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Fernández-Aroca D, García-Flores N, Frost S, Jiménez-Suárez J, Rodríguez-González A, Fernández-Aroca P, Sabater S, Andrés I, Garnés-García C, Belandia B, Cimas F, Villar D, Ruiz-Hidalgo M, Sánchez-Prieto R. MAPK11 (p38β) is a major determinant of cellular radiosensitivity by controlling ionizing radiation-associated senescence: An in vitro study. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2023; 41:100649. [PMID: 37346275 PMCID: PMC10279794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2023.100649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose MAPKs are among the most relevant signalling pathways involved in coordinating cell responses to different stimuli. This group includes p38MAPKs, constituted by 4 different proteins with a high sequence homology: MAPK14 (p38α), MAPK11 (p38β), MAPK12 (p38γ) and MAPK13 (p38δ). Despite their high similarity, each member shows unique expression patterns and even exclusive functions. Thus, analysing protein-specific functions of MAPK members is necessary to unequivocally uncover the roles of this signalling pathway. Here, we investigate the possible role of MAPK11 in the cell response to ionizing radiation (IR). Materials and methods We developed MAPK11/14 knockdown through shRNA and CRISPR interference gene perturbation approaches and analysed the downstream effects on cell responses to ionizing radiation in A549, HCT-116 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Specifically, we assessed IR toxicity by clonogenic assays; DNA damage response activity by immunocytochemistry; apoptosis and cell cycle by flow cytometry (Annexin V and propidium iodide, respectively); DNA repair by comet assay; and senescence induction by both X-Gal staining and gene expression of senescence-associated genes by RT-qPCR. Results Our findings demonstrate a critical role of MAPK11 in the cellular response to IR by controlling the associated senescent phenotype, and without observable effects on DNA damage response, apoptosis, cell cycle or DNA damage repair. Conclusion Our results highlight MAPK11 as a novel mediator of the cellular response to ionizing radiation through the control exerted onto IR-associated senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.M. Fernández-Aroca
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, Albacete, España
| | - N. García-Flores
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, Albacete, España
| | - S. Frost
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - J. Jiménez-Suárez
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, Albacete, España
| | - A. Rodríguez-González
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - P. Fernández-Aroca
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, Albacete, España
| | - S. Sabater
- Servicio de Oncología Radioterápica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, España
| | - I. Andrés
- Servicio de Oncología Radioterápica, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, España
| | - C. Garnés-García
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, Albacete, España
| | - B. Belandia
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM). Madrid, España. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, España
| | - F.J. Cimas
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, Albacete, España
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, España
| | - D. Villar
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M.J. Ruiz-Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, Albacete, España
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, España
| | - R. Sánchez-Prieto
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Unidad de Medicina Molecular, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, Albacete, España
- Departamento de Biología del Cáncer, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM). Madrid, España. Unidad Asociada de Biomedicina UCLM, Unidad asociada al CSIC, España
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Astrocyte Immune Functions and Glaucoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032747. [PMID: 36769067 PMCID: PMC9916878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, a non-neuronal glial cell type in the nervous system, are essential for regulating physiological functions of the central nervous system. In various injuries and diseases of the central nervous system, astrocytes often change their phenotypes into neurotoxic ones that participate in pro-inflammatory responses (hereafter referred to as "immune functions"). Such astrocytic immune functions are not only limited to brain diseases but are also found in ocular neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma, a retinal neurodegenerative disease that is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. The eye has two astrocyte-lineage cells: astrocytes and Müller cells. They maintain the physiological environment of the retina and optic nerve, thereby controlling visual function. Dysfunction of astrocyte-lineage cells may be involved in the onset and progression of glaucoma. These cells become reactive in glaucoma patients, and animal studies have suggested that their immune responses may be linked to glaucoma-related events: tissue remodeling, neuronal death, and infiltration of peripheral immune cells. In this review, we discuss the role of the immune functions of astrocyte-lineage cells in the pathogenesis of glaucoma.
