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Savulescu-Fiedler I, Mihalcea R, Dragosloveanu S, Scheau C, Baz RO, Caruntu A, Scheau AE, Caruntu C, Benea SN. The Interplay between Obesity and Inflammation. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:856. [PMID: 39063610 PMCID: PMC11277997 DOI: 10.3390/life14070856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an important condition affecting the quality of life of numerous patients and increasing their associated risk for multiple diseases, including tumors and immune-mediated disorders. Inflammation appears to play a major role in the development of obesity and represents a central point for the activity of cellular and humoral components in the adipose tissue. Macrophages play a key role as the main cellular component of the adipose tissue regulating the chronic inflammation and modulating the secretion and differentiation of various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Inflammation also involves a series of signaling pathways that might represent the focus for new therapies and interventions. Weight loss is essential in decreasing cardiometabolic risks and the degree of associated inflammation; however, the latter can persist for long after the excess weight is lost, and can involve changes in macrophage phenotypes that can ensure the metabolic adjustment. A clear understanding of the pathophysiological processes in the adipose tissue and the interplay between obesity and chronic inflammation can lead to a better understanding of the development of comorbidities and may ensure future targets for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilinca Savulescu-Fiedler
- Department of Internal Medicine, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Razvan Mihalcea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Coltea Clinical Hospital, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Serban Dragosloveanu
- Department of Orthopaedics, “Foisor” Clinical Hospital of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB, 021382 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristian Scheau
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania (C.C.)
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, “Foisor” Clinical Hospital of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Osteoarticular TB, 030167 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Radu Octavian Baz
- Clinical Laboratory of Radiology and Medical Imaging, “Sf. Apostol Andrei” County Emergency Hospital, 900591 Constanta, Romania
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University, 900527 Constanta, Romania
| | - Ana Caruntu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea-Elena Scheau
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Constantin Caruntu
- Department of Physiology, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania (C.C.)
- Department of Dermatology, “Prof. N.C. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Serban Nicolae Benea
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- “Prof. Dr. Matei Balș” National Institute for Infectious Diseases, 021105 Bucharest, Romania
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Vaittinen M, Ilha M, Herbers E, Wagner A, Virtanen KA, Pietiläinen KH, Pirinen E, Pihlajamäki J. Liraglutide demonstrates a therapeutic effect on mitochondrial dysfunction in human SGBS adipocytes in vitro. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2023; 199:110635. [PMID: 36958431 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Liraglutide (LG), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, has been shown to improve white adipose tissue mitochondrial metabolism in mice but not in human adipocytes. Therefore, we explored whether LG has therapeutic efficacy in mitochondrial dysfunction in human adipocytes in vitro. METHODS We tested the effects of short-term (ST-LG: 24 h) and long-term (LT-LG: D0-15 days) treatments in human SGBS adipocytes on mitochondrial respiration, mRNA and protein expression. GLP-1R inhibition was investigated by the co-treatment of GLP-1R inhibitor, exendin 9-39 (Ex9-39) and ST-LG treatment. We also explored the ability of ST-LG to alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα). RESULTS LT-LG treatment induced the formation of smaller lipid droplets and increased the expression of genes related to lipolysis. Both ST-LG and LT-LG treatments promoted mitochondrial respiration. Additionally, LT-LG treatment increased the expression of a brown adipocyte marker, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP-1), and the markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. Interestingly, ST-LG rescued TNFα-induced defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism and inflammation in SGBS adipocytes. CONCLUSION LG stimulates mitochondrial respiration and biogenesis in human adipocytes, potentially via UCP-1-mediated adipocyte browning. Importantly, our study demonstrates for the first time that LG has a therapeutic potential on mitochondrial activity in human adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija Vaittinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Mariana Ilha
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Elena Herbers
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anita Wagner
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland; Research Unit for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FIN-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Kirsi A Virtanen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland; Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Kirsi H Pietiläinen
