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Wang X, Pei J, Xiong L, Bao P, Chu M, Ma X, La Y, Liang C, Yan P, Guo X. Genetic diversity, phylogeography, and maternal origin of yak (Bos grunniens). BMC Genomics 2024; 25:481. [PMID: 38750421 PMCID: PMC11097540 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10378-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no consensus as to the origin of the domestic yak (Bos grunniens). Previous studies on yak mitochondria mainly focused on mitochondrial displacement loop (D-loop), a region with low phylogenetic resolution. Here, we analyzed the entire mitochondrial genomes of 509 yaks to obtain greater phylogenetic resolution and a comprehensive picture of geographical diversity. RESULTS A total of 278 haplotypes were defined in 509 yaks from 21 yak breeds. Among them, 28 haplotypes were shared by different varieties, and 250 haplotypes were unique to specific varieties. The overall haplotype diversity and nucleotide diversity of yak were 0.979 ± 0.0039 and 0.00237 ± 0.00076, respectively. Phylogenetic tree and network analysis showed that yak had three highly differentiated genetic branches with high support rate. The differentiation time of clades I and II were about 0.4328 Ma, and the differentiation time of clades (I and II) and III were 0.5654 Ma. Yushu yak is shared by all haplogroups. Most (94.70%) of the genetic variation occurred within populations, and only 5.30% of the genetic variation occurred between populations. The classification showed that yaks and wild yaks were first clustered together, and yaks were clustered with American bison as a whole. Altitude had the highest impact on the distribution of yaks. CONCLUSIONS Yaks have high genetic diversity and yak populations have experienced population expansion and lack obvious phylogeographic structure. During the glacial period, yaks had at least three or more glacial refugia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingdong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
| | - Jie Pei
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
| | - Lin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
| | - Min Chu
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
| | - Yongfu La
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding in Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics and Breeding on Tibetan Plateau, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Lanzhou, 730050, P.R. China.
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Schurr TG, Shengelia R, Shamoon-Pour M, Chitanava D, Laliashvili S, Laliashvili I, Kibret R, Kume-Kangkolo Y, Akhvlediani I, Bitadze L, Mathieson I, Yardumian A. Genetic Analysis of Mingrelians Reveals Long-Term Continuity of Populations in Western Georgia (Caucasus). Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad198. [PMID: 37935112 PMCID: PMC10665041 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the population history of the Caucasus, we conducted a survey of genetic diversity in Samegrelo (Mingrelia), western Georgia. We collected DNA samples and genealogical information from 485 individuals residing in 30 different locations, the vast majority of whom being Mingrelian speaking. From these DNA samples, we generated mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences for all 485 participants (female and male), Y-short tandem repeat haplotypes for the 372 male participants, and analyzed all samples at nearly 590,000 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) plus around 33,000 on the sex chromosomes, with 27,000 SNP removed for missingness, using the GenoChip 2.0+ microarray. The resulting data were compared with those from populations from Anatolia, the Caucasus, the Near East, and Europe. Overall, Mingrelians exhibited considerable mtDNA haplogroup diversity, having high frequencies of common West Eurasian haplogroups (H, HV, I, J, K, N1, R1, R2, T, U, and W. X2) and low frequencies of East Eurasian haplogroups (A, C, D, F, and G). From a Y-chromosome standpoint, Mingrelians possessed a variety of haplogroups, including E1b1b, G2a, I2, J1, J2, L, Q, R1a, and R1b. Analysis of autosomal SNP data further revealed that Mingrelians are genetically homogeneous and cluster with other modern-day South Caucasus populations. When compared with ancient DNA samples from Bronze Age archaeological contexts in the broader region, these data indicate that the Mingrelian gene pool began taking its current form at least by this period, probably in conjunction with the formation of a distinct linguistic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore G Schurr
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ramaz Shengelia
- Department of the History of Medicine, Tbilisi State Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Michel Shamoon-Pour
- First-year Research Immersion, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - David Chitanava
- Laboratory for Anthropologic Studies, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Shorena Laliashvili
- Laboratory for Anthropologic Studies, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Irma Laliashvili
- Laboratory for Anthropologic Studies, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Redate Kibret
- Department of History and Social Science, Bryn Athyn College, Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yanu Kume-Kangkolo
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Lia Bitadze
- Laboratory for Anthropologic Studies, Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Iain Mathieson
