1
|
Yang G, Jiang J. Cost-benefit Tradeoff Mediates the Rule- to Memory-based Transition during Practice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.13.580214. [PMID: 38405946 PMCID: PMC10888779 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Practice not only improves task performance, but also changes task execution from rule- to memory-based processing by incorporating experiences from practice. We tested the hypothesis that strategy transition in task learning results from a cost-benefit analysis of candidate strategies. Participants learned two task sequences and were then queried the task type at a cued sequence and position. Behavioral improvement with practice can be accounted for by a computational model implementing cost-benefit analysis. Model-guided fMRI analysis shows frontal and parietal activations scaling with the demand of executing rule and memory strategy, respectively. fMRI activation pattern analysis further reveals widespread strategy-specific neural representations when their corresponding strategy is executed. Lastly, strategy transition is related to neural representation change in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and pattern separation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus. These findings shed light on how practice optimizes task performance by shifting task representations at the strategy level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guochun Yang
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jiefeng Jiang
- Cognitive Control Collaborative, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lloyd B, Nieuwenhuis S. The effect of reward-induced arousal on the success and precision of episodic memory retrieval. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2105. [PMID: 38267573 PMCID: PMC10808342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Moment-to-moment fluctuations in arousal can have large effects on learning and memory. For example, when neutral items are predictive of a later reward, they are often remembered better than neutral items without a reward association. This reward anticipation manipulation is thought to induce a heightened state of arousal, resulting in stronger encoding. It is unclear, however, whether these arousal-induced effects on encoding are 'all-or-none', or whether encoding precision varies from trial to trial with degree of arousal. Here, we examined whether trial-to-trial variability in reward-related pupil-linked arousal might correspond to variability in participants' long-term memory encoding precision. We tested this using a location memory paradigm in which half of the to-be-encoded neutral items were linked to later monetary reward, while the other half had no reward association. After the encoding phase, we measured immediate item location memory on a continuous scale, allowing us to assess both memory success and memory precision. We found that pre-item baseline pupil size and pupil size during item encoding were not related to subsequent memory performance. In contrast, the anticipation of instrumental reward increased pupil size, and a smaller anticipatory increase in pupil size was linked to greater subsequent memory success but not memory precision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth Lloyd
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Sander Nieuwenhuis
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Leshinskaya A, Nguyen MA, Ranganath C. Integration of event experiences to build relational knowledge in the human brain. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:9997-10012. [PMID: 37492008 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated how the human brain integrates experiences of specific events to build general knowledge about typical event structure. We examined an episodic memory area important for temporal relations, anterior-lateral entorhinal cortex, and a semantic memory area important for action concepts, middle temporal gyrus, to understand how and when these areas contribute to these processes. Participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while learning and recalling temporal relations among novel events over two sessions 1 week apart. Across distinct contexts, individual temporal relations among events could either be consistent or inconsistent with each other. Within each context, during the recall phase, we measured associative coding as the difference of multivoxel correlations among related vs unrelated pairs of events. Neural regions that form integrative representations should exhibit stronger associative coding in the consistent than the inconsistent contexts. We found evidence of integrative representations that emerged quickly in anterior-lateral entorhinal cortex (at session 1), and only subsequently in middle temporal gyrus, which showed a significant change across sessions. A complementary pattern of findings was seen with signatures during learning. This suggests that integrative representations are established early in anterior-lateral entorhinal cortex and may be a pathway to the later emergence of semantic knowledge in middle temporal gyrus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Leshinskaya
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Mitchell A Nguyen
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, 1544 Newton Court, Davis, CA 95618, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yan C, Cui L, Zhang Q, Wei P. Reward association impairs recognition of incidentally encoded negative information: Electrophysiological evidence. Biol Psychol 2023; 182:108629. [PMID: 37442361 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies investigating the effect of reward on emotional episodic memory have produced inconsistent results. In this study, through two experiments using event-related potentials (ERPs), we investigated the effect of reward association on the encoding and retrieval of incidentally encoded emotional information, and examined whether this effect changes over time. Participants in the two experiments were asked to discriminate the emotional valence of color images under reward or no-reward condition and incidentally encode them. Immediate (in Experiment 1) or 24-hour delayed (in Experiment 2) recognition after encoding was tested. In Experiments 1 and 2, reward (relative to no-reward) significantly improved the recognition of positive and neutral items, but significantly reduced the recognition of negative items. During encoding, the significant ERP reward effects (significantly more positive ERP amplitude for rewarded items than for non-rewarded ones) for positive and neutral images were widely distributed from 200 to 1500 ms after image onset, while those for negative stimuli occurred mainly from 200 to 500 ms. During retrieval, the significant ERP reward effects for positive and neutral items occurred in the two experiments, but the reversed ERP reward effects for negative items were found only in Experiment 1. The results of the present study suggest that reward association affects the encoding and retrieval of emotional images by enhancing memory processing efficiency of positive and neutral items, while impairing recognition of negative items, thus yielding a robust and sustained modulation over frontal/frontocentral or centroparietal/parietal areas where mechanisms of reward and emotion processing operate in conjunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Yan
- Learning and Cognition Key Laboratory of Beijing, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China; School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Lixia Cui
- Learning and Cognition Key Laboratory of Beijing, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Learning and Cognition Key Laboratory of Beijing, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ping Wei
- Learning and Cognition Key Laboratory of Beijing, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wahlheim CN, Smith ST, Garlitch SM, Wiley RW. Interpolated retrieval retroactively increases recall and promotes cross-episode memory interdependence. Learn Mem 2023; 30:151-163. [PMID: 37582610 PMCID: PMC10519378 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053782.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Retrieving existing memories before new learning can lead to retroactive facilitation. Three experiments examined whether interpolated retrieval is associated with retroactive facilitation and memory interdependence that reflects integrative encoding. Participants studied two lists of cue-response word pairs that repeated across lists (A-B, A-B), appeared in list 1 (A-B, -), or included the same cues with changed responses in each list (A-B, A-C). For A-B, A-C pairs, the tasks interpolated between lists required recall of list 1 (B) responses (with or without feedback) or restudy of complete list 1 (A-B) pairs. In list 2, participants only studied pairs (experiment 1) or studied pairs, attempted to detect changed (C) responses, and attempted to recall list 1 responses for detected changes (experiments 2 and 3). On a final cued recall test, participants attempted to recall list 1 responses, indicated whether responses changed between lists, and if so, attempted to recall list 2 responses. Interpolated retrieval was associated with subsequent retroactive facilitation and greater memory interdependence for B and C responses. These correlational findings are compatible with the view that retrieval retroactively facilitates memories, promotes coactivation of existing memories and new learning, and enables integrative encoding that veridically binds information across episodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N Wahlheim
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA
| | - Sydney T Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA
| | - Sydney M Garlitch
- Behavioral Sciences Department, Millikin University, Decatur, Illinois 62522, USA
| | - Robert W Wiley
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zou F, Wanjia G, Allen EJ, Wu Y, Charest I, Naselaris T, Kay K, Kuhl BA, Hutchinson JB, DuBrow S. Re-expression of CA1 and entorhinal activity patterns preserves temporal context memory at long timescales. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4350. [PMID: 37468489 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40100-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Converging, cross-species evidence indicates that memory for time is supported by hippocampal area CA1 and entorhinal cortex. However, limited evidence characterizes how these regions preserve temporal memories over long timescales (e.g., months). At long timescales, memoranda may be encountered in multiple temporal contexts, potentially creating interference. Here, using 7T fMRI, we measured CA1 and entorhinal activity patterns as human participants viewed thousands of natural scene images distributed, and repeated, across many months. We show that memory for an image's original temporal context was predicted by the degree to which CA1/entorhinal activity patterns from the first encounter with an image were re-expressed during re-encounters occurring minutes to months later. Critically, temporal memory signals were dissociable from predictors of recognition confidence, which were carried by distinct medial temporal lobe expressions. These findings suggest that CA1 and entorhinal cortex preserve temporal memories across long timescales by coding for and reinstating temporal context information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Futing Zou
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | - Guo Wanjia
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Emily J Allen
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yihan Wu
- Graduate Program in Cognitive Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ian Charest
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Thomas Naselaris
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kendrick Kay
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Brice A Kuhl
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | | | - Sarah DuBrow
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tomás DJ, Nascimento Alves P, Vânia Silva-Nunes M. Spatial orientation: A relationship with inferential memory. Brain Cogn 2023; 170:106059. [PMID: 37392702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.106059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023]
Abstract
