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Elahikhah M, Haidari F, Khalesi S, Shahbazian H, Mohammadshahi M, Aghamohammadi V. Milk protein concentrate supplementation improved appetite, metabolic parameters, adipocytokines, and body composition in dieting women with obesity: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Nutr 2024; 10:80. [PMID: 38831442 PMCID: PMC11149337 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-024-00879-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dairy consumption is associated with many health benefits. However, to our knowledge, no clinical trials examined the effects of milk protein concentrate (MPC) on metabolic health in overweight and obese adults. This study investigated the effect of supplementation with MPC on glycaemic status, lipid profile, biomarkers of inflammation, and anthropometric measurements in women with obesity under a weight loss diet. METHODS This is a single-blind, open-labelled, parallel-group, randomized trial. Forty-four healthy women with obesity were randomized into a control (n = 22) or MPC (n = 22) group. Participants in the MPC group were supplemented with 30 g of MPC per day for 8 weeks. Both groups were on a calorie-restricted diet plan with 800 Kcal lower intakes than their needs. Blood samples, dietary intake, and body composition were assessed before and after the intervention. RESULTS MPC group had a significantly lower body mass index (P = 0.009), waist circumference (P = 0.013), fat mass (P = 0.021), appetite score (P = 0.002), fasting blood sugar (P < 0.001), insulin (P = 0.027), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.025), and leptin (P = 0.014) levels and higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (P = 0.001) and adiponectin (P = 0.032) compared to the control group after supplementation. Lean body mass, total cholesterol, and triglyceride did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Daily intake of 30 g of MPC for 8 weeks may improve several anthropometric and metabolic markers in women with obesity under a hypocaloric diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Elahikhah
- Department of Nutrition, School of Paramedical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Haidari
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Saman Khalesi
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hajieh Shahbazian
- Diabetes Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Mohammadshahi
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Semwal R, Kumar A, Semwal RB, Chauhan A, Joshi SK, Upadhyaya K, Shodhi M, Semwal DK. Comparative evaluation of A1A2 and A2A2 cow milk-containing diets on biochemical and histological parameters of Wistar rats. J DAIRY RES 2023; 90:413-417. [PMID: 38073537 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029923000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
This Research Communication aims to compare the effect of A1A2 and A2A2 cow milk diets on the biochemical and histological parameters of rats. The rats were divided into four groups and fed with a normal diet, A2 milk powder, A1A2 or A2A2 cow milk diets for 90 d. Blood glucose, kidney function, liver function and lipid profile were examined during the experimental period. The study showed an increase in the body weight of the A1A2 group whereas a slight decrease in the A2A2 group, and blood glucose levels increased from d 0 to day 90 in all experimental groups. However, none of these changes were found to be statistically insignificant (P > 0.05). Moreover, no significant changes were recorded in other parameters (serum glutamic pyruvic transferase and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase for liver function, bilirubin direct, cholesterol, triglycerides, creatinine and uric acid). The histology of the liver, kidney and pancreas also showed no changes in all groups. Overall, this study revealed no significant difference in the nutritional values of A1A2 and A2A2 milk types and hence equally beneficial for health. Although the present study showed no significant difference in the effect of both milk types in 90 d, further studies might be conducted to evaluate their longer term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Semwal
- Research and Development Centre, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ankit Kumar
- Research and Development Centre, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ruchi Badoni Semwal
- Department of Chemistry, VSKC Government Postgraduate College, Dakpathar 248125, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ashutosh Chauhan
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Sunil Kumar Joshi
- Department of Shalya Tantra, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Rishikul Campus, Haridwar 249401, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kumud Upadhyaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumaun University, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Monika Shodhi
- Animal Biotechnology Division, ICAR-National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Semwal
- Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Uttarakhand Ayurved University, Harrawala, Dehradun 248001, Uttarakhand, India
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Li A, Han X, Liu L, Zhang G, Du P, Zhang C, Li C, Chen B. Dairy products and constituents: a review of their effects on obesity and related metabolic diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37724572 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2257782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Obesity has become a global public health problem that seriously affects the quality of life. As an important part of human diet, dairy products contain a large number of nutrients that are essential for maintaining human health, such as proteins, peptides, lipids, vitamins, and minerals. A growing number of epidemiological investigations provide strong evidence on dairy interventions for weight loss in overweight/obese populations. Therefore, this paper outlines the relationship between the consumption of different dairy products and obesity and related metabolic diseases. In addition, we dive into the mechanisms related to the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by functional components in dairy products and the interaction with gut microbes. Lastly, the role of dairy products on obesity of children and adolescents is revisited. We conclude that whole dairy products exert more beneficial effect than single milk constituent on alleviating obesity and that dairy matrix has important implications for metabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xueting Han
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Libo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guofang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Peng Du
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Heilongjiang Green Food Research Institute, Harbin, China
| | - Bingcan Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, USA
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Delgado-Bravo M, Hart DA, Reimer RA, Herzog W. Alterations in skeletal muscle morphology and mechanics in juvenile male Sprague Dawley rats exposed to a high-fat high-sucrose diet. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12013. [PMID: 37491416 PMCID: PMC10368627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although once a health concern largely considered in adults, the obesity epidemic is now prevalent in pediatric populations. While detrimental effects on skeletal muscle function have been seen in adulthood, the effects of obesity on skeletal muscle function in childhood is not clearly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine if the consumption of a high-fat high-sucrose (HFS) diet, starting in the post-weaning period, leads to changes in skeletal muscle morphology and mechanics after 14 weeks on the HFS diet. Eighteen 3-week-old male CD-Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a HFS (C-HFS, n = 10) or standard chow diet (C-CHOW, n = 8). Outcome measures included: weekly energy intake, activity levels, oxygen consumption, body mass, body composition, metabolic profile, serum protein levels, and medial gastrocnemius gene expression, morphology, and mechanics. The main findings from this study were that C-HFS rats: (1) had a greater body mass and percent body fat than control rats; (2) showed early signs of metabolic syndrome; (3) demonstrated potential impairment in muscle remodeling; (4) produced lower relative muscle force; and (5) had a shift in the force-length relationship, indicating that the medial gastrocnemius had shorter muscle fiber lengths compared to those of C-CHOW rats. Based on the results of this study, we conclude that exposure to a HFS diet led to increased body mass, body fat percentage, and early signs of metabolic syndrome, resulting in functional deficits in MG of childhood rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Delgado-Bravo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Carrera de Kinesiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - David A Hart
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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5