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Aram Yardumian
- Department of History and Social Science, Bryn Athyn College, Bryn Athyn, Pennsylvania, USA
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Derenko M, Denisova G, Litvinov A, Dambueva I, Malyarchuk B. Mitogenomics of the Koryaks and Evens of the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. J Hum Genet 2023; 68:705-712. [PMID: 37316650 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-023-01173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the geographical proximity of the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and Kamchatka Peninsula to the Beringia, the indigenous populations of these territories are of great interest for elucidating the human settlement history of northern Asia and America. Meanwhile, there is a clear shortage of genetic studies of the indigenous populations of the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. Here, in order to examine their fine-scale matrilineal genetic structure, ancestry and relationships with neighboring populations, we analyzed 203 complete mitogenomes (174 of which are new) from population samples of the Koryaks and Evens of the northern coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Chukchi of the extreme northeast Asia. The patterns observed underscore the reduced level of genetic diversity found in the Koryak, Even, and Chukchi populations, which, along with the high degree of interpopulation differentiation, may be the result of genetic drift. Our phylogeographic analysis reveals common Paleo-Asiatic ancestry for 51.1% of the Koryaks and 17.8% of the Evens. About third of the mitogenomes found in the Koryaks and Evens might be considered as ethno-specific, as these are virtually absent elsewhere in North, Central and East Asia. Coalescence ages of most of these lineages coincide well with the emergence and development of the Tokarev and Old Koryak archaeological cultures associated with the formation of the Koryaks, as well as with the period of separation and split of the North Tungusic groups migrated northwards from the Lake Baikal or the Amur River area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Derenko
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya Street, 18, Magadan, 685000, Russia.
| | - Galina Denisova
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya Street, 18, Magadan, 685000, Russia
| | - Andrey Litvinov
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya Street, 18, Magadan, 685000, Russia
| | - Irina Dambueva
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya Street, 18, Magadan, 685000, Russia
| | - Boris Malyarchuk
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Russian Academy of Sciences, Portovaya Street, 18, Magadan, 685000, Russia
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Linkowska K, Malyarchuk BA, Derenko MV, Grzybowski T. An association between copy number variation of enhancer involved in craniofacial development and biogeographic ancestry. ARCHIVES OF FORENSIC MEDICINE AND CRIMINOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4467/16891716amsik.22.008.16806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human facial morphology is a combination of many complex traits and is determined by a large number of genes and enhancers. Here, we report a Copy Number Variation (CNV) study of enhancer hs1431 in populations of Central European and South Siberian ancestry. Central European samples included 97 Poles, while South Siberian samples included 78 Buryats and 27 Tuvinians. CNVs were detected by real-time PCR, using ViiA™ 7 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems). We revealed significant differences in CNV of hs1431 enhancer between Polish and Buryat population (p=0.0378), but not between Central European and South Siberian population (p=0.1225). Our results suggest that an increase in copy number variation of hs1431 enhancer is associated with biogeographic ancestry. However, this result needs extending and replicating in larger cohorts. This is the first study revealing the presence of copy number variation of enhancer hs1431 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Linkowska
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Division of Molecular & Forensic Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | - Boris A. Malyarchuk
- Institute of Biological Problems of the North, Far-East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Magadan, Russia
| | | | - Tomasz Grzybowski
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Division of Molecular & Forensic Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
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Askapuli A, Vilar M, Garcia-Ortiz H, Zhabagin M, Sabitov Z, Akilzhanova A, Ramanculov E, Schamiloglu U, Martinez-Hernandez A, Contreras-Cubas C, Barajas-Olmos F, Schurr TG, Zhumadilov Z, Flores-Huacuja M, Orozco L, Hawks J, Saitou N. Kazak mitochondrial genomes provide insights into the human population history of Central Eurasia. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277771. [PMID: 36445929 PMCID: PMC9707748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a historical nomadic group in Central Asia, Kazaks have mainly inhabited the steppe zone from the Altay Mountains in the East to the Caspian Sea in the West. Fine scale characterization of the genetic profile and population structure of Kazaks would be invaluable for understanding their population history and modeling prehistoric human expansions across the Eurasian steppes. With this mind, we characterized the maternal lineages of 200 Kazaks from Jetisuu at mitochondrial genome level. Our results reveal that Jetisuu Kazaks have unique mtDNA haplotypes including those belonging to the basal branches of both West Eurasian (R0, H, HV) and East Eurasian (A, B, C, D) lineages. The great diversity observed in their maternal lineages may reflect pivotal geographic location of Kazaks in Eurasia and implies a complex history for this population. Comparative analyses of mitochondrial genomes of human populations in Central Eurasia reveal a common maternal genetic ancestry for Turko-Mongolian speakers and their expansion being responsible for the presence of East Eurasian maternal lineages in Central Eurasia. Our analyses further indicate maternal genetic affinity between the Sherpas from the Tibetan Plateau with the Turko-Mongolian speakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayken Askapuli
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Miguel Vilar
- The Genographic Project, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Humberto Garcia-Ortiz
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maxat Zhabagin
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Ainur Akilzhanova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Erlan Ramanculov
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Uli Schamiloglu
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Angelica Martinez-Hernandez
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cecilia Contreras-Cubas
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Barajas-Olmos
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Theodore G. Schurr
- Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhaxybay Zhumadilov
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Marlen Flores-Huacuja
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lorena Orozco
- Immunogenomics and Metabolic Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Genomic Medicine, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - John Hawks
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Naruya Saitou
- Population Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa Ken, Japan
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Ancient DNA from Tubo Kingdom-related tombs in northeastern Tibetan Plateau revealed their genetic affinity to both Tibeto-Burman and Altaic populations. Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:1755-1765. [PMID: 36152077 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The rise of the Tubo Kingdom is considered as the key period for the formation of modern groups on the Tibetan Plateau. The ethnic origin of the residents of the Tubo Kingdom is quite complex, and their genetic structure remains unclear. The tombs of the Tubo Kingdom period in Dulan County, Qinghai Province, dating back to the seventh century, are considered to be the remains left by Tubo conquerors or the Tuyuhun people dominated by the Tubo Kingdom. The human remains of these tombs are ideal materials for studying the population dynamics in the Tubo Kingdom. In this paper, we analyzed the genome-wide data of eight remains from these tombs by shotgun sequencing and multiplex PCR panels and compared the results with data of available ancient and modern populations across East Asia. Genetic continuity between ancient Dulan people with ancient Xianbei tribes in Northeast Asia, ancient settlers on the Tibetan Plateau, and modern Tibeto-Burman populations was found. Surprisingly, one out of eight individuals showed typical genetic features of populations from Central Asia. In summary, the genetic diversity of ancient Dulan people and their affiliations with other populations provide an example of the complex origin of the residents in the Tubo Kingdom and their long-distance connection with populations in a vast geographic region across ancient Asia.
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Mitogenomics of modern Mongolic-speaking populations. Mol Genet Genomics 2021; 297:47-62. [PMID: 34757478 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-021-01830-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a comprehensive data set of 489 complete mitogenomes (211 of which are new) from four Mongolic-speaking populations (Mongols, Barghuts, Khamnigans, and Buryats) to investigate their matrilineal genetic structure, ancestry and relationship with other ethnic groups. We show that along with very high levels of genetic diversity and lack of genetic differentiation, Mongolic-speaking populations exhibit strong genetic resemblance to East Asian populations of Chinese, Japanese, and Uyghurs. Phylogeographic analysis of complete mitogenomes reveals the presence of different components in the gene pools of modern Mongolic-speaking populations-the main East Eurasian component is represented by mtDNA lineages of East Asian, Siberian and autochthonous (the Baikal region/Mongolian) ancestry, whereas the less pronounced West Eurasian component can be ascribed to Europe and West Asia/Caucasus. We also observed that up to one third of the mtDNA subhaplogroups identified in Mongolic-speaking populations can be considered as Mongolic-specific with the coalescence age of most of them not exceeding 1.7 kya. This coincides well with the population size growth which started around 1.1 kya and is detectable only in the Bayesian Skyline Plot constructed based on Mongolic-specific mitogenomes. Our data suggest that the genetic structure established during the Mongol empire is still retained in present-day Mongolic-speaking populations.