Two branches of the scientific literature have dominated our understanding of hippocampal function. One focuses on the support this structure offers to declarative memory, while the other views the hippocampus as a part of a system dedicated to spatial navigation. These two different visions can be reconciled in relational theory, which suggests that the hippocampus processes all kinds of associations and sequences of events. According to this, processing would be similar to a route calculation based on associations of spatial information acquired during navigation and the associative relationship established between memories without spatial content. In this paper, we present a behavioral study of healthy individuals to explore the performance of inferential memory tasks and spatial orientation tasks in a virtual environment. Inferential memory and spatial orientation task performances were positively correlated. However, after controlling for a non-inferential memory task, only the correlation between allocentric spatial orientation and inferential memory remained significant. These results provide support for the similarity between the two cognitive functions, lending credence to the relational theory of the hippocampus. Additionally, our behavioral findings are in line with the cognitive map theory, which suggests a potential association between the hippocampus and allocentric spatial representations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo João Tomás
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa - Institute of Health Sciences - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Lisbon, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde Atlântica, Barcarena, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Nascimento Alves
- Laboratório de Estudos de Linguagem, Centro de Estudos Egas Moniz, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Serviço de Neurologia, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Vânia Silva-Nunes
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa - Institute of Health Sciences - Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Comino Garcia-Munoz A, Alemán-Gómez Y, Toledano R, Poch C, García-Morales I, Aledo-Serrano Á, Gil-Nagel A, Campo P. Morphometric and microstructural characteristics of hippocampal subfields in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy and their correlates with mnemonic discrimination. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1096873. [PMID: 36864916 PMCID: PMC9972498 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1096873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Pattern separation (PS) is a fundamental aspect of memory creation that defines the ability to transform similar memory representations into distinct ones, so they do not overlap when storing and retrieving them. Experimental evidence in animal models and the study of other human pathologies have demonstrated the role of the hippocampus in PS, in particular of the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3. Patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HE) commonly report mnemonic deficits that have been associated with failures in PS. However, the link between these impairments and the integrity of the hippocampal subfields in these patients has not yet been determined. The aim of this work is to explore the association between the ability to perform mnemonic functions and the integrity of hippocampal CA1, CA3, and DG in patients with unilateral MTLE-HE. Method To reach this goal we evaluated the memory of patients with an improved object mnemonic similarity test. We then analyzed the hippocampal complex structural and microstructural integrity using diffusion weighted imaging. Results Our results indicate that patients with unilateral MTLE-HE present alterations in both volume and microstructural properties at the level of the hippocampal subfields DG, CA1, CA3, and the subiculum, that sometimes depend on the lateralization of their epileptic focus. However, none of the specific changes was found to be directly related to the performance of the patients in a pattern separation task, which might indicate a contribution of various alterations to the mnemonic deficits or the key contribution of other structures to the function. Discussion we established for the first time the alterations in both the volume and the microstructure at the level of the hippocampal subfields in a group of unilateral MTLE patients. We observed that these changes are greater in the DG and CA1 at the macrostructural level, and in CA3 and CA1 in the microstructural level. None of these changes had a direct relation to the performance of the patients in a pattern separation task, which suggests a contribution of various alterations to the loss of function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Comino Garcia-Munoz
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique Biologique et Médicale-Unité Mixte de Recherche 7339, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Yasser Alemán-Gómez
- Connectomics Lab, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Toledano
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid, Spain,Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Poch
- Facultad de Lenguas y Educación, Universidad de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene García-Morales
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid, Spain,Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospital of San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Aledo-Serrano
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Gil-Nagel
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Ruber Internacional, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Campo
- Department of Basic Psychology, Autonoma University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Pablo Campo ✉
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ciuvat RM, Furnham A, McClelland A. Sex Does Not Sell: The Effect of Sexual Content on Advertisement Effectiveness and Interference with Memory for Program Information. Percept Mot Skills 2023; 130:149-169. [PMID: 36341490 PMCID: PMC10014896 DOI: 10.1177/00315125221138395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Does increasing the sexual content of advertisements lead, though memory processes, to greater sales? By employing a between-participants design, we aimed to explore how sexual advertising affects explicit and implicit memory, and whether it impairs memory for information preceding the commercials (retroactive interference) or following the commercials (proactive interference). We randomly assigned 182 young participants in the UK to one of two groups who watched the same TV program containing an advertisement break during which either sexual or nonsexual advertisements were shown, while brands were held constant across conditions. Participants were then tested on their explicit and implicit memory for both the advertising content and program information. Results revealed that implicit memory was better for nonsexual than for sexual advertisements. Unexpectedly, there was no group difference in participants' explicit memory for the advertisements. Further, sexual advertising resulted in retroactive interference with program information, whereas proactive memory for program information was not impaired. We acknowledge various study limitations and discuss proposals for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta-Maria Ciuvat
- Department of Experimental Psychology, 4919University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Alastair McClelland
- Department of Experimental Psychology, 4919University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Collin SHP, van den Broek PLC, van Mourik T, Desain P, Doeller CF. Inducing a mental context for associative memory formation with real-time fMRI neurofeedback. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21226. [PMID: 36481793 PMCID: PMC9731952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25799-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory, one of the hallmarks of human cognition, can be modified when humans voluntarily modulate neural population activity using neurofeedback. However, it is currently unknown whether neurofeedback can influence the integration of memories, and whether memory is facilitated or impaired after such neural perturbation. In this study, participants memorized objects while we provided them with abstract neurofeedback based on their brain activity patterns in the ventral visual stream. This neurofeedback created an implicit face or house context in the brain while memorizing the objects. The results revealed that participants created associations between each memorized object and its implicit context solely due to the neurofeedback manipulation. Our findings shed light onto how memory formation can be influenced by synthetic memory tags with neurofeedback and advance our understanding of mnemonic processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvy H. P. Collin
- grid.12295.3d0000 0001 0943 3265Tilburg School of Humanities and Digital Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Philip L. C. van den Broek
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tim van Mourik
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Desain
- grid.5590.90000000122931605Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Christian F. Doeller
- grid.419524.f0000 0001 0041 5028Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.5947.f0000 0001 1516 2393Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, The Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Jebsen Centre for Alzheimer’s Disease, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Psychology-Wilhelm Wundt, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhu Y, Zeng Y, Ren J, Zhang L, Chen C, Fernandez G, Qin S. Emotional learning retroactively promotes memory integration through rapid neural reactivation and reorganization. eLife 2022; 11:e60190. [PMID: 36476501 PMCID: PMC9815824 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutral events preceding emotional experiences can be better remembered, likely by assigning them as significant to guide possible use in future. Yet, the neurobiological mechanisms of how emotional learning enhances memory for past mundane events remain unclear. By two behavioral studies and one functional magnetic resonance imaging study with an adapted sensory preconditioning paradigm, we show rapid neural reactivation and connectivity changes underlying emotion-charged retroactive memory enhancement. Behaviorally, emotional learning retroactively enhanced initial memory for neutral associations across the three studies. Neurally, emotional learning potentiated trial-specific reactivation of overlapping neural traces in the hippocampus and stimulus-relevant neocortex. It further induced rapid hippocampal-neocortical functional reorganization supporting such retroactive memory benefit, as characterized by enhanced hippocampal-neocortical coupling modulated by the amygdala during emotional learning, and a shift of hippocampal connectivity from stimulus-relevant neocortex to distributed transmodal prefrontal-parietal areas at post-learning rests. Together, emotional learning retroactively promotes memory integration for past neutral events through stimulating trial-specific reactivation of overlapping representations and reorganization of associated memories into an integrated network to foster its priority for future use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Yimeng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jingyuan Ren
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Lingke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Changming Chen
- School of Education, Chongqing Normal UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Guillen Fernandez
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Shaozheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Brain Imaging and Connectomics, Beijing Normal UniversityBeijingChina