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The ‘Whey’ to good health: Whey protein and its beneficial effect on metabolism, gut microbiota and mental health. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Haidari F, Elahikhah M, Shariful Islam SM, Mohammadshahi M, Shahbazian H, Aghamohammadi V. Effects of milk protein concentrate supplementation on metabolic parameters, adipocytokines and body composition in obese women under weight-loss diet: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e064727. [PMID: 36202586 PMCID: PMC9540842 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity impairs metabolic function and increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Evidence suggests that high-protein diets help to increase weight loss and protect against weight gain. Milk protein concentrate (MPC) is a dairy product with a high protein content with a ratio of casein and whey protein similar to skim milk. This trial aims to evaluate the effect of MPC supplementation in obese women under a weight-loss diet. METHODS AND ANALYSIS We will conduct a 2-month open-label, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial to determine the effect of MPC supplementation on levels of glycaemic and lipid profile, leptin, adiponectin, appetite, waist circumference, body mass index and body composition in 44 premenopausal obese women on a weight-loss diet. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This protocol, approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences, is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (approval number: IR.AJUMS.REC.1399.795). The trial results will be published in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20201223049804N1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Haidari
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Elahikhah
- Department of Nutrition, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Majid Mohammadshahi
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hajieh Shahbazian
- Diabetes Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Keshavarz Z, Rahimlou M, Farjam M, Homayounfar R, Khodadost M, Abdollahi A, Tabrizi R. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and dairy products consumption: Results from FASA Persian cohort study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:962834. [PMID: 36159487 PMCID: PMC9500577 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.962834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/objectives There are limited data on the association between dairy products consumption and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study was conducted to evaluate the association between total intake of different dairy products and fatty liver index (FLI), a marker of subclinical fatty liver. Methods A total of 7,540 adults were included in this population-based cohort study. Dairy products consumption was evaluated by a validated interview questionnaire for food intake frequency. The FLI was calculated using the standard formula. Liver enzyme levels, lipid profiles, glycemic profiles and demographic characteristics were recorded for all participants. Univariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to respectively assess the mean percentage difference of mean FLI and odds ratios (ORs) for subclinical NAFLD across quantiles of dairy consumption. Results The mean age of all participants was 48.81 ± 9.631 years. FLI measurements for men and women were 26.71 ± 23.39 and 39.99 ± 26.64 respectively, which was significantly higher in women (P < 0.05). Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the amount of milk consumption was an independent preventive predictor of FLI (OR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94–0.99), conversely, it did not predict higher levels of liver enzymes. In term of cheese intake, participants in the third tertile of cheese intake had significantly lower FLI than lower tertiles (P = 0.01). However, there wasn't any significant association between cheese intake and the odds of FLI in the multivariate model (P > 0.05). We didn't find any significant association between yogurt consumption and NAFLD indicators (P > 0.05). Conclusion Higher milk consumption was inversely associated with FLI. However, there wasn't any significant association between other types of dairy products and NAFLD indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Keshavarz
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Mehran Rahimlou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Farjam
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Reza Homayounfar
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Reza Homayounfar
| | - Mahmoud Khodadost
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
| | - Ashkan Abdollahi
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Tabrizi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- *Correspondence: Reza Tabrizi
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8
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Sukkar SG, Traverso N, Furfaro AL, Tasso B, Marengo B, Domenicotti C, Pisciotta L, Pasta A, Marinari UM, Pronzato MA, Cottalasso D. Whey proteins inhibit food intake and tend to improve oxidative balance in obese zucker rats. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:2453-2461. [PMID: 33426629 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-01100-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Whey proteins (WP), obtained from milk after casein precipitation, represent a heterogeneous group of proteins. WP are reported to inhibit food intake in diet-induced experimental obesity; WP have been proposed as adjuvant therapy in oxidative stress-correlated pathologies. This work evaluates the effects of WP in comparison with casein, as a source of alimentary proteins, on food intake, weight growth and some indexes of oxidative equilibrium in Zucker Rats, genetically prone to obesity. METHODS We monitored food intake and weight of Zucker Rats during the experiment, and some markers of oxidative equilibrium. RESULTS WP induced significant decrease of food intake in comparison to casein (WP 80.41 ± 1.069 ml/day; CAS: 88.95 ± 1.084 ml/day; p < 0.0005). Body weight growth was slightly reduced, and the difference was just significant (WP 128.2 ± 6.56 g/day; CAS 145.2 ± 3.29 g/day; p = 0.049), while plasma HNE level was significantly lower in WP than in CAS (WP 41.2 ± 6.3 vs CAS 69.61 ± 4.69 pmol/ml, p = 0.007). Mild amelioration of oxidative equilibrium was indicated by a slight increase of total glutathione both in the liver and in the blood and a significant decrease of plasma 4-hydroxynonenal in the group receiving WP. CONCLUSIONS The effect of WP on food intake and weight growth in Zucker Rats is particularly noteworthy since the nature of their predisposition to obesity is genetic; the possible parallel amelioration of the oxidative balance may constitute a further advantage of WP since oxidative stress is believed to be interwoven to obesity, metabolic syndrome and their complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Sukkar
- Dietetics and Nutritional Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Di Genova, Largo R. Benzi 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - N Traverso
- DIMES, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - A L Furfaro
- DIMES, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - B Tasso
- DISCIFAR, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - B Marengo
- DIMES, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - C Domenicotti
- DIMES, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - L Pisciotta
- Dietetics and Nutritional Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Di Genova, Largo R. Benzi 2, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, DIMI, Genoa, Italy
| | - A Pasta
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genoa, DIMI, Genoa, Italy
| | - U M Marinari
- DIMES, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - M A Pronzato
- DIMES, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - D Cottalasso
- DIMES, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Lee JH, Lee HS, Ahn SB, Kwon YJ. Dairy protein intake is inversely related to development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:5252-5260. [PMID: 34534894 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease and is closely related to metabolic dysfunction, including insulin resistance, obesity, and metabolic syndrome. Dairy protein, rich in casein and whey protein, could help to reduce metabolic diseases. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between dairy protein intake and incident NAFLD. METHODS We analyzed data for 5171 adults aged 40-69 years from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study.(KoGES) Participants were separated as men, women aged ≥50 years, and women aged <50 years and then divided into tertiles based on dairy protein intake. NAFLD was defined as NAFLD liver fat score >-0.640. Scores were calculated as 1.18 × metabolic syndrome (Yes: 1, No: 0) + 0.45 × diabetes mellitus (Yes: 2, No: 0) + 0.15 × serum insulin +0.04 × AST - 0.94 × (AST/ALT) - 2.89. Cox proportional hazards spline curves were drawn to visualize dose-response relationships between dairy protein intake and incident NAFLD. Multiple Cox hazard regression analysis was conducted to examine associations between dairy protein intake and incident NAFLD. RESULTS The Cox proportional hazards spline curves revealed a negative linear relationship between dairy protein intake and incident NAFLD. The cumulative incidence of NAFLD significantly decreased with increasing tertiles of dairy protein intake in men and women aged ≥50 years. After adjusting for confounding factors, the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for NAFLD in the middle and highest tertiles, compared to the lowest tertile, were 0.80 (0.67-0.96) and 0.71 (0.57-0.88) in men, 0.89 (0.72-1.09) and 0.72 (0.56-0.92) in women aged ≥50 years, and 1.01 (0.80-1.27) and 0.91 (0.67-1.24) in women aged <50 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We found that higher dairy protein intake was significantly and inversely associated with the risk of incident NAFLD in men and women aged ≥50 years. Consumption of milk and other dairy products could help prevent the development of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hyuk Lee
- Department of Family Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, 01830, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Sun Lee
- Biostatistics Collaboration Unit, Department of Research Affairs, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Bong Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Seoul, 01830, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yu-Jin Kwon
- Department of Family Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16995, Republic of Korea.