- Obesity Research Unit, Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Obesity Center, Abdominal Center, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Pirinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, FIN-00290 Helsinki, Finland; Research Unit for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FIN-90220 Oulu, Finland
| | - Jussi Pihlajamäki
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Medicine, Endocrinology, and Clinical Nutrition, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Deng G, Ren J, Li R, Li M, Jin X, Li J, Liu J, Gao Y, Zhang J, Wang X, Wang G. Systematic investigation of the underlying mechanisms of GLP-1 receptor agonists to prevent myocardial infarction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using network pharmacology. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1125753. [PMID: 36865917 PMCID: PMC9971732 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1125753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Several clinical trials have demonstrated that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) reduce the incidence of non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we applied a network pharmacology method to investigate the mechanisms by which GLP-1RAs reduce MI occurrence in patients with T2DM. Methods: Targets of three GLP-1RAs (liraglutide, semaglutide, and albiglutide), T2DM, and MI were retrieved from online databases. The intersection process and associated targets retrieval were employed to obtain the related targets of GLP-1RAs against T2DM and MI. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genes (KEGG) enrichment analyses were performed. The STRING database was used to obtain the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, and Cytoscape was used to identify core targets, transcription factors, and modules. Results: A total of 198 targets were retrieved for the three drugs and 511 targets for T2DM with MI. Finally, 51 related targets, including 31 intersection targets and 20 associated targets, were predicted to interfere with the progression of T2DM and MI on using GLP-1RAs. The STRING database was used to establish a PPI network comprising 46 nodes and 175 edges. The PPI network was analyzed using Cytoscape, and seven core targets were screened: AGT, TGFB1, STAT3, TIMP1, MMP9, MMP1, and MMP2. The transcription factor MAFB regulates all seven core targets. The cluster analysis generated three modules. The GO analysis for 51 targets indicated that the terms were mainly enriched in the extracellular matrix, angiotensin, platelets, and endopeptidase. The results of KEGG analysis revealed that the 51 targets primarily participated in the renin-angiotensin system, complement and coagulation cascades, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications. Conclusion: GLP-1RAs exert multi-dimensional effects on reducing the occurrence of MI in T2DM patients by interfering with targets, biological processes, and cellular signaling pathways related to atheromatous plaque, myocardial remodeling, and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guorong Deng
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiajia Ren
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ruohan Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Minjie Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shaanxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuting Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiamei Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jueheng Liu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaochuang Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China,*Correspondence: Gang Wang,
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Ragino Y, Polonskaya Y, Spiridonov A, Striukova E, Shcherbakova L, Khudiakova A, Shramko V, Stakhneva E, Kashtanova E. Adipokines, Metabolic Hormones and Their Associations with Abdominal Obesity against a Background of Hyper-LDL-C in Young People. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111823. [PMID: 36579566 PMCID: PMC9698834 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was devoted to the search for possible associations between various adipokines/cytokines associated with the secretory activity of visceral adipocytes, elevated blood levels of LDL-C and abdominal obesity in people under 45 years. METHODS A population sample of Novosibirsk residents (n = 1415) was divided into deciles based on the levels of LDL-C. The study included 158 people, 87 men and 71 women, who had serum LDL-C levels of ≥4.2 mmol/L. Abdominal obesity was found in 50% of people (54% men, 45% women). By multiplex analysis using the human metabolic hormone V3 panel and the human adipokine magnetic bead panel, levels of adipokines and inflammatory markers were determined on a Luminex MAGPIX flow fluorimeter. RESULTS According to multivariate regression analysis (binary logistic regression), the most significant biomolecules, regardless of other factors, associated with the presence of AO against the background of hyper-LDL-C in young people were leptin (direct association) and lipocalin-2 (reverse association), leptin in young men (direct association), and leptin and TNF-alpha in women (direct association). CONCLUSIONS Thus, in young people under 45 years with the presence of two important, potentially atherogenic risk factors-hyper-LDL-C and abdominal obesity-a complex of adipokines and metabolic hormones were associated with the presence of these diseases.
