1
|
Pelletier C. Exercise prescription for persons with spinal cord injury: a review of physiological considerations and evidence-based guidelines. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2023; 48:882-895. [PMID: 37816259 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Persons with spinal cord injury (SCI) experience gains in fitness, physical and mental health from regular participation in exercise and physical activity. Due to changes in physiological function of the cardiovascular, nervous, and muscular systems, general population physical activity guidelines and traditional exercise prescription methods are not appropriate for the SCI population. Exercise guidelines specific to persons with SCI recommend progressive training beginning at 20 min of moderate to vigorous intensity aerobic exercise twice per week transitioning to 30 min three times per week, with strength training of the major muscle groups two times per week. These population-specific guidelines were designed considering the substantial barriers to physical activity for persons with SCI and can be used to frame an individual exercise prescription. Rating of perceived exertion (i.e., perceptually regulated exercise) is a practical way to indicate moderate to vigorous intensity exercise in community settings. Adapted exercise modes include arm cycle ergometry, hybrid arm-leg cycling, and recumbent elliptical equipment. Body weight-supported treadmill training and other rehabilitation modalities may improve some aspects of health and fitness for people with SCI if completed at sufficient intensity. Disability-specific community programs offer beneficial opportunities for persons with SCI to experience quality exercise opportunities but are not universally available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Pelletier
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, Canada
- Department of Family Practice, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Veith DD, Linde MB, Wiggins CC, Zhao KD, Garlanger KL. Intervention Design of High-Intensity Interval Training in Individuals With Spinal Cord Injury: Narrative Review and Future Perspectives. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2023; 29:1-15. [PMID: 38076494 PMCID: PMC10704212 DOI: 10.46292/sci22-00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) have lower levels of physical activity compared to the nondisabled population. Exercise guidelines recommend moderate or vigorous exercise to improve cardiovascular health and reduce cardiometabolic risk factors in persons with SCI. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a popular exercise choice and encompasses brief periods of vigorous exercise paired with intermittent periods of recovery. Objectives This review describes the available literature on HIIT for individuals with SCI, including differences in protocol design and suggested areas of further investigation. Methods Our institution's library system performed the comprehensive search. The primary keywords and phrases used to search included spinal cord injury, high-intensity interval training, tetraplegia, paraplegia, and several other related terms. Results Initially 62 records were screened, and 36 were deemed outside the scope of this review. Twenty-six studies published between 2001 and 2021 fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were divided among two researchers for review and analysis. All records required persons with SCI and a standardized HIIT intervention. Study design varied widely with respect to mode of exercise, prescribed intensity, duration of performance intervals, and session duration. This variability necessitates further investigation into the specifics of a HIIT prescription and the associated outcomes for persons with SCI. Conclusion Standardization of HIIT protocols may lead to more robust conclusions regarding its effects on cardiorespiratory fitness as well as mitigation of cardiometabolic risk factors. Meta-analyses will eventually be needed on proper dosing and session parameters to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Veith
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Margaux B. Linde
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chad C. Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kristin D. Zhao
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kristin L. Garlanger
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hodgkiss DD, Bhangu GS, Lunny C, Jutzeler CR, Chiou SY, Walter M, Lucas SJE, Krassioukov AV, Nightingale TE. Exercise and aerobic capacity in individuals with spinal cord injury: A systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. PLoS Med 2023; 20:e1004082. [PMID: 38011304 PMCID: PMC10712898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A low level of cardiorespiratory fitness [CRF; defined as peak oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2peak) or peak power output (PPO)] is a widely reported consequence of spinal cord injury (SCI) and a major risk factor associated with chronic disease. However, CRF can be modified by exercise. This systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression aimed to assess whether certain SCI characteristics and/or specific exercise considerations are moderators of changes in CRF. METHODS AND FINDINGS Databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and Web of Science) were searched from inception to March 2023. A primary meta-analysis was conducted including randomised controlled trials (RCTs; exercise interventions lasting >2 weeks relative to control groups). A secondary meta-analysis pooled independent exercise interventions >2 weeks from longitudinal pre-post and RCT studies to explore whether subgroup differences in injury characteristics and/or exercise intervention parameters explained CRF