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Jeong EW, Park GR, Kim J, Yun SY, Imm JY, Lee HG. Effect of Modified Casein to Whey Protein Ratio on Dispersion Stability, Protein Quality and Body Composition in Rats. Food Sci Anim Resour 2021; 41:855-868. [PMID: 34632404 PMCID: PMC8460334 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2021.e42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of protein formula with different casein (C) to whey protein (W) ratios on dispersion stability, protein quality and body composition in rats. Modification of the casein to whey protein (CW) ratio affected the extent of protein aggregation, and heated CW-2:8 showed a significantly increased larger particle (>100 μm) size distribution. The largest protein aggregates were formed by whey protein self-aggregation. There were no significant differences in protein aggregation when the CW ratios changed from 10:0 to 5:5. Based on the protein quality assessment (CW-10:0, CW-8:2, CW-5:5, and CW-2:8) for four weeks, CW-10:0 showed a significantly higher feed intake (p<0.05), but the high proportion of whey protein in the diet (CW-5:5 and CW-2:8) increased the feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, and net protein ratio compared to other groups. Similarly, CW-2:8 showed greater true digestibility compared to other groups. No significant differences in fat mass and lean mass analyzed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry were observed. A significant difference was found in the bone mineral density between the CW-10:0 and CW-2:8 groups (p<0.05), but no difference was observed among the other groups. Based on the results, CW-5:5 improved protein quality without causing protein instability problems in the dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Woo Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang
University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Gyu Ri Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang
University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jiyun Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang
University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - So-Yul Yun
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin
University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Jee-Young Imm
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, Kookmin
University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Hyeon Gyu Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang
University, Seoul 04763, Korea,Corresponding author : Hyeon
Gyu Lee, Department of Food and Nutrition, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763,
Korea. Tel: +82-2-2220-1201, Fax: +82-2-2292-1226, E-mail:
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11
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Townsend LK, Gandhi S, Shamshoum H, Trottier SK, Mutch DM, Reimer RA, Shearer J, LeBlanc PJ, Wright DC. Exercise and Dairy Protein have Distinct Effects on Indices of Liver and Systemic Lipid Metabolism. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:97-105. [PMID: 31729829 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the individual and combined effects of skim milk powder (SMP) and exercise on indices of systemic and liver lipid metabolism in male obese rats. METHODS Rats were fed a high-fat (~ 40% kcal from fat), high-sugar diet for 8 weeks. At 12 weeks of age, rats were assigned to one of four weight-matched, isocaloric, high-fat, high-sugar groups for 6 weeks: (1) casein-sedentary, (2) casein-exercise, (3) SMP-sedentary, and (4) SMP-exercise. Nonfat SMP or casein was the sole protein source in the dairy and control casein diets, respectively. Exercise training occurred 5 d/wk for 60 minutes on a motorized treadmill. Whole-body metabolism was assessed by a Comprehensive Lab Animal Monitoring System. Lipidomics, Western blot, and polymerase chain reaction were used to assess markers of hepatic lipid metabolism. RESULTS Exercise, but not SMP, altered the fatty acid composition of liver triglycerides, reduced indices of lipogenesis, and increased expression of genes linked to oxidative metabolism, in conjunction with increases in whole-body fat oxidation. SMP and exercise reduced plasma triglycerides in an additive manner. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide evidence that SMP and exercise exert distinct effects on whole-body and hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and that they could work in a synergistic manner to reduce serum triglyceride concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shivam Gandhi
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hesham Shamshoum
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah K Trottier
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David M Mutch
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Paul J LeBlanc
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Mayengbam S, Mickiewicz B, Trottier SK, Mu C, Wright DC, Reimer RA, Vogel HJ, Shearer J. Distinct Gut Microbiota and Serum Metabolites in Response to Weight Loss Induced by Either Dairy or Exercise in a Rodent Model of Obesity. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3867-3875. [PMID: 31533430 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Energy imbalance is a primary cause of obesity. While the classical approach to attenuate weight gain includes an increase in energy expenditure through exercise, dietary manipulation such as the inclusion of dairy products has also been proven effective. In the present study, we explored the potential mechanisms by which dairy and exercise attenuate weight gain in diet-induced obese rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high fat, high-sugar (HFHS) diet to induce obesity for 8 weeks. Rats were then further grouped into either control (HFHS + casein) or dairy diet (HFHS + nonfat skim milk) with and without treadmill exercise for 6 weeks. Serum and fresh fecal samples were collected for gut microbiota, serum metabolomics, and metallomics analysis. Diet and exercise resulted in distinct separation in both gut microbiota and serum metabolite profiles. Most intriguingly, obesogenic bacteria including Desulfovibrio and Oribacterium were reduced, and bioactive molecules such as mannose and arginine were significantly increased in the dairy group. Correlations of at least six bacterial genera with serum metal ions and metabolites were also found. Results reveal distinct impacts of dairy and exercise on the gut microbiota and in the modulation of circulating metabolites with the former primarily responsible for driving microbial alterations known to attenuate weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamchand Mayengbam
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute , Alberta Children's Hospital , Calgary T3B 6A8 , Alberta , Canada
| | | | - Sarah K Trottier
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph N1G 2W1 , Ontario , Canada
| | - Chunlong Mu
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute , Alberta Children's Hospital , Calgary T3B 6A8 , Alberta , Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences , University of Guelph , Guelph N1G 2W1 , Ontario , Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute , Alberta Children's Hospital , Calgary T3B 6A8 , Alberta , Canada
| | | | - Jane Shearer
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute , Alberta Children's Hospital , Calgary T3B 6A8 , Alberta , Canada
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Cho NA, Klancic T, Nettleton JE, Paul HA, Reimer RA. Impact of Food Ingredients (Aspartame, Stevia, Prebiotic Oligofructose) on Fertility and Reproductive Outcomes in Obese Rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2018; 26:1692-1695. [PMID: 30358146 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the interaction between obesity, low-calorie sweeteners, and prebiotic oligofructose on reproductive parameters in rats. METHODS Data were derived from two separate studies of female Sprague-Dawley rats with (1) Lean (n = 24), (2) Obese (n = 27), (3) Obese+Aspartame (n = 14), (4) Obese+Stevia (n = 15), and (5) Obese+Prebiotic (n = 15) groups. Obesity was induced with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet prior to pregnancy. In one study, human-approved doses of aspartame (5-7 mg/kg/d) and stevia (2-3 mg/kg/d) in drinking water were examined, and in the second, 10% prebiotics (oligofructose) in the diet was examined. Reproductive parameters, including fertility, pregnancy, and delivery indexes, were analyzed. RESULTS Obesity significantly reduced pregnancy index in Obese dams (60.7% successful pregnancies) compared with lean (100%). Obesity also reduced the number of pups born alive and pup survival percentage compared with those of Lean dams (P < 0.001). Only 53.3% of rats were able to conceive in the Obese+Stevia group, but if rats did become pregnant, they had 100% pregnancy and delivery index. While prebiotic administration rescued the pregnancy index, it could not remediate pup survival percentage (P = 0.025) in Obese dams. CONCLUSIONS Both obesity status and dietary ingredients affect the ability to conceive. Future rigorously controlled studies designed to examine reproductive outcomes in depth are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Cho
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Teja Klancic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jodi E Nettleton
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Heather A Paul
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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14