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kerrén C, van Bree S, Griffiths BJ, Wimber M. Phase separation of competing memories along the human hippocampal theta rhythm. eLife 2022; 11:80633. [DOI: 10.7554/elife.80633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Competition between overlapping memories is considered one of the major causes of forgetting, and it is still unknown how the human brain resolves such mnemonic conflict. In the present magnetoencephalography (MEG) study, we empirically tested a computational model that leverages an oscillating inhibition algorithm to minimise overlap between memories. We used a proactive interference task, where a reminder word could be associated with either a single image (non-competitive condition) or two competing images, and participants were asked to always recall the most recently learned word–image association. Time-resolved pattern classifiers were trained to detect the reactivated content of target and competitor memories from MEG sensor patterns, and the timing of these neural reactivations was analysed relative to the phase of the dominant hippocampal 3 Hz theta oscillation. In line with our pre-registered hypotheses, target and competitor reactivations locked to different phases of the hippocampal theta rhythm after several repeated recalls. Participants who behaviourally experienced lower levels of interference also showed larger phase separation between the two overlapping memories. The findings provide evidence that the temporal segregation of memories, orchestrated by slow oscillations, plays a functional role in resolving mnemonic competition by separating and prioritising relevant memories under conditions of high interference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Casper Kerrén
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham
- Research Group Adaptive Memory and Decision Making, Max Planck Institute for Human Development
| | - Sander van Bree
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, School of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow
| | | | - Maria Wimber
- Centre for Human Brain Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham
- Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, School of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cohen AO, Phaneuf CV, Rosenbaum GM, Glover MM, Avallone KN, Shen X, Hartley CA. Reward-motivated memories influence new learning across development. Learn Mem 2022; 29:421-429. [PMID: 36253009 PMCID: PMC9578374 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053595.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Previously rewarding experiences can influence choices in new situations. Past work has demonstrated that existing reward associations can either help or hinder future behaviors and that there is substantial individual variability in the transfer of value across contexts. Developmental changes in reward sensitivity may also modulate the impact of prior reward associations on later goal-directed behavior. The current study aimed to characterize how reward associations formed in the past affected learning in the present from childhood to adulthood. Participants completed a reinforcement learning paradigm using high- and low-reward stimuli from a task completed 24 h earlier, as well as novel stimuli, as choice options. We found that prior high-reward associations impeded learning across all ages. We then assessed how individual differences in the prioritization of high- versus low-reward associations in memory impacted new learning. Greater high-reward memory prioritization was associated with worse learning performance for previously high-reward relative to low-reward stimuli across age. Adolescents also showed impeded early learning regardless of individual differences in high-reward memory prioritization. Detrimental effects of previous reward on choice behavior did not persist beyond learning. These findings indicate that prior reward associations proactively interfere with future learning from childhood to adulthood and that individual differences in reward-related memory prioritization influence new learning across age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra O Cohen
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Camille V Phaneuf
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Gail M Rosenbaum
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Morgan M Glover
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Kristen N Avallone
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Xinxu Shen
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Catherine A Hartley
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Antony JW, Romero A, Vierra AH, Luenser RS, Hawkins RD, Bennion KA. Semantic relatedness retroactively boosts memory and promotes memory interdependence across episodes. eLife 2022; 11:72519. [PMID: 35704025 PMCID: PMC9203053 DOI: 10.7554/elife.72519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two fundamental issues in memory research concern when later experiences strengthen or weaken initial memories and when the two memories become linked or remain independent. A promising candidate for explaining these issues is semantic relatedness. Here, across five paired-associate learning experiments (N=1000), we systematically varied the semantic relatedness between initial and later cues, initial and later targets, or both. We found that learning retroactively benefited long-term memory performance for semantically related words (vs. unshown control words), and these benefits increased as a function of relatedness. Critically, memory dependence between initial and later pairs also increased with relatedness, suggesting that pre-existing semantic relationships promote interdependence for memories formed across episodes. We also found that modest retroactive benefits, but not interdependencies, emerged when subjects learned via studying rather than practice testing. These findings demonstrate that semantic relatedness during new learning retroactively strengthens old associations while scaffolding new ones into well-fortified memory traces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Antony
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States.,Department of Psychology and Child Development, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, United States
| | - America Romero
- Department of Psychology and Child Development, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, United States
| | - Anthony H Vierra
- Department of Psychology and Child Development, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, United States
| | - Rebecca S Luenser
- Department of Psychology and Child Development, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, United States
| | - Robert D Hawkins
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Kelly A Bennion
- Department of Psychology and Child Development, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang X, Qiu Y, Li J, Jia C, Liao J, Chen K, Qiu L, Yuan Z, Huang R. Neural correlates of transitive inference: An SDM meta-analysis on 32 fMRI studies. Neuroimage 2022; 258:119354. [PMID: 35659997 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitive inference (TI) is a critical capacity involving the integration of relevant information into prior knowledge structure for drawing novel inferences on unobserved relationships. To date, the neural correlates of TI remain unclear due to the small sample size and heterogeneity of various experimental tasks from individual studies. Here, the meta-analysis on 32 fMRI studies was performed to detect brain activation patterns of TI and its three paradigms (spatial inference, hierarchical inference, and associative inference). We found the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex (PFC), putamen, posterior parietal cortex (PPC), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), supplementary motor area (SMA), precentral gyrus (PreCG), and median cingulate cortex (MCC) were engaged in TI. Specifically, the RSC was implicated in the associative inference, whereas PPC, SMA, PreCG, and MCC were implicated in the hierarchical inference. In addition, the hierarchical inference and associative inference both evoked activation in the hippocampus, medial PFC, and PCC. Although the meta-analysis on spatial inference did not generate a reliable result due to insufficient amount of investigations, the present work still offers a new insight for better understanding the neural basis underlying TI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education; School of Psychology; Center for Studies of Psychological Application; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yidan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education; School of Psychology; Center for Studies of Psychological Application; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education; School of Psychology; Center for Studies of Psychological Application; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuchu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education; School of Psychology; Center for Studies of Psychological Application; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Liao
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education; School of Psychology; Center for Studies of Psychological Application; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Kemeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education; School of Psychology; Center for Studies of Psychological Application; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixin Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education; School of Psychology; Center for Studies of Psychological Application; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Ruiwang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education; School of Psychology; Center for Studies of Psychological Application; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, South China Normal University, 510631 Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Developmental differences in memory reactivation relate to encoding and inference in the human brain. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:415-428. [PMID: 34782728 PMCID: PMC8973118 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that children can draw on their memories to make novel inferences, it is unknown whether they do so through the same neural mechanisms as adults. We measured memory reinstatement as participants aged 7-30 years learned new, related information. While adults brought memories to mind throughout learning, adolescents did so only transiently, and children not at all. Analysis of trial-wise variability in reactivation showed that discrepant neural mechanisms-and in particular, what we interpret as suppression of interfering memories during learning in early adolescence-are nevertheless beneficial for later inference at each developmental stage. These results suggest that while adults build integrated memories well-suited to informing inference directly, children and adolescents instead must rely on separate memories to be individually referenced at the time of inference decisions.
Collapse
|
17
|
Bramão I, Jiang J, Wagner AD, Johansson M. Encoding contexts are incidentally reinstated during competitive retrieval and track the temporal dynamics of memory interference. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:5020-5035. [PMID: 35106538 PMCID: PMC9667177 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to remember an episode from our past is often hindered by competition from similar events. For example, if we want to remember the article a colleague recommended during the last lab meeting, we may need to resolve interference from other article recommendations from the same colleague. This study investigates if the contextual features specifying the encoding episodes are incidentally reinstated during competitive memory retrieval. Competition between memories was created through the AB/AC interference paradigm. Individual word-pairs were presented embedded in a slowly drifting real-word-like context. Multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) of high temporal-resolution electroencephalographic (EEG) data was used to investigate context reactivation during memory retrieval. Behaviorally, we observed proactive (but not retroactive) interference; that is, performance for AC competitive retrieval was worse compared with a control DE noncompetitive retrieval, whereas AB retrieval did not suffer from competition. Neurally, proactive interference was accompanied by an early reinstatement of the competitor context and interference resolution was associated with the ensuing reinstatement of the target context. Together, these findings provide novel evidence showing that the encoding contexts of competing discrete events are incidentally reinstated during competitive retrieval and that such reinstatement tracks retrieval competition and subsequent interference resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês Bramão
- Address correspondence to Inês Bramão, Department of Psychology, Lund University, Box 213, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden.