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Li H, Donelan W, Wang F, Zhang P, Yang L, Ding Y, Tang D, Li S. GLP-1 Induces the Expression of FNDC5 Derivatives That Execute Lipolytic Actions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:777026. [PMID: 34869379 PMCID: PMC8636013 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.777026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple GLP-1-derived therapeutics are clinically used to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, the underlying mechanism of how these drugs regulate the body weight of obese patients remains incompletely understood. Here, we report that the lipolysis effects of GLP-1 on β cells can depend on its induced expression of fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5). The transmembrane FNDC5 is a precursor of the recently identified hormone irisin that possesses a range of bioactivities, including anti-obesity and anti-diabetes. We revealed that GLP-1 upregulates the expression and secretion of FNDC5 in β cells, while GLP-1 itself fails to activate the lipolysis genes in FNDC5-knockout β cells. In addition, liraglutide, a clinically used GLP-1 receptor agonist, induced the expression of FNDC5 in mouse pancreas and brain tissues and increased the serum level of secreted FNDC5. Furthermore, we observed the expression of the well-known membrane-associated FNDC5 and a novel, secretable FNDC5 (sFNDC5) isoform in β cells and multiple rat tissues. Recombinant sFNDC5 stimulated lipolysis of wild type and FNDC5-knockout β cells. This new isoform further induced lipolysis and browning of adipocytes, and similar to irisin, executed potent anti-obesity activities in an obese mouse model. Overall, our studies provided new mechanistic insights into GLP-1’s anti-obesity actions in which GLP-1 induces the secretion of FNDC5 derivatives from its responsive organs that then mediate its anti-obesity activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - William Donelan
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Peilan Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery, and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Lijun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Yousong Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Center for Natural Products, Drug Discovery, and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Dongqi Tang
- Center for Gene and Immunotherapy, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shiwu Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Mao D, Cao H, Shi M, Wang CC, Kwong J, Li JJX, Hou Y, Ming X, Lee HM, Tian XY, Wong CK, Chow E, Kong APS, Lui VWY, Chan PKS, Chan JCN. Increased co-expression of PSMA2 and GLP-1 receptor in cervical cancer models in type 2 diabetes attenuated by Exendin-4: A translational case-control study. EBioMedicine 2021; 65:103242. [PMID: 33684886 PMCID: PMC7938253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases the risk of many types of cancer. Dysregulation of proteasome-related protein degradation leads to tumorigenesis, while Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, possesses anti-cancer effects. METHODS We explored the co-expression of proteasome alpha 2 subunit (PSMA2) and GLP-1R in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database and human cervical cancer specimens, supplemented by in vivo and in vitro studies using multiple cervical cancer cell lines. FINDINGS PSMA2 expression was increased in 12 cancer types in TCGA database and cervical cancer specimens from patients with T2D (T2D vs non-T2D: 3.22 (95% confidence interval CI: 1.38, 5.05) vs 1.00 (0.66, 1.34) fold change, P = 0.01). psma2-shRNA decreased cell proliferation in vitro, and tumour volume and Ki67 expression in vivo. Exendin-4 decreased psma2 expression, tumour volume and Ki67 expression in vivo. There was no change in GLP-1R expression in 12 cancer types in TCGA database. However, GLP-1R expression (T2D vs non-T2D: 5.49 (3.0, 8.1) vs 1.00 (0.5, 1.5) fold change, P < 0.001) was increased and positively correlated with PSMA2 expression in T2D-related (r = 0.68) but not in non-T2D-related cervical cancer specimens. This correlation was corroborated by in vitro experiments where silencing glp-1r decreased psma2 expression. Exendin-4 attenuated phospho-p65 and -IκB expression in the NF-κB pathway. INTERPRETATION PSMA2 and GLP-1R expression in T2D-related cervical cancer specimens was increased and positively correlated, suggesting hyperglycaemia might promote cancer growth by increasing PSMA2 expression which could be attenuated by Exendin-4. FUNDING This project was supported by Postdoctoral Fellowship Scheme, Direct Grant, Diabetes Research and Education Fund from the Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Mao
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huanyi Cao
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mai Shi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Chiu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joseph Kwong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Joshua Jing Xi Li
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xing Ming
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Heung Man Lee
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiao Yu Tian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Elaine Chow