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Trottier SK, MacPherson REK, Knuth CM, Townsend LK, Peppler WT, Mikhaeil JS, Leveille CF, LeBlanc PJ, Shearer J, Reimer RA, Wright DC. Dairy Attenuates Weight Gain to a Similar Extent as Exercise in Rats Fed a High-Fat, High-Sugar Diet. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1707-1715. [PMID: 28782917 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the individual and combined effects of dairy and endurance exercise training in reducing weight gain and adiposity in a rodent model of diet-induced obesity. METHODS An 8-week feeding intervention of a high-fat, high-sugar diet was used to induce obesity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were then assigned to one of four groups for 6 weeks: (1) casein sedentary (casein-S), (2) casein exercise (casein-E), (3) dairy sedentary (dairy-S), and (4) dairy exercise (dairy-E). Rats were exercise trained by treadmill running 5 d/wk. RESULTS Dairy-E prevented weight gain to a greater extent than either dairy or exercise alone. Adipose tissue and liver mass were reduced to a similar extent in dairy-S, casein-E, and dairy-E groups. Differences in weight gain were not explained by food intake or total energy expenditure. The total amount of lipid excreted was greater in the dairy-S compared to casein-S and dairy-E groups. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that dairy limits weight gain to a similar extent as exercise training and the combined effects are greater than either intervention alone. While exercise training reduces weight gain through increases in energy expenditure, dairy appears to increase lipid excretion in the feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Trottier
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carly M Knuth
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Willem T Peppler
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - John S Mikhaeil
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cam F Leveille
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul J LeBlanc
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jane Shearer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Mietlicki-Baase EG, Koch-Laskowski K, McGrath LE, Krawczyk J, Pham T, Lhamo R, Reiner DJ, Hayes MR. Daily supplementation of dietary protein improves the metabolic effects of GLP-1-based pharmacotherapy in lean and obese rats. Physiol Behav 2017; 177:122-128. [PMID: 28433470 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone released from intestinal L-cells in response to food entering into the gastrointestinal tract. GLP-1-based pharmaceuticals improve blood glucose regulation and reduce feeding. Specific macronutrients, when ingested, may trigger GLP-1 secretion and enhance the effects of systemic sitagliptin, a pharmacological inhibitor of DPP-IV (an enzyme that rapidly degrades GLP-1). In particular, macronutrient constituents found in dairy foods may act as potent secretagogues for GLP-1, and acute preclinical trials show that ingestion of dairy protein may represent a promising adjunct behavioral therapy in combination with sitagliptin. To test this hypothesis further, chow-maintained or high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats received daily IP injections of sitagliptin (6mg/kg) or saline in combination with a twice-daily 8ml oral gavage of milk protein concentrate (MPC; 80/20% casein/whey; 0.5kcal/ml), soy protein (non-dairy control; 0.5kcal/ml) or 0.9% NaCl for two months. Food intake and body weight were recorded every 24-48h; blood glucose regulation was examined at baseline and at 3 and 6.5weeks via a 2h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT; 25% glucose; 2g/kg). MPC and soy protein significantly suppressed cumulative caloric intake in HFD but not chow-maintained rats. AUC analyses for OGTT show suppression in glycemia by sitagliptin with MPC or soy in chow- and HFD-maintained rats, suggesting that chronic ingestion of dairy or soy proteins may augment endogenous GLP-1 signaling and the glycemic- and food intake-suppressive effects of DPP-IV inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Mietlicki-Baase
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Kieran Koch-Laskowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Lauren E McGrath
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Joanna Krawczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Tram Pham
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Rinzin Lhamo
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - David J Reiner
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Matthew R Hayes
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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Dennison CA, Eslinger AJ, Reimer RA. Preconception Prebiotic and Sitagliptin Treatment in Obese Rats Affects Pregnancy Outcomes and Offspring Microbiota, Adiposity, and Glycemia. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:301. [PMID: 29163369 PMCID: PMC5670500 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity is associated with increased risk of pregnancy complications and greater risk of obesity in offspring, but studies designed to examine preconception weight loss are limited. The objective of this study was to determine if a combined dietary [oligofructose (OFS)] and pharmacological (sitagliptin) preconception intervention could mitigate poor pregnancy outcomes associated with maternal obesity and improve offspring metabolic health and gut microbiota composition. Diet-induced obese female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to one of four intervention groups for 8 weeks: (1) Obese-Control (consumed control diet during intervention); (2) Obese-OFS (10% OFS diet); (3) Obese-S (sitagliptin drug); (4) Obese-OFS + S (combination treatment). Two reference groups were also included: (5) Obese-HFS (untreated obese consumed high fat/sucrose diet throughout study); (6) Lean-Control (lean reference group that were never obese and consumed control diet throughout). Offspring consumed control diet until 11 weeks of age followed by HFS diet until 17 weeks of age. The Obese-OFS + S rats lost weight during the intervention phase whereas the OFS and S treatments attenuated weight gain compared with Obese-HFS (p < 0.05). Gestational weight gain was lowest in Obese-OFS + S rats and highest in Obese-HFS rats (p < 0.05). Prepregnancy intervention did not affect reproductive parameters but did affect pregnancy outcomes including litter size. Male Obese-OFS offspring had significantly lower percent body fat than Obese-HFS at 17 weeks. Female Obese-S and Obese-OFS offspring had significantly lower fasting glucose at 17 weeks compared with Obese-Control and Obese-HFS. Clostridium cluster XI was higher in Obese-HFS and Obese-S dams at birth compared with all other groups. Dams with an adverse pregnancy outcome had significantly lower (p = 0.035) Lactobacillus spp. compared with dams with normal or small litters. At weaning, male offspring of Obese-HFS had higher levels of Methanobrevibacter than all other groups except Obese-S and female Obese-HFS offspring had higher Enterobacteriaceae compared with all other groups. At 11 and 17 weeks of age, Bacteroides/Prevotella spp. was significantly lower in male and female offspring of Obese-HFS dams compared with all other groups except Obese-OFS + S. Modest weight loss induced with a diet-drug combination did not affect maternal fecundity but did have sex-specific effects on offspring adiposity and glycemia that may be linked to changes in offspring microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amanda J. Eslinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Raylene A. Reimer
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Raylene A. Reimer,
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Cardoso FS, Araujo-Lima CF, Aiub CA, Felzenszwalb I. Exposure to sorbitol during lactation causes metabolic alterations and genotoxic effects in rat offspring. Toxicol Lett 2016; 260:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Collins KH, Hart DA, Reimer RA, Seerattan RA, Herzog W. Response to diet-induced obesity produces time-dependent induction and progression of metabolic osteoarthritis in rat knees. J Orthop Res 2016; 34:1010-8. [PMID: 26572064 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, and corresponding chronic-low grade inflammation, is associated with the onset and progression of knee OA. The origin of this inflammation is poorly understood. Here, the effect of high fat, high sucrose (HFS) diet induced obesity (DIO) on local (synovial fluid), and systemic (serum) inflammation is evaluated after a 12-week obesity induction and a further 16-week adaptation period. For 12-weeks of obesity induction, n = 40 DIO male Sprague-Dawley rats consumed a HFS diet while the control group (n = 14) remained on chow. DIO rats were allocated to prone (DIO-P, top 33% based on weight change) or resistant (DIO-R, bottom 33%) groups at 12-weeks. Animals were euthanized at 12- and after an additional 16-weeks on diet (28-weeks). At sacrifice, body composition and knee joints were collected and assessed. Synovial fluid and sera were profiled using cytokine array analysis. At 12-weeks, DIO-P animals demonstrated increased Modified Mankin scores compared to DIO-R and chow (p = 0.026), and DIO-R had higher Mankin scores compared to chow (p = 0.049). While numerous systemic and limited synovial fluid inflammatory markers were increased at 12-weeks in DIO animals compared to chow, by 28-weeks there were limited systemic differences but marked increases in local synovial fluid inflammatory marker concentrations. Metabolic OA may manifest from an initial systemic inflammatory disturbance. Twelve weeks of obesity induction leads to a unique inflammatory profile and induction of metabolic OA which is altered after a further 16-weeks of obesity and HFS diet intake, suggesting that obesity is a dynamic, progressive process. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1010-1018, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H Collins
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - David A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Centre for Hip Health & Mobility, Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Ruth A Seerattan
