dynamics simulations, we identify solid-like two-dimensional interfacial structures that nucleate thermally, and are held together by an extended network of hydrogen bonds. On graphite, nucleation occurs above ∼35 °C, resulting in robust, multilayered nanoscopic patterns. Our findings could have an impact on many fields where water-alcohol mixtures play an important role such as fuel cells, chemical synthesis, self-assembly, catalysis and surface treatments. Alcohol-water mixtures are characterized by the existence of segregated clusters, whose dynamics are too fast to be investigated in bulk solution. Here, Voïtchovsky et al. show the formation of stable two-dimensional water-alcohol wire-like structures via H-bonds on graphite surface at room temperature.
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Koren E, Leven I, Lörtscher E, Knoll A, Hod O, Duerig U. Coherent commensurate electronic states at the interface between misoriented graphene layers. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:752-7. [PMID: 27271963 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and layered materials in general exhibit rich physics and application potential owing to their exceptional electronic properties, which arise from the intricate π-orbital coupling and the symmetry breaking in twisted bilayer systems. Here, we report room-temperature experiments to study electrical transport across a bilayer graphene interface with a well-defined rotation angle between the layers that is controllable in situ. This twisted interface is artificially created in mesoscopic pillars made of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite by mechanical actuation. The overall measured angular dependence of the conductivity is consistent with a phonon-assisted transport mechanism that preserves the electron momentum of conduction electrons passing the interface. The most intriguing observations are sharp conductivity peaks at interlayer rotation angles of 21.8° and 38.2°. These angles correspond to a commensurate crystalline superstructure leading to a coherent two-dimensional (2D) electronic interface state. Such states, predicted by theory, form the basis for a new class of 2D weakly coupled bilayer systems with hitherto unexplored properties and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Koren
- IBM Research - Zurich, Rueschlikon 8803, Switzerland
| | - Itai Leven
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | | | - Armin Knoll
- IBM Research - Zurich, Rueschlikon 8803, Switzerland
| | - Oded Hod
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Urs Duerig
- IBM Research - Zurich, Rueschlikon 8803, Switzerland
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Koren E, Lortscher E, Rawlings C, Knoll AW, Duerig U. Adhesion and friction in mesoscopic graphite contacts. Science 2015; 348:679-83. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa4157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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