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Phase 1 Clinical Trial Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alice Pik Shan Kong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vivian Wai Yan Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul Kay Sheung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Juliana Chung Ngor Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Kawai T, Autieri MV, Scalia R. Adipose tissue inflammation and metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C375-C391. [PMID: 33356944 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00379.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 900] [Impact Index Per Article: 180.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of preclinical and clinical research have confirmed that chronic low-grade inflammation of adipose tissue is mechanistically linked to metabolic disease and organ tissue complications in the overweight and obese organism. Despite this widely confirmed paradigm, numerous open questions and knowledge gaps remain to be investigated. This is mainly due to the intricately intertwined cross-talk of various pro- and anti-inflammatory signaling cascades involved in the immune response of expanding adipose depots, particularly the visceral adipose tissue. Adipose tissue inflammation is initiated and sustained over time by dysfunctional adipocytes that secrete inflammatory adipokines and by infiltration of bone marrow-derived immune cells that signal via production of cytokines and chemokines. Despite its low-grade nature, adipose tissue inflammation negatively impacts remote organ function, a phenomenon that is considered causative of the complications of obesity. The aim of this review is to broadly present an overview of adipose tissue inflammation by highlighting the most recent reports in the scientific literature and summarizing our overall understanding of the field. We also discuss key endogenous anti-inflammatory mediators and analyze their mechanistic role(s) in the pathogenesis and treatment of adipose tissue inflammation. In doing so, we hope to stimulate studies to uncover novel physiological, cellular, and molecular targets for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kawai
- The Cardiovascular Research Center and The Limole Center for Integrated Lymphatic Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael V Autieri
- The Cardiovascular Research Center and The Limole Center for Integrated Lymphatic Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rosario Scalia
- The Cardiovascular Research Center and The Limole Center for Integrated Lymphatic Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Zhou B, Dong C, Zhao B, Su X, Luo Y, Xie L, Tian Y, Zhang R, Yang L. (E X-4) 2-Fc, an effective long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist, reduces obesity-related inflammation by inhibiting leptin expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:562-568. [PMID: 32736674 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has been recognized as a low-grade, chronic inflammatory disease that leads to an increase in obesity-associated disorders, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), fatty liver diseases and cancer. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an effective drug for T2D, and it not only has glucose-regulating effects but also has anti-inflammatory effects in obesity. In our previous study, we designed a novel GLP-1 analogue, (EX-4)2-Fc, which has been shown to reduce body weight and improve glucose tolerance in vivo. In this study, we observed that (EX-4)2-Fc also has anti-inflammatory functions in adipose tissue. After the treatment of diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice with (EX-4)2-Fc, we found that the inflammatory response in adipose tissue was significantly attenuated. (Ex-4)2-Fc can reduce obesity-associated proinflammatory cytokine levels and macrophage numbers in DIO mice. In addition, (EX-4)2-Fc treatment resulted in proinflammatory M1-type macrophages beginning to transform into anti-inflammatory M2-type macrophages. The inflammatory mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were altered in adipose tissue after (EX-4)2-Fc treatment. Leptin has been proven to be closely related to immunity, and we demonstrated that the effect of (EX-4)2-Fc on adipocyte inflammation was related to leptin. The data suggested that (EX-4)2-Fc could modulate the inflammatory response by inhibiting the expression of leptin in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunyan Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Binyan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaomei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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9
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King MR, Anderson NJ, Deciu M, Guernsey LS, Cundiff M, Hajizadeh S, Jolivalt CG. Insulin deficiency, but not resistance, exaggerates cognitive deficits in transgenic mice expressing human amyloid and tau proteins. Reversal by Exendin-4 treatment. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2357-2369. [PMID: 32737929 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have pointed at diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and this has been supported by several studies in animal models of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. However, side-by-side comparison of the two types of diabetes is limited. We investigated the role of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance in the development of memory impairments and the effect of Exendin-4 (Ex4) treatment in a mouse model of AD. Three-4-month-old female wild type (WT) mice and mice overexpressing human tau and amyloid precursor protein (TAPP) were injected with streptozotocin (STZ) or fed a high-fat diet (HFD). A second study was performed in TAPP-STZ mice treated with Ex4, a long-lasting analog of GLP-1. Plasma and brain were collected at study termination for ELISA, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry analysis. Learning and memory deficits were impaired in TAPP transgenic mice compared with WT mice at the end of the study. Deficits were exaggerated by insulin deficiency in TAPP mice but 12 weeks of insulin resistance did not affect memory performances in either WT or TAPP mice. Levels of phosphorylated tau were increased in the brain of WT-STZ and TAPP-STZ mice but not in the brain of WT or TAPP mice on HFD. In the TAPP-STZ mice, treatment with Ex4 initiated after established cognitive deficits ameliorated learning, but not memory, impairments. This was accompanied by the reduction of amyloid β and phosphorylated tau expression. Theses studies support the role of Ex4 in AD, independently from its actions on diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R King