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Wojcik JL, Devassy JG, Wu Y, Zahradka P, Taylor CG, Aukema HM. Protein source in a high-protein diet modulates reductions in insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in fa/fa Zucker rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:123-31. [PMID: 26638114 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-protein diets are being promoted to reduce insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the effect of protein source in high-protein diets on reducing insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis was examined. METHODS Fa/fa Zucker rats were provided normal-protein (15% of energy) casein, high-protein (35% of energy) casein, high-protein soy, or high-protein mixed diets with animal and plant proteins. RESULTS The high-protein mixed diet reduced area under the curve for insulin during glucose tolerance testing, fasting serum insulin and free fatty acid concentrations, homeostatic model assessment index, insulin to glucose ratio, and pancreatic islet cell area. The high-protein mixed and the high-protein soy diets reduced hepatic lipid concentrations, liver to body weight ratio, and hepatic steatosis rating. These improvements were observed despite no differences in body weight, feed intake, or adiposity among high-protein diet groups. The high-protein casein diet had minimal benefits. CONCLUSIONS A high-protein mixed diet was the most effective for modulating reductions in insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis independent of weight loss, indicating that the source of protein within a high-protein diet is critical for the management of these metabolic syndrome parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Wojcik
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jessay G Devassy
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Yinghong Wu
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Peter Zahradka
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Carla G Taylor
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Harold M Aukema
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Collins KH, Paul HA, Reimer RA, Seerattan RA, Hart DA, Herzog W. Relationship between inflammation, the gut microbiota, and metabolic osteoarthritis development: studies in a rat model. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:1989-98. [PMID: 26521745 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Osteoarthritis (OA) may result from intrinsic inflammation related to metabolic disturbance. Obesity-associated inflammation is triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derived from the gut microbiota. However, the relationship between gut microbiota, LPS, inflammation, and OA remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the associations between gut microbiota, systemic LPS levels, serum and local inflammatory profiles, and joint damage in a high fat/high sucrose diet induced obese rat model. METHODS 32 rats were randomized to a high fat/high sucrose diet (diet-induced obese (DIO), 40% fat, 45% sucrose, n = 21) or chow diet group (12% fat, 3.7% sucrose n = 11) for 28 weeks. After a 12-week obesity induction period, DIO animals were stratified into Obesity Prone (DIO-P, top 33% by change in body mass, n = 7), and Obesity Resistant groups (DIO-R, bottom 33%, n = 7). At sacrifice, joints were scored using a Modified Mankin Criteria. Blood and synovial fluid analytes, serum LPS, and fecal gut microbiota were analyzed. RESULTS DIO animals had greater Modified Mankin scores than chow animals (P = 0.002). There was a significant relationship (r = 0.604, p = 0.001) between body fat, but not body mass, and Modified Mankin score. Eighteen synovial fluid and four serum analytes were increased in DIO animals. DIO serum LPS levels were increased compared to chow (P = 0.031). Together, Lactobacillus species (spp.) and Methanobrevibacter spp. abundance had a strong predictive relationship with Modified Mankin Score (r(2) = 0.5, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Increased OA in DIO animals is associated with greater body fat, not body mass. The link between gut microbiota and adiposity-derived inflammation and metabolic OA warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Collins
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, AB, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - H A Paul
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - R A Reimer
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - R A Seerattan
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - D A Hart
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, AB, Canada; The Centre for Hip Health & Mobility, Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - W Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, AB, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
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21
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Pezeshki A, Fahim A, Chelikani PK. Dietary Whey and Casein Differentially Affect Energy Balance, Gut Hormones, Glucose Metabolism, and Taste Preference in Diet-Induced Obese Rats. J Nutr 2015; 145:2236-44. [PMID: 26311811 DOI: 10.3945/jn.115.213843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary whey and casein proteins decrease food intake and body weight and improve glycemic control; however, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. OBJECTIVE We determined the effects of dietary whey, casein, and a combination of the 2 on energy balance, hormones, glucose metabolism, and taste preference in rats. METHODS In Expt. 1, Obesity Prone CD (OP-CD) rats were fed a high-fat control diet (33% fat energy) for 8 wk, and then randomly assigned to 4 isocaloric dietary treatments (n = 12/group): the control treatment (CO; 14% protein energy from egg white), the whey treatment (WH; 26% whey + 14% egg white), the casein treatment (CA; 26% casein + 14% egg white), or the whey plus casein treatment (WHCA; 13% whey + 13% casein + 14% egg white) for 28 d. Measurements included food intake, energy expenditure, body composition, metabolic hormones, glucose tolerance and key tissue markers of glucose and energy metabolism. In Expt. 2, naïve OP-CD rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups (n = 8/group). During an 8 d conditioning period, each group received on alternate days either the CO or WH, CO or CA, or CO or WHCA. Subsequently, preferences for the test diets were assessed on 2 consecutive days with food intake measurements at regular intervals. RESULTS In Expt. 1, food intake was decreased by 17-37% for the first 14 d in the WH and CA rats, and by 18-34% only for the first 4 d in the WHCA compared with the CO rats. Fat mass decreased by 21-28% for the WH rats and 17-33% for the CA rats from day 14 onward, but by 30% only on day 28 in WHCA rats, relative to CO rats. Thus, food intake, body weight, and fat mass decreased more rapidly in WH and CA rats than in WHCA rats. Energy expenditure in WH rats decreased for the first 4 d compared with CA and WHCA rats, and for the first 7 d compared with the CO rats. Circulating leptin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, interleukin 6, and glucose concentrations were lower in WH, CA, and WHCA rats than in CO rats. Plasma glucagon-like peptide 1 concentrations were greater in WH than in CA or WHCA rats. The improvements in glucose tolerance were greater in WH than in WHCA rats. The plasma membrane glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4)-to-total GLUT4 ratio in skeletal muscle was greater in CA and WHCA rats than in CO rats; other markers of glucose and energy metabolism in the adipose and cardiac tissues did not differ. In Expt. 2, during 4 conditioning trials, daily food intake was decreased in WH, CA, and WHCA rats by 26-37%, 30-43%, and 23-33%, respectively, compared with CO rats. Preferences for WH and CA rats were 45% and 31% lower, respectively, than those for CO rats, but that for WHCA rats did not differ. CONCLUSION Together, these data demonstrate that in obese rats, whey, casein, and their combination improve energy balance through differential effects on food intake, taste preference, energy expenditure, glucose tolerance, and gut hormone secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel Pezeshki
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Andrew Fahim
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Prasanth K Chelikani
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gastrointestinal Research Group, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Collins KH, Reimer RA, Seerattan RA, Leonard TR, Herzog W. Using diet-induced obesity to understand a metabolic subtype of osteoarthritis in rats. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2015; 23:957-65. [PMID: 25659656 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Osteoarthritis (OA) in obese individuals is often attributed to joint loading. However, a subtype of OA, Metabolic OA, may be due to obesity-related intrinsic factors but remains to be evaluated experimentally against a known OA progression model. OBJECTIVE To evaluate if obesity contributes to OA onset using a high fat/high sucrose diet-induced obesity (DIO) model with anterior cruciate ligament-transected rats (ACL-X). METHODS Sprague Dawley rats (n = 33) consumed high fat/high sucrose or chow diets for 12 weeks, were randomized to one of three groups: a unilateral ACL-X group, sham surgery group, or naïve non-surgical group. These animals were followed for an additional 16 weeks. At sacrifice, body composition, knee joint Modified Mankin scores, and 27 serum and synovial fluid cytokines and adipokines were measured. RESULTS Experimental limbs of obese ACL-X, obese Sham, and lean ACL-X animals had similar Modified Mankin scores that were greater than those obtained from lean Sham and naïve animals. Obese contralateral limbs had similar OA damage as ACL-X and Sham limbs of obese and ACL-X limbs of lean animals. Obese contralateral limb Modified Mankin scores had a strong correlation (r = 0.75, P < 0.001) with body fat percentage. Serum leptin and synovial fluid IP10/CXCL10 best described Modified Mankin scores in contralateral limbs of obese animals. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical factors produced OA damage in experimental limbs, as expected. Interestingly, OA damage in obese contralateral limbs was similar to mechanically perturbed limbs, suggesting that obesity may induce OA in a non-mechanical manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Collins