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Wang X, Pei J, Bao P, Cao M, Guo S, Song R, Song W, Liang C, Yan P, Guo X. Mitogenomic diversity and phylogeny analysis of yak (Bos grunniens). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:325. [PMID: 33952215 PMCID: PMC8097944 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07650-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Mitochondrial genome has aseries of characteristics such as simple structure, no recombination, maternalinheritance, stable structure, fast evolution rate, and high copy number. Moreover, it is easy to be sequenced,contains high-resolution phylogenetic information, and exists in a wide rangeof taxa. Therefore, it is widely used in the study of biological phylogeny. Atpresent, phylogenetic studies focus mainly on D-loop region, cytochrome b gene,and protein-coding sequence. Phylogenetic studies using the mitochondrialcomplete sequence are rarely reported in yak. Therefore, the present studyaimed to construct phylogenetic tree using yak mitochondrial complete sequenceand compare the subsequent results with previous findings obtained usingpartial sequences. Results Complete mitochondrial sequences of five yakpopulations from Qinghai and Xinjiang were obtained. The mitotype diversity ofthe five populations was Xueduo yak (0.992 ± 0.015), Pamir yak (0.990 ± 0.014),Yushu yak (0.963 ± 0.033), Qilian yak (0.948 ± 0.036), and Huanhu yak (0.905 ±0.048), which showed a higher mitotype diversity compared with other breeds fromthe previous reports, including Jiulong yak, Maiwa yak, Zhongdian yak, andTianzhu yak. A total of 78 mitotypes were obtained from 111 individuals. Amongthese, Yushu yak, Huanhu yak, Xueduo yak, and Qilian yak all shared mitotypes,but the Pamir yak did not share mitotypes with these four populations.Phylogenetic analysis showed that yak populations were separable into threedistinct branches. The analysis identified a new phylogenetic branch containingboth wild and domestic yaks. The 155 mitotypes found in 206 individuals weredivided into 3 haplogroups by mitotype clustering. Thehaplogroup was not associated with the geographical distribution of yaks. Theyaks in the same population or the same ecological environment were distributedin different haplogroups. Among the threehaplogroups, haplogroup A and haplogroup B showed a star-shaped distribution ofmitotypes. The central mitotypes were widely distributed and had a highfrequency. Conclusions Thegenetic diversity of yaks in Qinghai was high. Both domestic and wild yaks clusteredinto three branches. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07650-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingdong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China.,Life Science and Engineering College, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Jie Pei
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Pengjia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Mengli Cao
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Shaoke Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Rende Song
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yushu, 815000, China
| | - Weiru Song
- Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center of Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Yushu, 815000, China
| | - Chunnian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
| | - Xian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Yak Breeding Engineering of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730050, China.
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Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:948. [PMID: 31969576 PMCID: PMC6976699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
After 568 AD the Avars settled in the Carpathian Basin and founded the Avar Qaganate that was an important power in Central Europe until the 9th century. Part of the Avar society was probably of Asian origin; however, the localisation of their homeland is hampered by the scarcity of historical and archaeological data. Here, we study mitogenome and Y chromosomal variability of twenty-six individuals, a number of them representing a well-characterised elite group buried at the centre of the Carpathian Basin more than a century after the Avar conquest. The studied group has maternal and paternal genetic affinities to several ancient and modern East-Central Asian populations. The majority of the mitochondrial DNA variability represents Asian haplogroups (C, D, F, M, R, Y and Z). The Y-STR variability of the analysed elite males belongs only to five lineages, three N-Tat with mostly Asian parallels and two Q haplotypes. The homogeneity of the Y chromosomes reveals paternal kinship as a cohesive force in the organisation of the Avar elite strata on both social and territorial level. Our results indicate that the Avar elite arrived in the Carpathian Basin as a group of families, and remained mostly endogamous for several generations after the conquest.
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