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Won SM, Cai L, Gutruf P, Rogers JA. Wireless and battery-free technologies for neuroengineering. Nat Biomed Eng 2023; 7:405-423. [PMID: 33686282 PMCID: PMC8423863 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tethered and battery-powered devices that interface with neural tissues can restrict natural motions and prevent social interactions in animal models, thereby limiting the utility of these devices in behavioural neuroscience research. In this Review Article, we discuss recent progress in the development of miniaturized and ultralightweight devices as neuroengineering platforms that are wireless, battery-free and fully implantable, with capabilities that match or exceed those of wired or battery-powered alternatives. Such classes of advanced neural interfaces with optical, electrical or fluidic functionality can also combine recording and stimulation modalities for closed-loop applications in basic studies or in the practical treatment of abnormal physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Min Won
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Le Cai
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Philipp Gutruf
- Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Bio5 Institute and Neuroscience GIDP, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - John A Rogers
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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Bhave G, Chen JC, Singer A, Sharma A, Robinson JT. Distributed sensor and actuator networks for closed-loop bioelectronic medicine. MATERIALS TODAY (KIDLINGTON, ENGLAND) 2021; 46:125-135. [PMID: 34366697 PMCID: PMC8336425 DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Designing implantable bioelectronic systems that continuously monitor physiological functions and simultaneously provide personalized therapeutic solutions for patients remains a persistent challenge across many applications ranging from neural systems to bioelectronic organs. Closed-loop systems typically consist of three functional blocks, namely, sensors, signal processors and actuators. An effective system, that can provide the necessary therapeutics, tailored to individual physiological factors requires a distributed network of sensors and actuators. While significant progress has been made, closed-loop systems still face many challenges before they can truly be considered as long-term solutions for many diseases. In this review, we consider three important criteria where materials play a critical role to enable implantable closed-loop systems: Specificity, Biocompatibility and Connectivity. We look at the progress made in each of these fields with respect to a specific application and outline the challenges in creating bioelectronic technologies for the future.
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Dinis H, Mendes P. A comprehensive review of powering methods used in state-of-the-art miniaturized implantable electronic devices. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 172:112781. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Liu C, Zhao Y, Cai X, Xie Y, Wang T, Cheng D, Li L, Li R, Deng Y, Ding H, Lv G, Zhao G, Liu L, Zou G, Feng M, Sun Q, Yin L, Sheng X. A wireless, implantable optoelectrochemical probe for optogenetic stimulation and dopamine detection. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:64. [PMID: 34567675 PMCID: PMC8433152 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Physical and chemical technologies have been continuously progressing advances in neuroscience research. The development of research tools for closed-loop control and monitoring neural activities in behaving animals is highly desirable. In this paper, we introduce a wirelessly operated, miniaturized microprobe system for optical interrogation and neurochemical sensing in the deep brain. Via epitaxial liftoff and transfer printing, microscale light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) as light sources and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS)-coated diamond films as electrochemical sensors are vertically assembled to form implantable optoelectrochemical probes for real-time optogenetic stimulation and dopamine detection capabilities. A customized, lightweight circuit module is employed for untethered, remote signal control, and data acquisition. After the probe is injected into the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of freely behaving mice, in vivo experiments clearly demonstrate the utilities of the multifunctional optoelectrochemical microprobe system for optogenetic interference of place preferences and detection of dopamine release. The presented options for material and device integrations provide a practical route to simultaneous optical control and electrochemical sensing of complex nervous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changbo Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Hangzhou Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yu Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Xue Cai
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Taoyi Wang
- Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Dali Cheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Lizhu Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Rongfeng Li
- Beijing Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Yuping Deng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - He Ding
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Guoqing Lv
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Guanlei Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Guisheng Zou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Meixin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Nano-devices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Qian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Nano-devices and Applications, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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A mm-Sized Free-Floating Wireless Implantable Opto-Electro Stimulation Device. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11060621. [PMID: 32630557 PMCID: PMC7345121 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Towards a distributed neural interface, consisting of multiple miniaturized implants, for interfacing with large-scale neuronal ensembles over large brain areas, this paper presents a mm-sized free-floating wirelessly-powered implantable opto-electro stimulation (FF-WIOS2) device equipped with 16-ch optical and 4-ch electrical stimulation for reconfigurable neuromodulation. The FF-WIOS2 is wirelessly powered and controlled through a 3-coil inductive link at 60 MHz. The FF-WIOS2 receives stimulation parameters via on-off keying (OOK) while sending its rectified voltage information to an external headstage for closed-loop power control (CLPC) via load-shift-keying (LSK). The FF-WIOS2 system-on-chip (SoC), fabricated in a 0.35-µm standard CMOS process, employs switched-capacitor-based stimulation (SCS) architecture to provide large instantaneous current needed for surpassing the optical stimulation threshold. The SCS charger charges an off-chip capacitor up to 5 V at 37% efficiency. At the onset of stimulation, the capacitor delivers charge with peak current in 1.7–12 mA range to a micro-LED (µLED) array for optical stimulation or 100–700 μA range to a micro-electrode array (MEA) for biphasic electrical stimulation. Active and passive charge balancing circuits are activated in electrical stimulation mode to ensure stimulation safety. In vivo experiments conducted on three anesthetized rats verified the efficacy of the two stimulation mechanisms. The proposed FF-WIOS2 is potentially a reconfigurable tool for performing untethered neuromodulation.
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Xu X, Mee T, Jia X. New era of optogenetics: from the central to peripheral nervous system. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:1-16. [PMID: 32070147 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1726279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics has recently gained recognition as a biological technique to control the activity of cells using light stimulation. Many studies have applied optogenetics to cell lines in the central nervous system because it has the potential to elucidate neural circuits, treat neurological diseases and promote nerve regeneration. There have been fewer studies on the application of optogenetics in the peripheral nervous system. This review introduces the basic principles and approaches of optogenetics and summarizes the physiology and mechanism of opsins and how the technology enables bidirectional control of unique cell lines with superior spatial and temporal accuracy. Further, this review explores and discusses the therapeutic potential for the development of optogenetics and its capacity to revolutionize treatment for refractory epilepsy, depression, pain, and other nervous system disorders, with a focus on neural regeneration, especially in the peripheral nervous system. Additionally, this review synthesizes the latest preclinical research on optogenetic stimulation, including studies on non-human primates, summarizes the challenges, and highlights future perspectives. The potential of optogenetic stimulation to optimize therapy for peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) is also highlighted. Optogenetic technology has already generated exciting, preliminary evidence, supporting its role in applications to several neurological diseases, including PNIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Mee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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