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas J Anderson
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mihaela Deciu
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lucie S Guernsey
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Morgan Cundiff
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shohreh Hajizadeh
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Corinne G Jolivalt
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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10
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Yaribeygi H, Maleki M, Sathyapalan T, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Anti-inflammatory potentials of incretin-based therapies used in the management of diabetes. Life Sci 2020; 241:117152. [PMID: 31837333 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) are two classes of antidiabetic agents used in the management of diabetes based on incretin hormones. There is emerging evidence that they have anti-inflammatory effects. Since most long-term complications of diabetes have a background of chronic inflammation, these agents may be beneficial against diabetic complications not only due to their hypoglycemic potential but also via their anti-inflammatory effects. However, the exact molecular mechanisms by which GLP-1RAs and DPP-4i exert their anti-inflammatory effects are not clearly understood. In this review, we discuss the potential molecular pathways by which these incretin-based therapies exert their anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Mina Maleki
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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11
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Catalina MOS, Redondo PC, Granados MP, Cantonero C, Sanchez-Collado J, Albarran L, Lopez JJ. New Insights into Adipokines as Potential Biomarkers for Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4119-4144. [PMID: 29210636 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666171205162248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A large number of studies have been focused on investigating serum biomarkers associated with risk or diagnosis of type-2 diabetes mellitus. In the last decade, promising studies have shown that circulating levels of adipokines could be used as a relevant biomarker for diabetes mellitus progression as well as therapeutic future targets. Here, we discuss the possible use of recently described adipokines, including apelin, omentin-1, resistin, FGF-21, neuregulin-4 and visfatin, as early biomarkers for diabetes. In addition, we also include recent findings of other well known adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin. In conclusion, further studies are needed to clarify the pathophysiological significance and clinical value of these biological factors as potential biomarkers in type-2 diabetes and related dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro C Redondo
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10003-Caceres, Spain
| | - Maria P Granados
- Aldea Moret's Medical Center, Extremadura Health Service, 10195-Caceres, Spain
| | - Carlos Cantonero
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10003-Caceres, Spain
| | - Jose Sanchez-Collado
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10003-Caceres, Spain
| | - Letizia Albarran
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10003-Caceres, Spain
| | - Jose J Lopez
- Department of Physiology (Cell Physiology Research Group), University of Extremadura, 10003-Caceres, Spain
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12
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Shah FA, Mahmud H, Gallego-Martin T, Jurczak MJ, O’Donnell CP, McVerry BJ. Therapeutic Effects of Endogenous Incretin Hormones and Exogenous Incretin-Based Medications in Sepsis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:5274-5284. [PMID: 31216011 PMCID: PMC6763279 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis, a complex disorder characterized by a dysregulated immune response to an inciting infection, affects over one million Americans annually. Dysglycemia during sepsis hospitalization confers increased risk of organ dysfunction and death, and novel targets for the treatment of sepsis and maintenance of glucose homeostasis are needed. Incretin hormones are secreted by enteroendocrine cells in response to enteral nutrients and potentiate insulin release from pancreatic β cells in a glucose-dependent manner, thereby reducing the risk of insulin-induced hypoglycemia. Incretin hormones also reduce systemic inflammation in preclinical studies, but studies of incretins in the setting of sepsis are limited. METHODS In this bench-to-bedside mini-review, we detail the evidence to support incretin hormones as a therapeutic target in patients with sepsis. We performed a PubMed search using the medical subject headings "incretins," "glucagon-like peptide-1," "gastric inhibitory peptide," "inflammation," and "sepsis." RESULTS Incretin-based therapies decrease immune cell activation, inhibit proinflammatory cytokine release, and reduce organ dysfunction and mortality in preclinical models of sepsis. Several small clinical trials in critically ill patients have suggested potential benefit in glycemic control using exogenous incretin infusions, but these studies had limited power and were performed in mixed populations. Further clinical studies examining incretins specifically in septic populations are needed. CONCLUSIONS Targeting the incretin hormone axis in sepsis may provide a means of not only promoting euglycemia in sepsis but also attenuating the proinflammatory response and improving clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraaz Ali Shah