changes. Further analyses included cohort, cross-sectional, and observational study designs. Outcome measures of interest were absolute (A[Formula: see text]O2peak) or relative [Formula: see text]O2peak (R[Formula: see text]O2peak), and/or PPO. Bias/quality was assessed via The Cochrane Risk of Bias 2 and the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment Tools. Certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. Random effects models were used in all meta-analyses and meta-regressions. Of 21,020 identified records, 120 studies comprising 29 RCTs, 67 pre-post studies, 11 cohort, 7 cross-sectional, and 6 observational studies were included. The primary meta-analysis revealed significant improvements in A[Formula: see text]O2peak [0.16 (0.07, 0.25) L/min], R[Formula: see text]O2peak [2.9 (1.8, 3.9) mL/kg/min], and PPO [9 (5, 14) W] with exercise, relative to controls (p < 0.001). Ninety-six studies (117 independent exercise interventions comprising 1,331 adults with SCI) were included in the secondary, pooled meta-analysis which demonstrated significant increases in A[Formula: see text]O2peak [0.22 (0.17, 0.26) L/min], R[Formula: see text]O2peak [2.8 (2.2, 3.3) mL/kg/min], and PPO [11 (9, 13) W] (p < 0.001) following exercise interventions. There were subgroup differences for R[Formula: see text]O2peak based on exercise modality (p = 0.002) and intervention length (p = 0.01), but there were no differences for A[Formula: see text]O2peak. There were subgroup differences (p ≤ 0.018) for PPO based on time since injury, neurological level of injury, exercise modality, and frequency. The meta-regression found that studies with a higher mean age of participants were associated with smaller changes in A[Formula: see text]O2peak and R[Formula: see text]O2peak (p < 0.10). GRADE indicated a moderate level of certainty in the estimated effect for R[Formula: see text]O2peak, but low levels for A[Formula: see text]O2peak and PPO. This review may be limited by the small number of RCTs, which prevented a subgroup analysis within this specific study design. CONCLUSIONS Our primary meta-analysis confirms that performing exercise >2 weeks results in significant improvements to A[Formula: see text]O2peak, R[Formula: see text]O2peak, and PPO in individuals with SCI. The pooled meta-analysis subgroup comparisons identified that exercise interventions lasting up to 12 weeks yield the greatest change in R[Formula: see text]O2peak. Upper-body aerobic exercise and resistance training also appear the most effective at improving R[Formula: see text]O2peak and PPO. Furthermore, acutely injured, individuals with paraplegia, exercising for ≥3 sessions/week will likely experience the greatest change in PPO. Ageing seemingly diminishes the adaptive CRF responses to exercise training in individuals with SCI. REGISTRATION PROSPERO: CRD42018104342.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D. Hodgkiss
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Gurjeet S. Bhangu
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- MD Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Carole Lunny
- Knowledge Translation Program, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, and University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Catherine R. Jutzeler
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Shin-Yi Chiou
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Trauma Science Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Walter
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Samuel J. E. Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrei V. Krassioukov
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- GF Strong Rehabilitation Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tom E. Nightingale
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Trauma Science Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mikami Y, Tinduh D, Lee K, Chotiyarnwong C, van der Scheer JW, Jung KS, Shinohara H, Narasinta I, Yoon SH, Kanjanapanang N, Sakai T, Kusumawardhani MK, Park J, Prachgosin P, Obata F, Utami DA, Laohasinnarong P, Wardhani IL, Limprasert S, Tajima F, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, Martin Ginis KA. Cultural validation and language translation of the scientific SCI exercise guidelines for use in Indonesia, Japan, Korea, and Thailand. J Spinal Cord Med 2022; 45:821-832. [PMID: 34228949 PMCID: PMC9661985 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2021.1945857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Thailand. OBJECTIVE To culturally validate and translate the Scientific Exercise Guidelines for Adults with Spinal Cord Injury (SEG-SCI) for use in four Asian countries. DESIGN Systematic Review. PARTICIPANTS N/A. METHODS A systematic review was conducted to identify all published English- and local-language studies conducted in Indonesia, Japan, Korea, and Thailand, testing the effects of exercise training interventions on fitness and cardiometabolic health in adults with acute or chronic SCI. Protocols and results from high-quality controlled studies were compared with the SEG-SCI. Forward and backward translation processes were used to translate the guidelines into Bahasa Indonesian, Japanese, Korean and Thai languages. RESULTS Fifteen studies met the review criteria. At least one study from each country implemented exercise prescriptions that met or exceeded the SEG-SCI. Two were controlled studies. In those two studies, relative to control conditions, participants in exercise conditions achieved significant improvements in fitness or cardiometabolic health outcomes only when the exercise intervention protocol met or exceeded the SEG-SCI. During the language translation processes, end-users confirmed that SEG-SCI language and terminology were clear. CONCLUSION Clinical researchers in Indonesia, Japan, Korea and Thailand have implemented exercise protocols that meet or exceed the SCI-SEG. Results of high-quality studies align with the SEG-SCI recommendations. Based on this evidence, we recommend that the SEG-SCI be adopted in these countries. The cultural validation and translation of the SEG-SCI is an important step towards establishing consistent SCI exercise prescriptions in research, clinical and community settings around the world.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Mikami