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, AB, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - R A Reimer
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - R A Seerattan
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - T R Leonard
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - W Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary, AB, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Tycholis TJ, Cant JP, Osborne VR, Shoveller AK. Phenylalanine flux and gastric emptying are not affected by replacement of casein with whey protein in the diet of adult cats consuming frequent small meals. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:177. [PMID: 25266643 PMCID: PMC4363996 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Decreasing the rate of protein emptying from the stomach may improve efficiency of utilization of dietary amino acids for protein deposition. Some studies in rats and humans have shown casein to be more slowly released from the stomach than whey protein. To test if casein induces a slower rate of gastric emptying in cats than whey protein, L-[1-13C]phenylalanine (Phe) was dosed orally into 9 adult cats to estimate gastric emptying and whole-body Phe flux. Results Concentrations of indispensable amino acids in plasma were not significantly affected by dietary protein source. First-pass splanchnic extraction of Phe was not different between diets and averaged 50% (SEM = 3.8%). The half-time for gastric emptying averaged 9.9 min with casein and 10.3 min with whey protein, and was not significantly different between diets (SEM = 1.7 min). Phenylalanine fluxes were 45.3 and 46.5 μmol/(min · kg) for casein- and whey-based diets, respectively (SEM = 4.7 μmol/(min · kg)). Conclusions In adult cats fed frequent small meals, the replacement of casein with whey protein in the diet does not affect supply or utilization of amino acids. These two milk proteins appear to be equally capable of meeting the dietary amino acid needs of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya J Tycholis
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - John P Cant
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Vern R Osborne
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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Eslinger AJ, Eller LK, Reimer RA. Yellow pea fiber improves glycemia and reduces Clostridium leptum in diet-induced obese rats. Nutr Res 2014; 34:714-22. [PMID: 25156790 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the impact of functional fibers on gut microbiota and metabolic health, but some less well-studied fibers and/or fractions of foods known to be high in fiber still warrant examination. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of yellow pea-derived fractions varying in fiber and protein content on metabolic parameters and gut microbiota in diet-induced obese rats. We hypothesized that the yellow pea fiber (PF) fraction would improve glycemia and alter gut microbiota. Rats were randomized to 1 of 5 isoenergetic dietary treatments for 6 weeks: (1) control; (2) oligofructose (OFS); (3) yellow PF; (4) yellow pea flour (PFL); or (5) yellow pea starch (PS). Glycemia, plasma gut hormones, body composition, hepatic triglyceride content, gut microbiota, and messenger RNA expression of genes related to hepatic fat metabolism were examined. Pea flour attenuated weight gain compared with control, PF, and PS (P < .05). Pea flour, PS, and OFS had significantly lower final percent body fat compared with control. Oligofructose but not the pea fraction diets reduced food intake compared with control (P < .05). Pea fiber resulted in lower fasting glucose and glucose area under the curve compared with control. Changes in gut microbiota were fraction specific and included a decrease in Firmicutes (percent) for OFS, PF, and PFL compared with control (P < .05). The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was reduced with OFS, PF, and PFL when compared with PS (P < .05). Taken together, this work suggests that yellow pea-derived fractions are able to distinctly modulate metabolic parameters and gut microbiota in obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Eslinger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Lindsay K Eller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Raylene A Reimer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Yamaguchi M, Takai S. Chronic Administration of Bovine Milk-Derived α-Lactalbumin Improves Glucose Tolerance via Enhancement of Adiponectin in Goto–Kakizaki Rats with Type 2 Diabetes. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:404-8. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b13-00762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shoko Takai
- Food Science Research Labs, R&D Div., Meiji Co., Ltd
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26
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Olivos DR, McGrath LE, Turner CA, Montaubin O, Mietlicki-Baase EG, Hayes MR. Intraduodenal milk protein concentrate augments the glycemic and food intake suppressive effects of DPP-IV inhibition. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 306:R157-63. [PMID: 24352410 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00358.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone released from intestinal L-cells in response to food entering into the gastrointestinal tract. GLP-1-based pharmaceuticals improve blood glucose regulation and may hold promise for obesity treatment, as GLP-1 drugs reduce food intake and body weight in humans and animals. In an effort to improve GLP-1 pharmacotherapies, we focused our attention on macronutrients that, when present in the gastrointestinal tract, may enhance GLP-1 secretion and improve glycemic regulation and food intake suppression when combined with systemic administration of sitagliptin, a pharmacological inhibitor of DPP-IV (enzyme responsible for GLP-1 degradation). In particular, previous data suggest that specific macronutrient constituents found in dairy foods may act as potent secretagogues for GLP-1 and therefore may potentially serve as an adjunct dietary therapy in combination with sitagliptin. To directly test this hypothesis, rats received intraperitoneal injections of sitagliptin (6 mg/kg) or saline vehicle followed by intraduodenal infusions of either milk protein concentrate (MPC; 80/20% casein/whey; 4 kcal), soy protein (nondairy control infusate; 4 kcal), or 0.9% NaCl. Food intake was assessed 30 min postinfusion. In separate studies, regulation of blood glucose was examined via a 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (2 g/kg) following identical sitagliptin treatment and intraduodenal nutrient infusions. Collectively, results show that intraduodenal MPC, but not soy protein, significantly enhances both the food intake suppression and improved control of blood glucose produced by sitagliptin. These data support the hypothesis that dietary intake of dairy protein may be beneficial as an adjunct behavioral therapy to enhance the glycemic and food intake suppressive effects of GLP-1-based pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana R Olivos
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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27
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Stengel A, Goebel-Stengel M, Wang L, Hu E, Karasawa H, Pisegna JR, Taché Y. High-protein diet selectively reduces fat mass and improves glucose tolerance in Western-type diet-induced obese rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R582-91. [PMID: 23883680 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00598.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an increasing health problem. Because drug treatments are limited, diets remain popular. High-protein diets (HPD) reduce body weight (BW), although the mechanisms are unclear. We investigated physiological mechanisms altered by switching diet induced obesity (DIO) rats from Western-type diet (WTD) to HPD. Male rats were fed standard (SD) or WTD (45% calories from fat). After developing DIO (50% of rats), they were switched to SD (15% calories from protein) or HPD (52% calories from protein) for up to 4 weeks. Food intake (FI), BW, body composition, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and intestinal hormone plasma levels were monitored. Rats fed WTD showed an increased FI and had a 25% greater BW gain after 9 wk compared with SD (P < 0.05). Diet-induced obese rats switched from WTD to HPD reduced daily FI by 30% on day 1, which lasted to day 9 (-9%) and decreased BW during the 2-wk period compared with SD/SD (P < 0.05). During these 2 wk, WTD/HPD rats lost 72% more fat mass than WTD/SD (P < 0.05), whereas lean mass was unaltered. WTD/HPD rats had lower blood glucose than WTD/SD at 30 min postglucose gavage (P < 0.05). The increase of pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY during the 2-h dark-phase feeding was higher in WTD/HPD compared with WTD/SD (P < 0.05). These data indicate that HPD reduces BW in WTD rats, which may be related to decreased FI and the selective reduction of fat mass accompanied by improved glucose tolerance, suggesting relevant benefits of HPD in the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stengel
- CURE/Digestive Diseases Research Center, Center for Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Medicine, Digestive Diseases Division at the University of California Los Angeles, and VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California
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28