| | - Jiefeng Jiang
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa 52242-1407, USA
| | - Anthony D Wagner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, CA 94305, USA,Department of Psychology, Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mikael Johansson
- Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund SE-221 00, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ryan TJ, Frankland PW. Forgetting as a form of adaptive engram cell plasticity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2022; 23:173-186. [PMID: 35027710 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00548-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
One leading hypothesis suggests that memories are stored in ensembles of neurons (or 'engram cells') and that successful recall involves reactivation of these ensembles. A logical extension of this idea is that forgetting occurs when engram cells cannot be reactivated. Forms of 'natural forgetting' vary considerably in terms of their underlying mechanisms, time course and reversibility. However, we suggest that all forms of forgetting involve circuit remodelling that switches engram cells from an accessible state (where they can be reactivated by natural recall cues) to an inaccessible state (where they cannot). In many cases, forgetting rates are modulated by environmental conditions and we therefore propose that forgetting is a form of neuroplasticity that alters engram cell accessibility in a manner that is sensitive to mismatches between expectations and the environment. Moreover, we hypothesize that disease states associated with forgetting may hijack natural forgetting mechanisms, resulting in reduced engram cell accessibility and memory loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomás J Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Trinity College Institute for Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. .,Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Child & Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Paul W Frankland
- Child & Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rapid neural reorganization during retrieval practice predicts subsequent long-term retention and false memory. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:134-145. [PMID: 34621051 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-021-01188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Active retrieval can alter the strength and content of a memory, yielding either enhanced or distorted subsequent recall. However, how consolidation influences these retrieval-induced seemingly contradictory outcomes remains unknown. Here we show that rapid neural reorganization over an eight-run retrieval practice predicted subsequent recall. Retrieval practice boosted memory retention following a 24-hour (long-term) but not 30-minute delay, and increased false memory at both delays. Long-term retention gains were predicted by multi-voxel representation distinctiveness in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) that increased progressively over retrieval practice. False memory was predicted by unstable representation distinctiveness in the medial temporal lobe (MTL). Retrieval practice enhanced the efficiency of memory-related brain networks, through building up PPC and MTL connections with the ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex that predicted long-term retention gains and false memory, respectively. Our findings indicate that retrieval-induced rapid neural reorganization together with consecutive consolidation fosters long-term retention and false memories via distinct pathways.
Collapse
|
20
|
Episodic memory enhancement versus impairment is determined by contextual similarity across events. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2101509118. [PMID: 34819361 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101509118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For over a century, stability of spatial context across related episodes has been considered a source of memory interference, impairing memory retrieval. However, contemporary memory integration theory generates a diametrically opposite prediction. Here, we aimed to resolve this discrepancy by manipulating local context similarity across temporally disparate but related episodes and testing the direction and underlying mechanisms of memory change. A series of experiments show that contextual stability produces memory integration and marked reciprocal strengthening. Variable context, conversely, seemed to result in competition such that new memories become enhanced at the expense of original memories. Interestingly, these patterns were virtually inverted in an additional experiment where context was reinstated during recall. These observations 1) identify contextual similarity across original and new memories as an important determinant in the volatility of memory, 2) present a challenge to classic and modern theories on episodic memory change, and 3) indicate that the sensitivity of context-induced memory changes to retrieval conditions may reconcile paradoxical predictions of interference and integration theory.
Collapse
|
21
|
da Silva Castanheira K, Lalla A, Ocampo K, Otto AR, Sheldon S. Reward at encoding but not retrieval modulates memory for detailed events. Cognition 2021; 219:104957. [PMID: 34839897 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Much of the evidence suggesting that rewards improve memory performance has focused on how explicit rewards facilitate encoding of simplistic stimuli. To expand beyond this focus, the current study tested how explicit rewards presented at encoding as well as retrieval facilitate memory for information contained within complex events. In a single experimental session, participants (N = 88) encoded videos depicting naturalistic events (e.g., getting dressed) and then completed a recognition test probing their memory for different detail types (i.e., event, perceptual, or contextual) from the video stimuli. We manipulated the explicit reward associated with each video, such that accurate memory responses for half the videos were associated with high monetary incentives and half were associated with low monetary incentives. This reward manipulation was presented at either encoding or retrieval during a recognition memory test. The reward manipulation only affected memory when presented at encoding and this effect did not depend on the type of detail probed. Drift Diffusion Modelling further revealed that presenting reward information at encoding engendered greater encoding fidelity-indexed by an increase in drift rate-but did not change response caution at the time of retrieval-indexed by response threshold. Together, our results suggest that presenting reward information when encoding but not retrieving complex events has a general facilitatory effect, likely via attentional processing, on the ability to later remember precise details from the event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Azara Lalla
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Katrina Ocampo
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - A Ross Otto
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Signy Sheldon
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cohn-Sheehy BI, Delarazan AI, Reagh ZM, Crivelli-Decker JE, Kim K, Barnett AJ, Zacks JM, Ranganath C. The hippocampus constructs narrative memories across distant events. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4935-4945.e7. [PMID: 34592172 PMCID: PMC9373723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Life's events are scattered throughout time, yet we often recall different events in the context of an integrated narrative. Prior research suggests that the hippocampus, which supports memory for past events, can support the integration of overlapping associations or separate events in memory. However, the conditions that lead to hippocampus-dependent memory integration are unclear. We used functional brain imaging to test whether the opportunity to form a larger narrative (narrative coherence) drives hippocampal memory integration. During encoding of fictional stories, patterns of hippocampal activity, including activity at boundaries between events, were more similar between distant events that formed one coherent narrative, compared with overlapping events taken from unrelated narratives. One day later, the hippocampus preferentially supported detailed recall of coherent narrative events, through reinstatement of hippocampal activity patterns from encoding. These findings demonstrate a key function of the hippocampus: the integration of events into a narrative structure for memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan I. Cohn-Sheehy
- M.D./Ph.D. Program, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA,Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Corresponding Author and Lead Contact: Brendan I. Cohn-Sheehy, Ph.D.