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Veteran Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Faraaz Ali Shah, MD, MPH, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3459 Fifth Avenue NW, 628 MUH, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213. E-mail:
| | - Hussain Mahmud
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Teresa Gallego-Martin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Christopher P O’Donnell
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bryan J McVerry
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Center for Medicine and the Microbiome, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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13
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Role of adipose tissue GLP-1R expression in metabolic improvement after bariatric surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6274. [PMID: 31000783 PMCID: PMC6472499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to explore the relationship between GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) expression in adipose tissue (AT) and incretin secretion, glucose homeostasis and weight loss, in patients with morbid obesity and type 2 diabetes undergoing bariatric surgery. RNA was extracted from subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral (VAT) AT biopsies from 40 patients randomized to metabolic gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy or greater curvature plication. Biochemical parameters, fasting plasma insulin, glucagon and area under the curve (AUC) of GLP-1 following a standard meal test were determined before and 1 year after bariatric surgery. GLP-1R expression was higher in VAT than in SAT. GLP-1R expression in VAT correlated with weight (r = −0.453, p = 0.008), waist circumference (r = −0.494, p = 0.004), plasma insulin (r = −0.466, p = 0.007), and systolic blood pressure (BP) (r = −0.410, p = 0.018). At 1 year, GLP-1R expression in VAT was negatively associated with diastolic BP (r = −0.361, p = 0.039) and, following metabolic gastric bypass, with the increase of GLP-1 AUC, (R2 = 0.46, p = 0.038). Finally, GLP-1R in AT was similar independently of diabetes outcomes and was not associated with weight loss after surgery. Thus, GLP-1R expression in AT is of limited value to predict incretin response and does not play a role in metabolic outcomes after bariatric surgery.
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14
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Yaribeygi H, Simental-Mendía LE, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Metabolic effects of antidiabetic drugs on adipocytes and adipokine expression. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:16987-16997. [PMID: 30825205 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several classes of antidiabetic agents have been developed that achieve their hypoglycemic outcomes via various molecular mechanisms. Adipose tissue is a major metabolic and energy-storing tissue and plays an important role in many metabolic pathways, including insulin signaling and insulin sensitivity. Adipose tissue monitors and regulates whole body homeostasis via production and release of potent proteins, such as adipokine and adiponectin, into the circulation. Therefore, any agent that can modulate adipocyte metabolism can, in turn, affect metabolic and glucose homeostatic pathways. Antidiabetic drugs are not only recognized primarily as hypoglycemic agents but may also alter adipose tissue itself, as well as adipocyte-derived adipokine expression and secretion. In the current review, we present the major evidence concerning routinely used antidiabetic agents on adipocyte metabolism and adipokine expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Luis E Simental-Mendía
- Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Delegación Durango, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, México
| | - George E Barreto
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C, Colombia.,Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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15
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Abstract
At the simplest level, obesity is the manifestation of an imbalance between caloric intake and expenditure; however, the pathophysiological mechanisms that govern the development of obesity and associated complications are enormously complex. Fibrosis within the adipose tissue compartment is one such factor that may influence the development of obesity and/or obesity-related comorbidities. Furthermore, the functional consequences of adipose tissue fibrosis are a matter of considerable debate, with evidence that fibrosis serves both adaptive and maladaptive roles. Tissue fibrosis itself is incompletely understood, and multiple cellular and molecular pathways are involved in the development, maintenance, and resolution of the fibrotic state. Within the context of obesity, fibrosis influences molecular and cellular events that relate to adipocytes, inflammatory cells, inflammatory mediators, and supporting adipose stromal tissue. In this Review, we explore what is known about the interplay between the development of adipose tissue fibrosis and obesity, with a view toward future investigative and therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Podolsky
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Lung Biology Center, and.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kamran Atabai
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Lung Biology Center, and.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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16