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Eller LK, Saha DC, Shearer J, Reimer RA. Dietary leucine improves whole-body insulin sensitivity independent of body fat in diet-induced obese Sprague–Dawley rats. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1285-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Thomas AP, Dunn TN, Drayton JB, Oort PJ, Adams SH. A dairy-based high calcium diet improves glucose homeostasis and reduces steatosis in the context of preexisting obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013; 21:E229-35. [PMID: 23404741 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High dietary calcium (Ca) in the context of a dairy food matrix has been shown to reduce obesity development and associated inflammation in diet-induced obese (DIO) rodents. The influence of Ca and dairy on these phenotypes in the context of preexisting obesity is not known. Furthermore, interpretations have been confounded historically by differences in body weight gain among DIO animals fed dairy-based protein or high Ca. DESIGN AND METHODS Adiposity along with associated metabolic and inflammatory outcomes were measured in DIO mice previously fattened for 12 week on a soy protein-based obesogenic high fat diet (45% energy, 0.5% adequate Ca), then fed one of three high fat diets (n = 29-30/group) for an additional 8 week: control (same as lead-in diet), high-Ca (1.5% Ca), or high-Ca + nonfat dry milk (NFDM). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Mice fed high-Ca + NFDM had modestly, but significantly, attenuated weight gain compared to mice fed high-Ca or versus controls (P < 0.001), whereas mice fed high-Ca alone had increased weight gain compared to controls (P < 0.001). Total measured adipose depot weights between groups were similar, as were white adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage infiltration markers (e.g. TNFα, IL-6, CD68 mRNAs). Mice fed high-Ca + NFDM had significantly improved glucose tolerance following a glucose tolerance test, and markedly lower liver triglycerides compared to high-Ca and control groups. Improved metabolic phenotypes in prefattened DIO mice following provision of a diet enriched with dairy-based protein and carbohydrates appeared to be driven by non-Ca components of dairy and were observed despite minimal differences in body weight or adiposity.
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MESH Headings
- Adipose Tissue, White/metabolism
- Adiposity
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/blood
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/blood
- Blood Glucose/analysis
- Blotting, Western
- Calcitriol/blood
- Calcium, Dietary/administration & dosage
- Chemokines/blood
- Cytokines/blood
- Dairy Products
- Diet, High-Fat
- Disease Models, Animal
- Energy Intake
- Glucose Tolerance Test
- Homeostasis
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Inflammation/prevention & control
- Insulin/blood
- Interleukin-6/blood
- Liver/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Obese
- Obesity/metabolism
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Obesity/prevention & control
- Phenotype
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood
- Weight Gain
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Thomas
- Graduate Group in Nutritional Biology & Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis. Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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30
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Thomas AP, Dunn TN, Drayton JB, Oort PJ, Adams SH. A high calcium diet containing nonfat dry milk reduces weight gain and associated adipose tissue inflammation in diet-induced obese mice when compared to high calcium alone. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:3. [PMID: 22269778 PMCID: PMC3284427 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High dietary calcium (Ca) is reported to have anti-obesity and anti-inflammatory properties. Evidence for these properties of dietary Ca in animal models of polygenic obesity have been confounded by the inclusion of dairy food components in experimental diets; thus, effect of Ca per se could not be deciphered. Furthermore, potential anti-inflammatory actions of Ca in vivo could not be dissociated from reduced adiposity. METHODS We characterized adiposity along with metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice fed 1 of 3 high fat diets (45% energy) for 12 wk: control (n = 29), high-Ca (n = 30), or high-Ca + nonfat dry milk (NFDM) (n = 30). RESULTS Mice fed high-Ca + NFDM had reduced body weight and adiposity compared to high-Ca mice (P < 0.001). Surprisingly, the high-Ca mice had increased adiposity compared to lower-Ca controls (P < 0.001). Hyperphagia and increased feed efficiency contributed to obesity development in high-Ca mice, in contrast to NFDM mice that displayed significantly reduced weight gain despite higher energy intake compared to controls (P < 0.001). mRNA markers of macrophages (e.g., CD68, CD11d) strongly correlated with body weight in all diet treatment groups, and most treatment differences in WAT inflammatory factor mRNA abundances were lost when controlling for body weight gain as a covariate. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that high dietary Ca is not sufficient to dampen obesity-related phenotypes in DIO mice, and in fact exacerbates weight gain and hyperphagia. The data further suggest that putative anti-obesity properties of dairy emanate from food components beyond Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Thomas
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tamara N Dunn
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Josephine B Drayton
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Pieter J Oort
- Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 W. Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sean H Adams
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, USA.,Obesity & Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 W. Health Sciences Dr., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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31
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Fried A, Manske SL, Eller LK, Lorincz C, Reimer RA, Zernicke RF. Skim milk powder enhances trabecular bone architecture compared with casein or whey in diet-induced obese rats. Nutrition 2011; 28:331-5. [PMID: 22119485 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2011.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously showed that skim milk powder (SMP) prevents weight gain more so than casein or whey alone. Dairy foods and changes in body mass can affect bone architecture; therefore, our objective was to examine the effect of dairy proteins on bone structure in the tibia of dietary-induced obese rats. METHODS Twelve-week-old diet-induced obese Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to one of six diets that varied in protein source (casein, whey, or SMP), Ca level (0.67% or 2.4%), and energy density (high-fat/high-sucrose [HFHS], or normal energy density [NE]). After 8 wk, body composition was assessed via dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and trabecular and cortical bone parameters of the tibia were assessed using micro-computed tomography and mixed model analysis. RESULTS Rats fed SMP with 2.4% calcium had significantly lower body mass and fat mass than all other groups. The ratio of bone volume to total volume (BV/TV) was significantly higher when the HFHS diet was supplemented with SMP and 2.4% calcium compared with whey (+66.7%) or casein (+32.6%). The HFHS diet group had 49.3% greater BV/TV compared with the NE groups. Increasing the amount of calcium resulted in a significant increase in BV/TV (188.9%) in the HFHS diet groups but not in the NE groups. CONCLUSION The intake of skim milk powder supplemented with calcium enhances trabecular bone architecture in obese rats consuming HFHS diet to a greater extent than with either casein or whey protein alone. Bioactive ingredients in complete dairy may contribute to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviv Fried
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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32
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Adams SH. Emerging perspectives on essential amino acid metabolism in obesity and the insulin-resistant state. Adv Nutr 2011; 2:445-56. [PMID: 22332087 PMCID: PMC3226382 DOI: 10.3945/an.111.000737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of insulin action is most often considered in the context of impaired glucose homeostasis, with the defining feature of diabetes mellitus being elevated blood glucose concentration. Complications arising from the hyperglycemia accompanying frank diabetes are well known and epidemiological studies point to higher risk toward development of metabolic disease in persons with impaired glucose tolerance. Although the central role of proper blood sugar control in maintaining metabolic health is well established, recent developments have begun to shed light on associations between compromised insulin action [obesity, prediabetes, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)] and altered intermediary metabolism of fats and amino acids. For amino acids, changes in blood concentrations of select essential amino acids and their derivatives, in particular BCAA, sulfur amino acids, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, are apparent with obesity and insulin resistance, often before the onset of clinically diagnosed T2DM. This review provides an overview of these changes and places recent observations from metabolomics research into the context of historical reports in the areas of biochemistry and nutritional biology. Based on this synthesis, a model is proposed that links the FFA-rich environment of obesity/insulin resistance and T2DM with diminution of BCAA catabolic enzyme activity, changes in methionine oxidation and cysteine/cystine generation, and tissue redox balance (NADH/NAD+).
