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Bahadoran Z, Mirmiran P, Ghasemi A. Adipose organ dysfunction and type 2 diabetes: Role of nitric oxide. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 221:116043. [PMID: 38325496 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Adipose organ, historically known as specialized lipid-handling tissue serving as the long-term fat depot, is now appreciated as the largest endocrine organ composed of two main compartments, i.e., subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (AT), madding up white and beige/brown adipocytes. Adipose organ dysfunction manifested as maldistribution of the compartments, hypertrophic, hypoxic, inflamed, and insulin-resistant AT, contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Here, we highlight the role of nitric oxide (NO·) in AT (dys)function in relation to developing T2D. The key aspects determining lipid and glucose homeostasis in AT depend on the physiological levels of the NO· produced via endothelial NO· synthases (eNOS). In addition to decreased NO· bioavailability (via decreased expression/activity of eNOS or scavenging NO·), excessive NO· produced by inducible NOS (iNOS) in response to hypoxia and AT inflammation may be a critical interfering factor diverting NO· signaling to the formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, resulting in AT and whole-body metabolic dysfunction. Pharmacological approaches boosting AT-NO· availability at physiological levels (by increasing NO· production and its stability), as well as suppression of iNOS-NO· synthesis, are potential candidates for developing NO·-based therapeutics in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Bahadoran
- Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Mirmiran
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asghar Ghasemi
- Endocrine Physiology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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A compendium of G-protein-coupled receptors and cyclic nucleotide regulation of adipose tissue metabolism and energy expenditure. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:473-512. [PMID: 32149342 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing burden of obesity and Type 2 diabetes, it is generally acknowledged that there remains a need for developing new therapeutics. One potential mechanism to combat obesity is to raise energy expenditure via increasing the amount of uncoupled respiration from the mitochondria-rich brown and beige adipocytes. With the recent appreciation of thermogenic adipocytes in humans, much effort is being made to elucidate the signaling pathways that regulate the browning of adipose tissue. In this review, we focus on the ligand-receptor signaling pathways that influence the cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, in adipocytes. We chose to focus on G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), guanylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase regulation of adipocytes because they are the targets of a large proportion of all currently available therapeutics. Furthermore, there is a large overlap in their signaling pathways, as signaling events that raise cAMP or cGMP generally increase adipocyte lipolysis and cause changes that are commonly referred to as browning: increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) expression and respiration.
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Sallam HS, Tuvdendorj DR, Jialal I, Chandalia M, Abate N. Therapeutic lifestyle change intervention improved metabolic syndrome criteria and is complementary to amlodipine/atorvastatin. J Diabetes Complications 2020; 34:107480. [PMID: 31902653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2019.107480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine whether addition of amlodipine (5 mg)/atorvastatin (10 mg) A/A to Therapeutic Lifestyle change intervention (TLC) would beneficially modulate Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) and oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) levels. METHODS Patients with MetS (n = 53) were randomized to TLC + placebo or TLC + A/A for 12 months. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure (BP), lipid profile, plasma Ox-LDL, and area under the curve of free fatty acid (AUCFFA) during oral glucose tolerance test, a marker of adipose tissue health, were assessed before and after the intervention. RESULTS Twenty-six patients completed the study with an overall improvement of MetS (p = 0.02). TLC + placebo was beneficial in reversing MetS comparable to TLC + A/A (54% vs. 39%; p = 0.08). Both treatments decreased systolic BP (p ≤ 0.01). TLC + A/A also decreased diastolic BP and triglyceride levels. The changes in Ox-LDL levels directly correlated with changes in weight in the TLC-placebo group (r = 0.64; p = 0.04). AUCFFA determined the loss of fat mass (r = 0.472, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS 1) Addition of A/A has the advantage of improving the lipid profile and BP; but TLC alone was comparable to TLC + A/A in improving MetS; 2) weight change determines the TLC-associated change in Ox-LDL levels; and 3) AT metabolic health is a significant predictor of TLC-associated loss of body fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa S Sallam
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Demidmaa R Tuvdendorj
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ishwarlal Jialal
- California North-State University College of Medicine, Elk Grove, CA, USA
| | | | - Nicola Abate
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Bay Area Metabolic Health, Baytown, TX, USA.