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Hu X, Guo L, Liu G, Dai Z, Wang L, Zhang J, Wang J. Novel cellular senescence-related risk model identified as the prognostic biomarkers for lung squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:997702. [DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.997702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundLung cancer is one of the top causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Cellular senescence is a characteristic of cell cycle arrest that plays a role in carcinogenesis and immune microenvironment modulation. Despite this, the clinical and immune cell infiltration features of senescence in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) are unknown.MethodsThe Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were used to get RNA-seq data and clinical information for LUSC. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-Cox regression, receiver operating characteristic (ROC), and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to evaluate a risk model for predicting overall survival based on six differentially expressed genes. The tumor microenvironment (TME) and immunotherapy response were also studied.ResultsTo discriminate LUSC into high- and low-risk subgroups, a risk model comprised of six cellular senescence-related genes (CDKN1A, CEBPB, MDH1, SIX1, SNAI1, and SOX5) was developed. The model could stratify patients into high-risk and low-risk groups, according to ROC and Kaplan-Meier analysis. In the TCGA-LUSC and GSE73403 cohorts, the high-risk group had a worse prognosis (P<0.05), and was associated with immune cell inactivation and being insensitive to immunotherapy in IMvigor210.ConclusionsWe discovered a new LUSC classification based on six cellular senescence-related genes, which will aid in identifying patients who will benefit from anti-PD-1 treatment. Targeting senescence-related genes appears to be another option for improving clinical therapy for LUSC.
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Hardy S, Choo YM, Hamann M, Cray J. Manzamine-A Alters In Vitro Calvarial Osteoblast Function. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:647. [PMID: 36286470 PMCID: PMC9604769 DOI: 10.3390/md20100647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Manzamine-A is a marine-derived alkaloid which has anti-viral and anti-proliferative properties and is currently being investigated for its efficacy in the treatment of certain viruses (malaria, herpes, HIV-1) and cancers (breast, cervical, colorectal). Manzamine-A has been found to exert effects via modulation of SIX1 gene expression, a gene critical to craniofacial development via the WNT, NOTCH, and PI3K/AKT pathways. To date little work has focused on Manzamine-A and how its use may affect bone. We hypothesize that Manzamine-A, through SIX1, alters bone cell activity. Here, we assessed the effects of Manzamine-A on cells that are responsible for the generation of bone, pre-osteoblasts and osteoblasts. PCR, qrtPCR, MTS cell viability, Caspase 3/7, and functional assays were used to test the effects of Manzamine-A on these cells. Our data suggests Six1 is highly expressed in osteoblasts and their progenitors. Further, osteoblast progenitors and osteoblasts exhibit great sensitivity to Manzamine-A treatment exhibited by a significant decrease in cell viability, increase in cellular apoptosis, and decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity. In silico binding experiment showed that manzamine A potential as an inhibitor of cell proliferation and survival proteins, i.e., Iκb, JAK2, AKT, PKC, FAK, and Bcl-2. Overall, our data suggests Manzamine-A may have great effects on bone health overall and may disrupt skeletal development, homeostasis, and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Hardy
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yeun-Mun Choo
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mark Hamann
- Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Colleges of Pharmacy and Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - James Cray
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Division of Biosciences, The Ohio State College of Dentistry, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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López‐Antona I, Contreras‐Jurado C, Luque‐Martín L, Carpintero‐Leyva A, González‐Méndez P, Palmero I. Dynamic regulation of myofibroblast phenotype in cellular senescence. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13580. [PMID: 35266275 PMCID: PMC9009235 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular senescence is an antiproliferative response with a critical role in the control of cellular balance in diverse physiological and pathological settings. Here, we set to study the impact of senescence on the regulation of cell plasticity, focusing on the regulation of the myofibroblastic phenotype in primary fibroblasts. Myofibroblasts are contractile, highly fibrogenic cells with key roles in wound healing and fibrosis. Using cellular models of fibroblast senescence, we find a consistent loss of myofibroblastic markers and functional features upon senescence implementation. This phenotype can be transmitted in a paracrine manner, most likely through soluble secreted factors. A dynamic transcriptomic analysis during paracrine senescence confirmed the non-cell-autonomous transmission of this phenotype. Moreover, gene expression data combined with pharmacological and genetic manipulations of the major SASP signaling pathways suggest that the changes in myofibroblast phenotype are mainly mediated by the Notch/TGF-β axis, involving a dynamic switch in the TGF-β pathway. Our results reveal a novel link between senescence and myofibroblastic differentiation with potential implications in the physiological and pathological functions of myofibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene López‐Antona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
| | | | - Laura Luque‐Martín
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas “Margarita Salas” CSIC Madrid Spain
| | | | | | - Ignacio Palmero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas “Alberto Sols” CSIC‐UAM Madrid Spain
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6
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Rafiq A, Aashaq S, Jan I, Beigh MA. SIX1 transcription factor: A review of cellular functions and regulatory dynamics. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1151-1164. [PMID: 34742853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Sine Oculis Homeobox 1 (SIX1) is a member of homeobox transcription factor family having pivotal roles in organismal development and differentiation. This protein functionally acts to regulate the expression of different proteins that are involved in organ development during embryogenesis and in disorders like cancer. Aberrant expression of this homeoprotein has therefore been reported in multiple pathological complexities like hearing impairment and renal anomalies during development and tumorigenesis in adult life. Most of the cellular effects mediated by it are mostly due to its role as a transcription factor. This review presents a concise narrative of its structure, interaction partners and cellular functions vis a vis its role in cancer. We thoroughly discuss the reported molecular mechanisms that govern its function in cellular milieu. Its post-translational regulation by phosphorylation and ubiquitination are also discussed with an emphasis on yet to be explored mechanistic insights regulating its molecular dynamics to fully comprehend its role in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Rafiq
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Campus, Srinagar JK-190006, India
| | - Sabreena Aashaq
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar JK-190011, India
| | - Iqra Jan
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Campus, Srinagar JK-190006, India
| | - Mushtaq A Beigh
- Department of Nanotechnology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal Campus, Srinagar JK-190006, India.
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7
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Maire P, Dos Santos M, Madani R, Sakakibara I, Viaut C, Wurmser M. Myogenesis control by SIX transcriptional complexes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 104:51-64. [PMID: 32247726 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SIX homeoproteins were first described in Drosophila, where they participate in the Pax-Six-Eya-Dach (PSED) network with eyeless, eyes absent and dachsund to drive synergistically eye development through genetic and biochemical interactions. The role of the PSED network and SIX proteins in muscle formation in vertebrates was subsequently identified. Evolutionary conserved interactions with EYA and DACH proteins underlie the activity of SIX transcriptional complexes (STC) both during embryogenesis and in adult myofibers. Six genes are expressed throughout muscle development, in embryonic and adult proliferating myogenic stem cells and in fetal and adult post-mitotic myofibers, where SIX proteins regulate the expression of various categories of genes. In vivo, SIX proteins control many steps of muscle development, acting through feedforward mechanisms: in the embryo for myogenic fate acquisition through the direct control of Myogenic Regulatory Factors; in adult myofibers for their contraction/relaxation and fatigability properties through the control of genes involved in metabolism, sarcomeric organization and calcium homeostasis. Furthermore, during development and in the adult, SIX homeoproteins participate in the genesis and the maintenance of myofibers diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Maire
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France.