| | - Angelique I. Delarazan
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zachariah M. Reagh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jordan E. Crivelli-Decker
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Kamin Kim
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey M. Zacks
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Charan Ranganath
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bein O, Plotkin NA, Davachi L. Mnemonic prediction errors promote detailed memories. Learn Mem 2021; 28:422-434. [PMID: 34663695 PMCID: PMC8525423 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053410.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
When our experience violates our predictions, it is adaptive to update our knowledge to promote a more accurate representation of the world and facilitate future predictions. Theoretical models propose that these mnemonic prediction errors should be encoded into a distinct memory trace to prevent interference with previous, conflicting memories. We investigated this proposal by repeatedly exposing participants to pairs of sequentially presented objects (A → B), thus evoking expectations. Then, we violated participants' expectations by replacing the second object in the pairs with a novel object (A → C). The following item memory test required participants to discriminate between identical old items and similar lures, thus testing detailed and distinctive item memory representations. In two experiments, mnemonic prediction errors enhanced item memory: Participants correctly identified more old items as old when those items violated expectations during learning, compared with items that did not violate expectations. This memory enhancement for C items was only observed when participants later showed intact memory for the related A → B pairs, suggesting that strong predictions are required to facilitate memory for violations. Following up on this, a third experiment reduced prediction strength prior to violation and subsequently eliminated the memory advantage of violations. Interestingly, mnemonic prediction errors did not increase gist-based mistakes of identifying old items as similar lures or identifying similar lures as old. Enhanced item memory in the absence of gist-based mistakes suggests that violations enhanced memory for items' details, which could be mediated via distinct memory traces. Together, these results advance our knowledge of how mnemonic prediction errors promote memory formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oded Bein
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - Natalie A Plotkin
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
| | - Lila Davachi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, USA
- Center for Clinical Research, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Kliegl O, Bäuml KHT. The Mechanisms Underlying Interference and Inhibition: A Review of Current Behavioral and Neuroimaging Research. Brain Sci 2021; 11:1246. [PMID: 34573266 PMCID: PMC8467325 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11091246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The memory literature has identified interference and inhibition as two major sources of forgetting. While interference is generally considered to be a passive cause of forgetting arising from exposure to additional information that impedes subsequent recall of target information, inhibition concerns a more active and goal-directed cause of forgetting that can be achieved intentionally. Over the past 25 years, our knowledge of the neural mechanisms underlying both interference-induced and inhibition-induced forgetting has expanded substantially. The present paper gives a critical overview of this research, pointing out empirical gaps in the current work and providing suggestions for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kliegl
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Regensburg University, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz T Bäuml
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Regensburg University, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wittkuhn L, Chien S, Hall-McMaster S, Schuck NW. Replay in minds and machines. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 129:367-388. [PMID: 34371078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Experience-related brain activity patterns reactivate during sleep, wakeful rest, and brief pauses from active behavior. In parallel, machine learning research has found that experience replay can lead to substantial performance improvements in artificial agents. Together, these lines of research suggest replay has a variety of computational benefits for decision-making and learning. Here, we provide an overview of putative computational functions of replay as suggested by machine learning and neuroscientific research. We show that replay can lead to faster learning, less forgetting, reorganization or augmentation of experiences, and support planning and generalization. In addition, we highlight the benefits of reactivating abstracted internal representations rather than veridical memories, and discuss how replay could provide a mechanism to build internal representations that improve learning and decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Wittkuhn
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Samson Chien
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sam Hall-McMaster
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolas W Schuck
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Lentzeallee 94, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Miller-Goldwater HE, Cronin-Golomb LM, Porter BM, Bauer PJ. Developmental differences in reactivation underlying self-derivation of new knowledge through memory integration. Cogn Psychol 2021; 129:101413. [PMID: 34304109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2021.101413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Self-derivation of novel facts through integration of memory content is fundamental to acquiring new knowledge and a means of building a semantic knowledge base. It involves combining memory content acquired across separate episodes of learning to generate new knowledge that was not explicitly taught in either episode. To self-derive, one needs to reactivate earlier learned memory content upon exposure to related content and then integrate the learning episodes. Previous research found developmental differences in the conditions under which integration occurs. Adults spontaneously integrate whereas 7- to 9-year-old children seemingly integrate only upon direct tests that verbally prompt for integration. Yet it is unclear whether children engage in the preliminary process of reactivation prior to the direct tests. To address this gap in the current research, we developed an eye-tracking paradigm and tested whether adults and 7- to 9-year-old children engage in the process of reactivation prior to direct tests. The direct tests verbally prompted for integration of memory content requiring self-derivation through both open-ended and forced-choice formats. Both adults and children engaged in reactivation prior to the direct tests. The extent of their reactivation predicted their performance on the direct tests. However, adults showed stronger evidence of reactivation and performed better than children on the direct tests. This work contributes to understandings of developmental differences in the underlying processes involved in the development of new knowledge.
Collapse
|
27
|
Conner LB, Horta M, Ebner NC, Lighthall NR. Value network engagement and effects of memory-related processing during encoding and retrieval of value. Brain Cogn 2021; 152:105754. [PMID: 34052683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Decision makers rely on episodic memory to calculate choice values in everyday life, yet it is unclear how neural mechanisms of valuation differ when value-related information is encoded versus retrieved from episodic memory. The current fMRI study compared neural correlates of value while information was encoded versus retrieved from memory. Scanned tasks were followed by a behavioral episodic memory test for item-attribute associations. Our analyses sought to (i) identify neural correlates of value that were distinct and common across encoding and retrieval, and (ii) determine whether neural mechanisms of valuation and episodic memory interact. The study yielded three primary findings. First, value-related activation in the fronto-striatal reward circuit and posterior parietal cortex was comparable across valuation phases. Second, value-related activation in select fronto-parietal and salience regions was significantly greater at value retrieval than encoding. Third, there was no interaction between neural correlates of valuation and episodic memory. Taken with prior research, the present study indicates that fronto-parietal and salience regions play a key role in retrieval-dependent valuation and context-specific effects likely determine whether neural correlates of value interact with episodic memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay B Conner
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Marilyn Horta
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Natalie C Ebner
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Nichole R Lighthall
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
When people experience everyday activities, their comprehension can be shaped by expectations that derive from similar recent experiences, which can affect the encoding of a new experience into memory. When a new experience includes changes-such as a driving route being blocked by construction-this can lead to interference in subsequent memory. One potential mechanism of effective encoding of event changes is the retrieval of related features from previous events. Another such mechanism is the generation of a prediction error when a predicted feature is contradicted. In two experiments, we tested for effects of these two mechanisms on memory for changed features in movies of everyday activities. Participants viewed movies of an actor performing everyday activities across two fictitious days. Some event features changed across the days, and some features violated viewers' predictions. Retrieval of previous event features while viewing the second movie was associated with better subsequent memory, providing evidence for the retrieval mechanism. Contrary to our hypotheses, there was no support for the error mechanism: Prediction error was not associated with better memory when it was observed correlationally (Experiment 1) or directly manipulated (Experiment 2). These results support a key role for episodic retrieval in the encoding of new events. They also indicate boundary conditions on the role of prediction errors in driving new learning. Both findings have clear implications for theories of event memory.
Collapse
|
29
|
Dabaghian Y. From Topological Analyses to Functional Modeling: The Case of Hippocampus. Front Comput Neurosci 2021; 14:593166. [PMID: 33505262 PMCID: PMC7829363 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2020.593166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Topological data analyses are widely used for describing and conceptualizing large volumes of neurobiological data, e.g., for quantifying spiking outputs of large neuronal ensembles and thus understanding the functions of the corresponding networks. Below we discuss an approach in which convergent topological analyses produce insights into how information may be processed in mammalian hippocampus—a brain part that plays a key role in learning and memory. The resulting functional model provides a unifying framework for integrating spiking data at different timescales and following the course of spatial learning at different levels of spatiotemporal granularity. This approach allows accounting for contributions from various physiological phenomena into spatial cognition—the neuronal spiking statistics, the effects of spiking synchronization by different brain waves, the roles played by synaptic efficacies and so forth. In particular, it is possible to demonstrate that networks with plastic and transient synaptic architectures can encode stable cognitive maps, revealing the characteristic timescales of memory processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Dabaghian
- Department of Neurology, The University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Context differentiation and remindings in episodic memory updating. PSYCHOLOGY OF LEARNING AND MOTIVATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.plm.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
31
|
Georgiev D, Roškar S, Čuš A, Wilkinson L, Jahanshahi M. STN-DBS Increases Proactive but Not Retroactive Interference During Verbal Learning in PD. Mov Disord 2020; 36:1010-1015. [PMID: 33332646 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proactive interference (PI) refers to the interference of previously learned materials with new learning and reflects the failure of inhibitory processes in memory. Retroactive interference (RI) refers to the unfavorable effect of new learning on the later recall of previously learned information. Although subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) does not affect global cognition in Parkinson's disease (PD), it has negative effects on specific aspects of cognition, including verbal fluency and executive inhibitory control of action.To this end, we set to test the acute effect of STN-DBS on PI and RI during verbal learning. METHODS Twenty PD patients with STN-DBS were tested on the California Verbal Learning Test-II using an ON/OFF stimulation design. RESULTS The results showed that stimulation increased PI ON stimulation (P = 0.012) but had no effect on RI (P = 0.816). CONCLUSIONS Our results extend the role of STN to the inhibitory control that is required during memory encoding or recall for prevention of PI. © 2020 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Georgiev
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sanja Roškar
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Čuš
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Leonora Wilkinson
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marjan Jahanshahi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Binte Mohd Ikhsan SN, Bisby JA, Bush D, Steins DS, Burgess N. EPS mid-career prize 2018: Inference within episodic memory reflects pattern completion. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2020; 73:2047-2070. [PMID: 33030092 PMCID: PMC7691565 DOI: 10.1177/1747021820959797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recollection of episodic memories is a process of reconstruction where coherent events are inferred from subsets of remembered associations. Here, we investigated the formation of multielement events from sequential presentation of overlapping pairs of elements (people, places, and objects/animals), interleaved with pairs from other events. Retrievals of paired associations from a fully observed event (e.g., AB, BC, AC) were statistically dependent, indicating a process of pattern completion, but retrievals from a partially observed event (e.g., AB, BC, CD) were not. However, inference for unseen “indirect” associations (i.e., AC, BD or AD) from a partially observed event showed strong dependency with each other and with linking direct associations from that event. In addition, inference of indirect associations correlated with the product of performance on the linking direct associations across events (e.g., AC with ABxBC) but not on the non-linking association (e.g., AC with CD). These results were seen across three experiments, with greater differences in dependency between indirect and direct associations when they were separately tested, but similar results following single and repeated presentations of the direct associations. The results could be accounted for by a simple auto-associative network model of hippocampal memory function. Our findings suggest that pattern completion supports recollection of fully observed multielement events and the inference of indirect associations in partly observed multielement events, mediated via the directly observed linking associations (although the direct associations themselves were retrieved independently). Together with previous work, our results suggest that associative inference plays a key role in reconstructive episodic memory and does so through hippocampal pattern completion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - James A Bisby
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Bush
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David S Steins
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Neil Burgess
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
- UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Buildup and release from proactive interference - Cognitive and neural mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 120:264-278. [PMID: 33221329 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Interference from related memories is generally considered one of the major causes of forgetting in human memory. The most prevalent form of interference may be proactive interference (PI), which refers to the finding that memory of more recently studied information can be impaired by the previous study of other information. PI is a fairly persistent effect, but numerous studies have shown that there can also be release from PI. PI buildup and release have primarily been studied using paired-associate learning, the Brown-Peterson task, or multiple-list learning. The review first introduces the three experimental tasks and, for each task, summarizes critical findings on PI buildup and release, from both behavioral and imaging work. Then, an overview is provided of suggested cognitive mechanisms operating on the encoding and retrieval stages as well as of neural correlates of these mechanisms. The results indicate that, in general, both encoding and retrieval processes contribute to PI buildup and release. Finally, empirical gaps in the current work are emphasized and suggestions for future studies are provided.