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Xourgia E, Papazafiropoulou A, Melidonis A. Effects of antidiabetic drugs on epicardial fat. World J Diabetes 2018; 9:141-148. [PMID: 30254723 PMCID: PMC6153123 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v9.i9.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epicardial adipose tissue is defined as a deposit of adipocytes with pathophysiological properties similar to those of visceral fat, located in the space between the myocardial muscle and the pericardial sac. When compared with subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipocytes show higher metabolic activity, lipolysis rates, increased insulin resistance along with more steroid hormone receptors. The epicardial adipose tissue interacts with numerous cardiovascular pathways via vasocrine and paracrine signalling comprised of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines excretion. Both the physiological differences between the two tissue types, as well as the fact that fat distribution and phenotype, rather than quantity, affect cardiovascular function and metabolic processes, establish epicardial fat as a biomarker for cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome. Numerous studies have underlined an association of altered epicardial fat morphology, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and adverse cardiovascular events. In this review, we explore the prospect of using the epicardial adipose tissue as a therapeutic target in T2DM and describe the underlying mechanisms by which the antidiabetic drugs affect the pathophysiological processes induced from adipose tissue accumulation and possibly allow for more favourable cardiovascular outcomes though epicardial fat manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Xourgia
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetes Center, Tzaneio General Hospital of Piraeus, Athens 18536, Greece
| | - Athanasia Papazafiropoulou
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetes Center, Tzaneio General Hospital of Piraeus, Athens 18536, Greece
| | - Andreas Melidonis
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetes Center, Tzaneio General Hospital of Piraeus, Athens 18536, Greece
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17
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Kumar D, Goand UK, Gupta S, Shankar K, Varshney S, Rajan S, Srivastava A, Gupta A, Vishwakarma AL, Srivastava AK, Gaikwad AN. Saroglitazar reduces obesity and associated inflammatory consequences in murine adipose tissue. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 822:32-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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González N, Moreno-Villegas Z, González-Bris A, Egido J, Lorenzo Ó. Regulation of visceral and epicardial adipose tissue for preventing cardiovascular injuries associated to obesity and diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017; 16:44. [PMID: 28376896 PMCID: PMC5379721 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-017-0528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, obesity is seriously increasing in most of the populations all over the world, and is associated with the development and progression of high-mortality diseases such as type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its subsequent cardiovascular pathologies. Recent data suggest that both body fat distribution and adipocyte phenotype, can be more determinant for fatal outcomes in obese patients than increased general adiposity. In particular, visceral adiposity is significantly linked to long term alterations on different cardiac structures, and in developed forms of myocardial diseases such as hypertensive and ischaemic heart diseases, and diabetic cardiomyopathy. Interestingly, this depot may be also related to epicardial fat accumulation through secretion of lipids, adipokines, and pro-inflammatory and oxidative factors from adipocytes. Thus, visceral adiposity and its white single-lipid-like adipocytes, are risk factors for different forms of heart disease and heart failure, mainly in higher degree obese subjects. However, under specific stimuli, some of these adipocytes can transdifferentiate to brown multi-mitochondrial-like adipocytes with anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic proprieties. Accordingly, in order to improve potential cardiovascular abnormalities in obese and T2DM patients, several therapeutic strategies have been addressed to modulate the visceral and epicardial fat volume and phenotypes. In addition to lifestyle modifications, specific genetic manipulations in adipose tissue and administration of PPARγ agonists or statins, have improved fat volume and phenotype, and cardiovascular failures. Furthermore, incretin stimulation reduced visceral and epicardial fat thickness whereas increased formation of brown adipocytes, alleviating insulin resistance and associated cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- N González
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) Network, Madrid, Spain
| | - Z Moreno-Villegas
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - A González-Bris
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Egido
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) Network, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ó Lorenzo
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-Fundación Jiménez Díaz (IIS-FJD), Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain. .,Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Disorders (CIBERDEM) Network, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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GLP-1 analogue-induced weight loss does not improve obesity-induced AT dysfunction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:343-353. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Liraglutide shows limited impact on adipose tissue (AT) independent of the associated weight loss. However, despite weight loss and better glycaemic control than with diet alone, Liraglutide increases inflammation and creates a pro-fibrotic environment in subcutaneous AT (SCAT).
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