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Iqbal F, Durham WJ, Melhem A, Raslan S, Tran TT, Wright TJ, Asghar R, Fujise K, Volpi E, Sidossis L, Abate N, Sheffield-Moore M, Tuvdendorj D. Sex-dependent difference in the relationship between adipose-tissue cholesterol efflux and estradiol concentrations in young healthy humans. Int J Dev Neurosci 2017; 64:59-62. [PMID: 28709820 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired adipose tissue function and lower levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) have been implicated in the development of vascular dementia, and metabolic diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and metabolic syndrome. Interestingly, both the substrate fluxes in adipose tissue and HDL-C concentration differ between men and women. Moreover, adipose tissue cholesterol efflux has been implicated in modulation of HDL-C levels. Thus, we aimed to determine if the association between serum estradiol levels and adipose tissue cholesterol efflux is sex-dependent. METHOD We evaluated the serum estradiol levels and adipose tissue cholesterol efflux in young healthy men (n=5) and women (n=3). Adipose tissue cholesterol efflux was determined using subcutaneous microdialysis probes. Linear regression analyses were used to determine the relationship between the parameters, p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. RESULTS Our data demonstrated that serum estradiol levels directly associated with adipose tissue cholesterol efflux; however, the relationships may be sex-dependent. We discussed our results in the context of currently available data regarding sex-dependent variability in adipose tissue function and HDL-C metabolism as a potential contributor to higher rates of vascular dementia in men. Further research is required to understand the sex-dependent and -independent variabilities in adipose tissue metabolism to determine novel targets for interventions to prevent the development of vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Iqbal
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - William J Durham
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Ayyash Melhem
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Saleem Raslan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Tony T Tran
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Traver J Wright
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Rabia Asghar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Ken Fujise
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Elena Volpi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Labros Sidossis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Nicola Abate
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Melinda Sheffield-Moore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Demidmaa Tuvdendorj
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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Chen N, Cheng J, Zhou L, Lei T, Chen L, Shen Q, Qin L, Wan Z. Effects of treadmill running and rutin on lipolytic signaling pathways and TRPV4 protein expression in the adipose tissue of diet-induced obese mice. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 71:733-42. [PMID: 26424736 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To explore the effects of rutin and exercise on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced disrupted lipolytic signaling, adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) and its associated protein expression, and whether depot-specific effects existed. C57BL/6J mice were randomized into five groups: chow group, HFD, HFD plus rutin intervention group (HR), HFD combined with treadmill running group (HE), and HFD combined with treadmill running and rutin intervention group (HRE). At the end of the 16-week intervention, lipolytic markers, AMPK signaling pathways, TRPV4, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α + β (PGC-1α + β) from adipose tissue were measured by western blotting. In epididymal adipose tissue, HFD resulted in significant reduction in the phosphorylation of hormone sensitive lipase at serine660 (p-HSL660), perilipin A, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), p-AMPK, and p-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) protein expression. Exercise intervention and exercise plus rutin completely restored p-HSL660, perilipin A, PEPCK, p-AMPK, and p-ACC protein expression to normal level. HFD and HR groups have reduced expression of PGC-1α + β, exercise, and exercise plus rutin completely restored PGC-1α + β expression to normal level. In subcutaneous adipose tissue, HFD elevated TRPV4, exercise, and exercise plus rutin completely reduced TRPV4 to normal level. HR, HE, and HRE group have increased PGC-1α + β. In conclusion, depot-specific effects existed in regards to how rutin and exercise affect lipolytic signaling and p-AMPK, as well as TRPV4 and PGC-1α + β expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Dushuhu Higher Education Town, Suzhou, China, 215123
| | - Jinbo Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Dushuhu Higher Education Town, Suzhou, China, 215123
| | - Lingmei Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Dushuhu Higher Education Town, Suzhou, China, 215123
| | - Ting Lei
- Suzhou Industrial Park Center Disease Control and Prevention, 58 Suqian Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Dushuhu Higher Education Town, Suzhou, China, 215123
| | - Qiang Shen
- Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 72 Sanxiang Road, 215004, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Qin
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Dushuhu Higher Education Town, Suzhou, China, 215123.
| | - Zhongxiao Wan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Soochow University, Renai Road 199, Dushuhu Higher Education Town, Suzhou, China, 215123. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Disease, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
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The use of Transwells™ improves the rates of differentiation and growth of cultured 3T3L1 cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5605-10. [PMID: 23604418 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6970-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of Transwells™ for routine cultures of 3T3L1 cells results in a much improved rate of differentiation of fibroblasts to adipocytes (100% in 9 of 10 tests) compared with bottom-well layer cultures. Mean size of cells was not different, but the cell number and overall cell mass was 3× larger in transwell in spite of a smaller surface area. The difference between both models was the accessibility in transwells of both sides of the cells to the medium (and oxygen). Cells were counted, and their size estimated using a handheld cell counter, Scepter™, designed for blood cells, but adjusted to the larger size of adipocytes. Finally, the effect of nitric oxide was tested using spermineNONOate, a nitric oxide (NO·) donor. The product was released to cultures at a constant 1 μl/h rate for up to 3 days using osmotic Alzet™ minipumps held in wells with water and discharging their contents to the cultured cell-laden wells through a short capillary tube. A rate of 0.3 pmol/min/ml of medium did not affect the cells' size, but 0.4 pmol/min/ml significantly increased cell mass. The methodological improvements presented here allow for more uniform cultured cell yields and a more flexible environment for control of cell size and administration of signaling agents.
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