Collapse
|
34
|
Liu W, Kohn N, Fernández G. Probing the neural dynamics of mnemonic representations after the initial consolidation. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117213. [PMID: 32739553 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Memories are not stored as static engrams, but as dynamic representations affected by processes occurring after initial encoding. Previous studies revealed changes in activity and mnemonic representations in visual processing areas, parietal lobe, and hippocampus underlying repeated retrieval and suppression. However, these neural changes are usually induced by memory modulation immediately after memory formation. Here, we investigated 27 healthy participants with a two-day functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging study design to probe how established memories are dynamically modulated by retrieval and suppression 24 h after learning. Behaviorally, we demonstrated that established memories can still be strengthened by repeated retrieval. By contrast, repeated suppression had a modest negative effect, and suppression-induced forgetting was associated with individual suppression efficacy. Neurally, we demonstrated item-specific pattern reinstatements in visual processing areas, parietal lobe, and hippocampus. Then, we showed that repeated retrieval reduced activity amplitude in the ventral visual cortex and hippocampus, but enhanced the distinctiveness of activity patterns in the ventral visual cortex and parietal lobe. Critically, reduced activity was associated with enhanced representation of idiosyncratic memory traces in the ventral visual cortex and precuneus. In contrast, repeated memory suppression was associated with reduced lateral prefrontal activity, but relative intact mnemonic representations. Our results replicated most of the neural changes induced by memory retrieval and suppression immediately after learning and extended those findings to established memories after initial consolidation. Active retrieval seems to promote episode-unique mnemonic representations in the neocortex after initial encoding but also consolidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Nils Kohn
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Guillén Fernández
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Kim G, Norman KA, Turk-Browne NB. Neural Overlap in Item Representations Across Episodes Impairs Context Memory. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:2682-2693. [PMID: 29897407 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We frequently encounter the same item in different contexts, and when that happens, memories of earlier encounters can get reactivated. We examined how existing memories are changed as a result of such reactivation. We hypothesized that when an item's initial and subsequent neural representations overlap, this allows the initial item to become associated with novel contextual information, interfering with later retrieval of the initial context. Specifically, we predicted a negative relationship between representational similarity across repeated experiences of an item and subsequent source memory for the initial context. We tested this hypothesis in an fMRI study, in which objects were presented multiple times during different tasks. We measured the similarity of the neural patterns in lateral occipital cortex that were elicited by the first and second presentations of objects, and related this neural overlap score to subsequent source memory. Consistent with our hypothesis, greater item-specific pattern similarity was linked to worse source memory for the initial task. In contrast, greater reactivation of the initial context was associated with better source memory. Our findings suggest that the influence of novel experiences on an existing context memory depends on how reliably a shared component (i.e., item) is represented across these episodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghootae Kim
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Kenneth A Norman
- Department of Psychology, Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholas B Turk-Browne
- Department of Psychology, Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abstract
Over the past century, psychologists have discussed whether forgetting might arise from active mechanisms that promote memory loss to achieve various functions, such as minimizing errors, facilitating learning, or regulating one's emotional state. The past decade has witnessed a great expansion in knowledge about the brain mechanisms underlying active forgetting in its varying forms. A core discovery concerns the role of the prefrontal cortex in exerting top-down control over mnemonic activity in the hippocampus and other brain structures, often via inhibitory control. New findings reveal that such processes not only induce forgetting of specific memories but also can suppress the operation of mnemonic processes more broadly, triggering windows of anterograde and retrograde amnesia in healthy people. Recent work extends active forgetting to nonhuman animals, presaging the development of a multilevel mechanistic account that spans the cognitive, systems, network, and even cellular levels. This work reveals how organisms adapt their memories to their cognitive and emotional goals and has implications for understanding vulnerability to psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Anderson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge. Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom;
| | - Justin C Hulbert
- Psychology Program, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson, New York 12504, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bein O, Reggev N, Maril A. Prior knowledge promotes hippocampal separation but cortical assimilation in the left inferior frontal gyrus. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4590. [PMID: 32929067 PMCID: PMC7490707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18364-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An adaptive memory system rarely learns information tabula rasa, but rather builds on prior knowledge to facilitate learning. How prior knowledge influences the neural representation of novel associations remains unknown. Here, participants associated pairs of faces in two conditions: a famous, highly familiar face with a novel face or two novel faces while undergoing fMRI. We examine multivoxel activity patterns corresponding to individual faces before and after learning. The activity patterns representing members of famous-novel pairs becomes separated in the hippocampus, that is, more distinct from one another through learning, in striking contrast to paired novel faces that become similar. In the left inferior frontal gyrus, however, prior knowledge leads to integration, and in a specific direction: the representation of the novel face becomes similar to that of the famous face after learning, suggesting assimilation of new into old memories. We propose that hippocampal separation might resolve interference between existing and newly learned information, allowing cortical assimilation. Thus, associative learning with versus without prior knowledge relies on radically different computations. Prior knowledge strongly impacts new learning, but its influence on the neural representation of novel information is unknown. Here, the authors show multiple neural codes for learning: prior knowledge leads to integrated cortical representations, while promoting hippocampal separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oded Bein
- Department of Psychology, New York University, 6 Washington Pl, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Niv Reggev
- Psychology Department, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, 1 Shderot Ben Gurion, Be'er Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Anat Maril
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, 91905, Israel. .,Department of Cognitive Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, 91905, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Parizkova M, Lerch O, Andel R, Kalinova J, Markova H, Vyhnalek M, Hort J, Laczó J. Spatial Pattern Separation in Early Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 76:121-138. [PMID: 32444544 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and basal forebrain are among the first brain structures affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD). They play an essential role in spatial pattern separation, a process critical for accurate encoding of similar spatial information. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to examine spatial pattern separation and its association with volumetric changes of the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and basal forebrain nuclei projecting to the hippocampus (the medial septal nuclei and vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca - Ch1-2 nuclei) in the biomarker-defined early clinical stages of AD. METHODS A total of 98 older adults were recruited from the Czech Brain Aging Study cohort. The participants with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) due to AD (n = 44), mild AD dementia (n = 31), and cognitively normal older adults (CN; n = 23) underwent spatial pattern separation testing, comprehensive cognitive assessment, and MRI brain volumetry. RESULTS Spatial pattern separation accuracy was lower in the early clinical stages of AD compared to the CN group (p < 0.001) and decreased with disease severity (CN > aMCI due to AD > AD dementia). Controlling for general memory and cognitive performance, demographic characteristics and psychological factors did not change the results. Hippocampal and Ch1-2 volumes were directly associated with spatial pattern separation performance while the entorhinal cortex operated on pattern separation indirectly through the hippocampus. CONCLUSION Smaller volumes of the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and basal forebrain Ch1-2 nuclei are linked to spatial pattern separation impairment in biomarker-defined early clinical AD and may contribute to AD-related spatial memory deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Parizkova
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Lerch
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ross Andel
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic.,School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jana Kalinova
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Markova
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vyhnalek
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Hort
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Laczó
- Memory Clinic, Department of Neurology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Bornstein AM, Pickard H. "Chasing the first high": memory sampling in drug choice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:907-915. [PMID: 31896119 PMCID: PMC7162911 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0594-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although vivid memories of drug experiences are prevalent within clinical contexts and addiction folklore ("chasing the first high"), little is known about the relevance of cognitive processes governing memory retrieval to substance use disorder. Drawing on recent work that identifies episodic memory's influence on decisions for reward, we propose a framework in which drug choices are biased by selective sampling of individual memories during two phases of addiction: (i) downward spiral into persistent use and (ii) relapse. Consideration of how memory retrieval influences the addiction process suggests novel treatment strategies. Rather than try to break learned associations between drug cues and drug rewards, treatment should aim to strengthen existing and/or create new associations between drug cues and drug-inconsistent rewards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Bornstein
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92617, USA.
- Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Hanna Pickard
- Department of Philosophy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Mnemonic discrimination in patients with unilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy relates to similarity and number of events stored in memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2020; 169:107177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
41
|
Temporal Dynamics of Memory-guided Cognitive Control and Generalization of Control via Overlapping Associative Memories. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2343-2356. [PMID: 32019830 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1869-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Goal-directed behavior can benefit from proactive adjustments of cognitive control that occur in anticipation of forthcoming cognitive control demands (CCD). Predictions of forthcoming CCD are thought to depend on learning and memory in two ways: First, through direct experience, associative encoding may link previously experienced CCD to its triggering item, such that subsequent encounters with the item serve to cue retrieval of (i.e., predict) the associated CCD. Second, in the absence of direct experience, pattern completion and mnemonic integration mechanisms may allow CCD to be generalized from its associated item to other items related in memory. While extant behavioral evidence documents both types of CCD prediction, the neurocognitive mechanisms giving rise to these predictions remain largely unexplored. Here, we tested two hypotheses: (1) memory-guided predictions about CCD precede control adjustments due to the actual CCD required; and (2) generalization of CCD can be accomplished through integration mechanisms that link partially overlapping CCD-item and item-item associations in memory. Supporting these hypotheses, the temporal dynamics of theta and alpha power in human electroencephalography data (n = 43, 26 females) revealed that an associative CCD effect emerges earlier than interaction effects involving actual CCD. Furthermore, generalization of CCD from one item (X) to another item (Y) was predicted by a decrease in alpha power following the presentation of the X-Y pair. These findings advance understanding of the mechanisms underlying memory-guided adjustments of cognitive control.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cognitive control adaptively regulates information processing to align with task goals. Experience-based expectations enable adjustments of control, leading to improved performance when expectations match the actual control demand required. Using EEG, we demonstrate that memory for past cognitive control demand proactively guides the allocation of cognitive control, preceding adjustments of control triggered by the demands of the present environment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that learned cognitive control demands can be generalized through mnemonic integration processes, enabling the spread of expectations about cognitive control demands to items associated in memory. We reveal that this generalization is linked to decreased alpha oscillation in medial frontal channels. Collectively, these findings provide new insights into how memory-control interactions facilitate goal-directed behavior.
Collapse
|
42
|
Chu S, Thavabalasingam S, Hamel L, Aashat S, Tay J, Ito R, Lee ACH. Exploring the interaction between approach-avoidance conflict and memory processing. Memory 2019; 28:141-156. [PMID: 31795819 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1696827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The medial temporal lobe (MTL) has been implicated in approach-avoidance (AA) conflict processing, which arises when a stimulus is imbued with both positive and negative valences. Notably, since the MTL has been traditionally viewed as a mnemonic brain region, a pertinent question is how AA conflict and memory processing interact with each other behaviourally. We conducted two behavioural experiments to examine whether increased AA conflict processing has a significant impact on incidental mnemonic encoding and inferential reasoning. In Experiment 1, participants first completed a reward and punishment AA task and were subsequently administered a surprise recognition memory test for stimuli that were presented during high and no AA conflict trials. In Experiment 2, participants completed a reward and punishment task in which they learned the valences of objects presented in pairs (AB, BC pairs). Next, we assessed their ability to integrate information across these pairs (infer A-C relationships) and examined whether inferential reasoning was more challenging across objects with conflicting compared to non-conflicting incentive values. We observed that increased motivational conflict did not significantly impact encoding or inferential reasoning. Potential explanations for these findings are considered, including the possibility that AA conflict and memory processing are not necessarily intertwined behaviourally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Chu
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Laurie Hamel
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Supreet Aashat
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathan Tay
- Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rutsuko Ito
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Andy C H Lee
- Department of Psychological Clinical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Psychology (Scarborough), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Interference between overlapping memories is predicted by neural states during learning. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5363. [PMID: 31767880 PMCID: PMC6877550 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the primary contributors to forgetting is interference from overlapping memories. Intuitively, this suggests-and prominent theoretical models argue-that memory interference is best avoided by encoding overlapping memories as if they were unrelated. It is therefore surprising that reactivation of older memories during new encoding has been associated with reduced memory interference. Critically, however, prior studies have not directly established why reactivation reduces interference. Here, we first developed a behavioral paradigm that isolates the negative influence that overlapping memories exert during memory retrieval. We then show that reactivating older memories during the encoding of new memories dramatically reduces this interference cost at retrieval. Finally, leveraging multiple fMRI decoding approaches, we show that spontaneous reactivation of older memories during new encoding leads to integration of overlapping memories and, critically, that integration during encoding specifically reduces interference between overlapping, and otherwise competing, memories during retrieval.