| | | | - Rouba Madani
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Iori Sakakibara
- Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Camille Viaut
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Maud Wurmser
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Umeå universitet, Sweden
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8
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Zhu Z, Rong Z, Luo Z, Yu Z, Zhang J, Qiu Z, Huang C. Circular RNA circNHSL1 promotes gastric cancer progression through the miR-1306-3p/SIX1/vimentin axis. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:126. [PMID: 31438963 PMCID: PMC6704702 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1054-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mounting evidences indicate that circular RNAs (circRNAs) play vital roles in the development and progression of various cancers. However, the detail functions and underlying mechanisms of circRNAs in gastric cancer remain largely unknown. Methods The expression profile of metastasis-related circRNAs was screened by RNA-seq analysis. qRT-PCR was used to determine the level and prognostic values of circNHSL1 in gastric cancer tissues. In vitro cell wound healing and transwell (migration and invasion) and in vivo tumorigenesis and metastasis assays were performed to evaluate the functions of circNHSL1. Luciferase reporter, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) and rescued assays were employed to confirm the interactions between circNHSL1, miR-1306-3p and SIX1. It’s widely accepted that as a mesenchymal marker, Vimentin promotes invasion and metastasis in various cancers. Luciferase reporter assay was used to determine the regulation of SIX1 on Vimentin. In addition, In situ hybridization (ISH) was performed to detect the level and prognostic values of miR-1306-3p. Results We found that the level of circNHSL1 was significantly up-regulated in gastric cancer, and positively correlated with clinicopathological features and poor prognosis of patients with gastric cancer. Functionally, circNHSL1 promoted cell mobility and invasion, as well as in vivo tumorgenesis and metastasis. Mechanistically, circNHSL1 acted as a miR-1306-3p sponge to relieve the repressive effect of miR-1306-3p on its target SIX1. Moreover, SIX1 enhanced Vimentin expression in the transcriptional level through directly binding to the promoter domain of Vimentin, thereby promoting cell migration and invasion. In addition, miR-1306-3p was down-regulated and negatively correlated with pathological features and poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Conclusions CircNHSL1 promotes gastric cancer progression through miR-1306-3p/SIX1/Vimentin axis, and may serve as a novel diagnostic marker and target for treatment of gastric cancer patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12943-019-1054-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglin Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Zeyin Rong
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Zai Luo
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Zhilong Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Zhengjun Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201600, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 650 Xinsongjiang Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201600, China.
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De Lope C, Martín-Alonso S, Auzmendi-Iriarte J, Escudero C, Mulet I, Larrasa-Alonso J, López-Antona I, Matheu A, Palmero I. SIX1 represses senescence and promotes SOX2-mediated cellular plasticity during tumorigenesis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1412. [PMID: 30723235 PMCID: PMC6363751 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Six1 is a developmental transcriptional regulator frequently overexpressed in human tumors. Recent results show that SIX1 also acts as a repressor of cell senescence, an antiproliferative response with a key role in tumor suppression, among other physiological and pathological settings. Here, we set to study the impact of SIX1 gain of function in transformation and tumorigenesis of fibroblasts, in connection with senescence. Using transcriptomic, histological, and functional analyses in murine tumors and cells of fibroblast origin, we show that SIX1 has a strong pro-tumorigenic action in this model, linked to the repression of a senescence-related gene signature and the induction of an undifferentiated phenotype mediated, at least in part, by the regulation of the stemness factor Sox2. Moreover, functional analyses with human glioma cell lines also show that SIX1 controls SOX2 expression, senescence and self-renewal in this model. Collectively, our results support a general link of SIX1 with senescence and SOX2-mediated cell plasticity in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina De Lope
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samara Martín-Alonso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Escudero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Mulet
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia CSIC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Larrasa-Alonso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene López-Antona
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ander Matheu