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33
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Zhou J, Keenan MJ, Losso JN, Raggio AM, Shen L, McCutcheon KL, Tulley RT, Blackman MR, Martin RJ. Dietary whey protein decreases food intake and body fat in rats. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:1568-73. [PMID: 21331067 PMCID: PMC4831908 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of dietary whey protein on food intake, body fat, and body weight gain in rats. Adult (11-12 week) male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three dietary treatment groups for a 10-week study: control. Whey protein (HP-W), or high-protein content control (HP-S). Albumin was used as the basic protein source for all three diets. HP-W and HP-S diets contained an additional 24% (wt/wt) whey or isoflavone-free soy protein, respectively. Food intake, body weight, body fat, respiratory quotient (RQ), plasma cholecystokinin (CCK), glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and leptin were measured during and/or at the end of the study. The results showed that body fat and body weight gain were lower (P < 0.05) at the end of study in rats fed HP-W or HP-S vs. control diet. The cumulative food intake measured over the 10-week study period was lower in the HP-W vs. control and HP-S groups (P < 0.01). Further, HP-W fed rats exhibited lower N(2) free RQ values than did control and HP-S groups (P < 0.01). Plasma concentrations of total GLP-1 were higher in HP-W and HP-S vs. control group (P < 0.05), whereas plasma CCK, PYY, and leptin did not differ among the three groups. In conclusion, although dietary HP-W and HP-S each decrease body fat accumulation and body weight gain, the mechanism(s) involved appear to be different. HP-S fed rats exhibit increased fat oxidation, whereas HP-W fed rats show decreased food intake and increased fat oxidation, which may contribute to the effects of whey protein on body fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Zhou
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA.
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34
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Park Y, Terk M, Park Y. Interaction between dietary conjugated linoleic acid and calcium supplementation affecting bone and fat mass. J Bone Miner Metab 2011; 29:268-78. [PMID: 20697754 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-010-0212-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has shown wide biologically beneficial effects, such as anticancer, antiatherosclerotic, antidiabetic, immunomodulating, and antiobesity effects. However, the effects of CLA on total body ash, reflective of bone mineral content, have not been consistent. We hypothesized that the inconsistency of the CLA effect on ash may be linked to interaction between CLA and dietary calcium levels. Thus, we investigated the effects of CLA on body ash in conjunction with various calcium levels. Male ICR mice were fed three different levels of calcium (0.01, 0.5, and 1%) with or without 0.5% CLA for 4 weeks for Experiment 1 and separate CLA isomers at 0.22% level with 1% calcium in Experiment 2. CLA feeding reduced body fat regardless of dietary calcium level, whereas CLA supplementation increased body ash compared to control only in animals fed the 1% calcium. In Experiment 2 it was confirmed that this observation was associated with the trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer, but not with the cis-9, trans-11 isomer. CLA administration with 1% dietary calcium significantly improved total ash percent (%) in femurs, confirming that CLA has the potential to be used to improve bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yooheon Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 100 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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35
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Hamad EM, Taha SH, Abou Dawood AGI, Sitohy MZ, Abdel-Hamid M. Protective effect of whey proteins against nonalcoholic fatty liver in rats. Lipids Health Dis 2011; 10:57. [PMID: 21489294 PMCID: PMC3096574 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-10-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and can vary from hepatic steatosis to end-stage liver disease. It is the most common liver disease and its prevalence is increasing worldwide. In the present study, the effect of whey proteins on some parameters of NAFLD was investigated. Results Oral administration of the studied whey proteins products reduced the final body weight of rats. There was a significant reduction effect (P < 0.05) of the tested proteins on hepatic triglycerides, liver enzymes (ALT and AST), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde level) and serum glucose. Feeding on whey proteins caused an increase in the reduced glutathione. Hepatic content of reduced glutathione was not affected by any of the used whey proteins, but it showed an increasing tendency (P > 0.05). Liver histology showed an improvement of fatty infiltration in hepatocytes from whey protein groups and gives the histology of liver a normal appearance. Conclusions The obtained results indicate a possible role for oral administration of whey proteins in the regulation of liver biochemistries in a rat's model of NAFLD. This regulatory effect of whey proteins was accompanied by an improvement in fatty infiltration in hepatocytes and a reduction of oxidative stress parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam M Hamad
- Dairy Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Egypt
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36
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Eller LK, Reimer RA. Attenuation in Weight Gain with High Calcium- and Dairy-Enriched Diets Is Not Associated with Taste Aversion in Rats: A Comparison with Casein, Whey, and Soy. J Med Food 2010; 13:1182-8. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2009.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K. Eller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raylene A. Reimer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Eller LK, Reimer RA. A high calcium, skim milk powder diet results in a lower fat mass in male, energy-restricted, obese rats more than a low calcium, casein, or soy protein diet. J Nutr 2010; 140:1234-41. [PMID: 20463146 DOI: 10.3945/jn.109.119008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The combination of dairy protein and dietary calcium (Ca) may enhance weight loss more effectively than either compound alone. Our purpose in this study was to determine the effect of various protein sources [skim milk powder (SMP), whey, casein, and soy protein isolate (SPI)] and 2 levels of Ca [low, 0.67% Ca (LC) or high, 2.4% Ca (HC)] on weight loss. Sixty-four 12-wk-old Sprague-Dawley, diet-induced obese rats were assigned to 1 of 8 energy-restricted (ER) diets for 4 wk with 1 of the 4 protein sources and either LC or HC concentrations. Rats were ER to 70% of the ad libitum food and energy intake of a reference group (n = 8) fed the AIN-93M diet. The interaction between dietary protein and Ca affected final body weight and fat mass (FM) (P < 0.05). FM was less in rats fed SMP-HC than in those fed casein-LC or SPI-LC. Lean body mass was greater in rats fed SMP than in those fed whey. Rats fed HC diets had a lower plasma glucagon area under the curve (AUC) than those fed LC diets. The blood glucose AUC, homeostatic model of insulin resistance, and the expression of certain hepatic genes involved in energy metabolism were affected by protein and Ca. These data suggest that consuming a diet containing SMP and HC is associated with a lower FM in obese, male, ER rats than in diets containing casein or SPI and LC; however, the role of SMP and Ca in glucose homeostasis remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Eller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine and 4Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
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