Collapse
|
44
|
Zheng L, Gao Z, Xiao X, Ye Z, Chen C, Xue G. Reduced Fidelity of Neural Representation Underlies Episodic Memory Decline in Normal Aging. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2283-2296. [PMID: 28591851 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies have emphasized the importance of the fidelity of cortical representation in forming enduring episodic memory. No study, however, has examined whether there are age-related reductions in representation fidelity that can explain memory declines in normal aging. Using functional MRI and multivariate pattern analysis, we found that older adults showed reduced representation fidelity in the visual cortex, which accounted for their decreased memory performance even after controlling for the contribution of reduced activation level. This reduced fidelity was specifically due to older adults' poorer item-specific representation, not due to their lower activation level and variance, greater variability in neuro-vascular coupling, or decreased selectivity of categorical representation (i.e., dedifferentiation). Older adults also showed an enhanced subsequent memory effect in the prefrontal cortex based on activation level, and their prefrontal activation was associated with greater fidelity of representation in the visual cortex and better memory performance. The fidelity of cortical representation thus may serve as a promising neural index for better mechanistic understanding of the memory declines and its compensation in normal aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyao Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhifang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Bretas RV, Matsumoto J, Nishimaru H, Takamura Y, Hori E, Ono T, Nishijo H. Neural Representation of Overlapping Path Segments and Reward Acquisitions in the Monkey Hippocampus. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:48. [PMID: 31572133 PMCID: PMC6751269 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Disambiguation of overlapping events is thought to be the hallmark of episodic memory. Recent rodent studies have reported that when navigating overlapping path segments in the different routes place cell activity in the same overlapping path segments were remapped according to different goal locations in different routes. However, it is unknown how hippocampal neurons disambiguate reward delivery in overlapping path segments in different routes. In the present study, we recorded monkey hippocampal neurons during performance of three virtual navigation (VN) tasks in which a monkey alternately navigated two different routes that included overlapping path segments (common central hallway) and acquired rewards in the same locations in overlapping path segments by manipulating a joystick. The results indicated that out of 106 hippocampal neurons, 57 displayed place-related activity (place-related neurons), and 18 neurons showed route-dependent activity in the overlapping path segments, consistent with a hippocampal role in the disambiguation of overlapping path segments. Moreover, 75 neurons showed neural correlates to reward delivery (reward-related neurons), whereas 56 of these 75 reward-related neurons showed route-dependent reward-related activity in the overlapping path segments. The ensemble activity of reward-related neurons represented reward delivery, locations, and routes in the overlapping path segments. In addition, ensemble activity patterns of hippocampal neurons more distinctly represented overlapping path segments than non-overlapping path segments. The present results provide neurophysiological evidence of disambiguation in the monkey hippocampus, consistent with a hippocampal role in episodic memory, and support a recent computational model of "neural differentiation," in which overlapping items are better represented by repeated retrieval with competitive learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Vieira Bretas
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical University, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
- Symbolic Cognitive Development, Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
| | - Jumpei Matsumoto
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical University, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical University, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yusaku Takamura
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical University, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hori
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical University, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Taketoshi Ono
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical University, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Hisao Nishijo
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical University, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Long NM, Kuhl BA. Decoding the tradeoff between encoding and retrieval to predict memory for overlapping events. Neuroimage 2019; 201:116001. [PMID: 31299369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
When new events overlap with past events, there is a natural tradeoff between encoding the new event and retrieving the past event. Given the ubiquity of overlap among memories, this tradeoff between memory encoding and retrieval is of central importance to computational models of episodic memory (O'Reilly & McClelland 1994; Hasselmo 2005). However, prior studies have not directly linked neural markers of encoding/retrieval tradeoffs to behavioral measures of how overlapping events are remembered. Here, by decoding patterns of scalp electroencephalography (EEG) from male and female human subjects, we show that tradeoffs between encoding and retrieval states are reflected in distributed patterns of neural activity and, critically, these neural tradeoffs predict how overlapping events will later be remembered. Namely, new events that overlapped with past events were more likely to be subsequently remembered if neural patterns were biased toward a memory encoding state-or, conversely, away from a retrieval state. Additionally, we show that neural markers of encoding vs. retrieval states are surprisingly independent from previously-described EEG predictors of subsequent memory. Instead, we demonstrate that previously-described EEG predictors of subsequent memory are better explained by task engagement than by memory encoding, per se. Collectively, our findings provide important insight into how the memory system balances memory encoding and retrieval states and, more generally, into the neural mechanisms that support successful memory formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Long
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 97403, United States.
| | - Brice A Kuhl
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 97403, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Argyropoulos GPD, Loane C, Roca-Fernandez A, Lage-Martinez C, Gurau O, Irani SR, Butler CR. Network-wide abnormalities explain memory variability in hippocampal amnesia. eLife 2019; 8:e46156. [PMID: 31282861 PMCID: PMC6639076 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with hippocampal amnesia play a central role in memory neuroscience but the neural underpinnings of amnesia are hotly debated. We hypothesized that focal hippocampal damage is associated with changes across the extended hippocampal system and that these, rather than hippocampal atrophy per se, would explain variability in memory between patients. We assessed this hypothesis in a uniquely large cohort of patients (n = 38) after autoimmune limbic encephalitis, a syndrome associated with focal structural hippocampal pathology. These patients showed impaired recall, recognition and maintenance of new information, and remote autobiographical amnesia. Besides hippocampal atrophy, we observed correlatively reduced thalamic and entorhinal cortical volume, resting-state inter-hippocampal connectivity and activity in posteromedial cortex. Associations of hippocampal volume with recall, recognition, and remote memory were fully mediated by wider network abnormalities, and were only direct in forgetting. Network abnormalities may explain the variability across studies of amnesia and speak to debates in memory neuroscience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgios PD Argyropoulos
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Clare Loane
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Adriana Roca-Fernandez
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Carmen Lage-Martinez
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Valdecilla Biomedical Research InstituteUniversity Hospital Marqués de ValdecillaSantanderSpain
| | - Oana Gurau
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sarosh R Irani
- Oxford Autoimmune Neurology Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Christopher R Butler
- Memory Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Feng K, Zhao X, Liu J, Cai Y, Ye Z, Chen C, Xue G. Spaced Learning Enhances Episodic Memory by Increasing Neural Pattern Similarity Across Repetitions. J Neurosci 2019; 39:5351-5360. [PMID: 31036763 PMCID: PMC6607761 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2741-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Spaced learning has been shown consistently to benefit memory compared with massed learning, yet the neural representations and processes underlying the spacing effect are still poorly understood. In particular, two influential models (i.e., the encoding variability hypothesis and the study-phase retrieval hypothesis) could both model behavioral performance very well, but they make opposite hypotheses regarding the spacing effect's neural mechanisms. The present study attempted to provide empirical neural evidence to adjudicate these competing hypotheses. Using spatiotemporal pattern similarity (STPS) analysis of EEG data, this study investigated whether and how repetition lags (massed/short-spaced/long-spaced) modulated the STPS's contribution to episodic memory encoding in male and female human participants. The results revealed that greater item-specific STPS in the right frontal electrodes at 543-727 ms after stimulus onset was associated with better memory performance. More importantly, this STPS was larger under the spaced-learning condition than the massed-learning condition and partially mediated the spacing effect on memory performance. In addition, we found that massed learning was associated with stronger repetition suppression in the N400 component that reflected momentary retrieval strength, but reduced activity in the late positive component that was associated with memory retrieval. These results suggest that spaced learning improves long-term memory by increasing retrieval effort and enhancing the pattern reinstatement of prior neural representations, which may be achieved by reducing the momentary retrieval strength as the extended repetition lags might help to eliminate the residual representation in working memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT As one of the most ubiquitous and fundamental phenomena in the history of memory research, the spacing effect provides an important window into understanding how enduring memory is formed in the brain and how different practice strategies could modulate these mechanisms to affect memory performance. By leveraging the neural representational analysis on scalp EEG data, the current study provides the first empirical data to show that spaced learning enhances memory by improving the spatiotemporal similarity that occurs at a late time window. Our results support the study-phase retrieval hypothesis but not the encoding variability hypothesis and emphasize the role of neural pattern reinstatement in strengthening memory via repeated study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanyin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China, and
| | - Xiao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China, and
| | - Jing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China, and
| | - Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China, and
| | - Zhifang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China, and
| | - Chuansheng Chen
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
| | - Gui Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China, and
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Babichev A, Morozov D, Dabaghian Y. Replays of spatial memories suppress topological fluctuations in cognitive map. Netw Neurosci 2019; 3:707-724. [PMID: 31410375 PMCID: PMC6663216 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The spiking activity of the hippocampal place cells plays a key role in producing and sustaining an internalized representation of the ambient space-a cognitive map. These cells do not only exhibit location-specific spiking during navigation, but also may rapidly replay the navigated routs through endogenous dynamics of the hippocampal network. Physiologically, such reactivations are viewed as manifestations of "memory replays" that help to learn new information and to consolidate previously acquired memories by reinforcing synapses in the parahippocampal networks. Below we propose a computational model of these processes that allows assessing the effect of replays on acquiring a robust topological map of the environment and demonstrate that replays may play a key role in stabilizing the hippocampal representation of space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Babichev
- Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Yuri Dabaghian
- Department of Computational and Applied Mathematics, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Bellmund JLS, Gärdenfors P, Moser EI, Doeller CF. Navigating cognition: Spatial codes for human thinking. Science 2019; 362:362/6415/eaat6766. [PMID: 30409861 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat6766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The hippocampal formation has long been suggested to underlie both memory formation and spatial navigation. We discuss how neural mechanisms identified in spatial navigation research operate across information domains to support a wide spectrum of cognitive functions. In our framework, place and grid cell population codes provide a representational format to map variable dimensions of cognitive spaces. This highly dynamic mapping system enables rapid reorganization of codes through remapping between orthogonal representations across behavioral contexts, yielding a multitude of stable cognitive spaces at different resolutions and hierarchical levels. Action sequences result in trajectories through cognitive space, which can be simulated via sequential coding in the hippocampus. In this way, the spatial representational format of the hippocampal formation has the capacity to support flexible cognition and behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob L S Bellmund
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, The Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. .,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Gärdenfors
- Department of Philosophy and Cognitive Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Centre for Artificial Intelligence, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Edvard I Moser
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, The Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christian F Doeller
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, The Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway. .,Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|