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, and CIBERfes, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Palmero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Kingsbury TJ, Kim M, Civin CI. Regulation of cancer stem cell properties by SIX1, a member of the PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network. Adv Cancer Res 2019; 141:1-42. [PMID: 30691681 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The PAX-SIX-EYA-DACH network (PSEDN) is a central developmental transcriptional regulatory network from Drosophila to humans. The PSEDN is comprised of four conserved protein families; including paired box (PAX), sine oculis (SIX), eyes absent (EYA), and dachshund (DACH). Aberrant expression of PSEDN members, particularly SIX1, has been observed in multiple human cancers, where SIX1 expression correlates with increased aggressiveness and poor prognosis. In conjunction with its transcriptional activator EYA, the SIX1 transcription factor increases cancer stem cell (CSC) numbers and induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). SIX1 promotes multiple hallmarks and enabling characteristics of cancer via regulation of cell proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, genome stability, and energy metabolism. SIX1 also influences the tumor microenvironment, enhancing recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages and stimulating angiogenesis, to promote tumor development and progression. EYA proteins are multifunctional, possessing a transcriptional activation domain and tyrosine phosphatase activity, that each contributes to cancer stem cell properties. DACH proteins function as tumor suppressors in solid cancers, opposing the actions of SIX-EYA and reducing CSC prevalence. Multiple mechanisms can lead to increased SIX1 expression, including loss of SIX1-targeting tumor suppressor microRNAs (miRs), whose expression correlates inversely with SIX1 expression in cancer patient samples. In this review, we discuss the major mechanisms by which SIX1 confers CSC and EMT features and other important cancer cell characteristics. The roles of EYA and DACH in CSCs and cancer progression are briefly highlighted. Finally, we summarize the clinical significance of SIX1 in cancer to emphasize the potential therapeutic benefits of effective strategies to disrupt PSEDN protein interactions and functions.
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11
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Worst TS, Daskalova K, Steidler A, Berner-Leischner K, Röth R, Niesler B, Weis CA, Kriegmair MC, Erben P, Pfalzgraf D. Novel insights into a reputably irreversible process: combined mRNA and miRNA profiling of tissue from vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis after radical prostatectomy. World J Urol 2017. [PMID: 28634911 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-017-2060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Until recently, tissue fibrosis-ultimately leading to permanent scaring-has been considered an irreversible process. However, recent findings indicate that it may be reversible after all. Vesicourethral anastomotic stenosis (VUAS) as fibrous narrowing is a frequent complication after radical prostatectomy with high recurrence rates and requires invasive treatment. The pathophysiology is poorly understood. Therefore, a combined mRNA and miRNA transcription profiling in tissue from VUAS was performed using nCounter technology. METHODS To assess tissue morphology and fiber composition, histochemical staining was performed. RNA expression of healthy and fibrotic tissue of twelve patients was analyzed using the human miRNA panel v3 and mRNA PanCancer pathway panel on the nCounter gene1 system and qRT-PCR. Differential expression data analysis was performed using the nSolver software implementing the R-based advanced pathway analysis tool. miRWalk2.0 was used for miRNA target prediction. RESULTS More linearized tissue architecture, increased collagens, and decreased elastic fibers were observed in VUAS samples. 23 miRNAs and 118 protein coding genes were differentially expressed (p < 0.01) in fibrotic tissue. miRNA target prediction and overlap analysis indicated an interaction of the strongest deregulated miRNAs with 29 deregulated mRNAs. Pathway analysis revealed alterations in DNA repair, cell cycle regulation, and TGF-beta signaling. qRT-PCR confirmed differential expression of top deregulated miRNAs and mRNAs. CONCLUSIONS In VUAS tissue, severe alterations on mRNA and miRNA level are found. These consistent changes give insights into the pathogenesis of VUAS after radical prostatectomy and point to future options for transcriptomics-based risk stratification and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T S Worst
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - K Daskalova
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - A Steidler
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - K Berner-Leischner
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - R Röth
- nCounter Core Facility, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - B Niesler
- nCounter Core Facility, Department of Human Molecular Genetics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - C-A Weis
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - M C Kriegmair
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - P Erben
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - D Pfalzgraf
- Department of Urology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
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