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Damayanti Tinduh
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - KunHo Lee
- Department of Prescription and Rehabilitation of Exercise, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chayaporn Chotiyarnwong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jan W. van der Scheer
- THIS Institute, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kyung Su Jung
- Medical Center for Health Promotion and Sport Science, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shinohara
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, Japan
| | - Inggar Narasinta
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Seung Hyun Yoon
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Napatpaphan Kanjanapanang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Takafumi Sakai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Takarazuka University of Medical and Health Care, Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Martha K. Kusumawardhani
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Jinho Park
- Department of Counseling, Health and Kinesiology, College of Education and Human Development, Texas A&M University-San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Pannika Prachgosin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Futoshi Obata
- Department of Physical Therapy, Takarazuka University of Medical and Health Care, Takarazuka, Japan
| | - Ditaruni Asrina Utami
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Phairin Laohasinnarong
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Indrayuni Lukitra Wardhani
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Siraprapa Limprasert
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Fumihiro Tajima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan,Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Victoria L. Goosey-Tolfrey
- Peter Harrison Centre for Disability Sport, School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Kathleen A. Martin Ginis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,School of Health and Exercise Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries (ICORD), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,Centre for Chronic Disease Prevention and Management, Southern Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada,Correspondence to: Kathleen A. Martin Ginis. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cavalcante RN, Santos ACS, Rodrigues RAS, Napoleão ACB, Balogun SO, Andrade BRMD, Fett CA, Zavala AAZ, Arunachalam K, Oliveira RGD. Wheelchair basketball improves the treatment of urinary tract infection in people with motor disabilities: a clinical trial. REVISTA DA ASSOCIAÇÃO MÉDICA BRASILEIRA 2022; 68:559-567. [PMID: 35584475 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20210896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sikiru O. Balogun
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos A. Fett
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ruberlei G. de Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Brazil; Hospital Universitário Júlio Muller, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Valentino SE, Hutchinson MJ, Goosey-Tolfrey VL, MacDonald MJ. The effects of perceptually regulated exercise training on cardiorespiratory fitness and peak power output in adults with spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2022; 103:1398-1409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
7
|
McMillan DW, Astorino TA, Correa MA, Nash MS, Gater DR. Virtual Strategies for the Broad Delivery of High Intensity Exercise in Persons With Spinal Cord Injury: Ongoing Studies and Considerations for Implementation. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:703816. [PMID: 34423292 PMCID: PMC8377288 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.703816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a multitude of metabolic co-morbidities that can be managed by exercise. As in the non-injured population, manipulation of exercise intensity likely allows for fruitful optimization of exercise interventions targeting metabolic health in persons with SCI. In this population, interventions employing circuit resistance training (CRT) exhibit significant improvements in outcomes including cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and blood lipids, and recent exploration of high intensity interval training (HIIT) suggests the potential of this strategy to enhance health and fitness. However, the neurological consequences of SCI result in safety considerations and constrain exercise approaches, resulting in the need for specialized exercise practitioners. Furthermore, transportation challenges, inaccessibility of exercise facilities, and other barriers limit the translation of high intensity "real world" exercise strategies. Delivering exercise via online ("virtual") platforms overcomes certain access barriers while allowing for broad distribution of high intensity exercise despite the limited number of population-specific exercise specialists. In this review, we initially discuss the need for "real world" high intensity exercise strategies in persons with SCI. We then consider the advantages and logistics of using virtual platforms to broadly deliver high intensity exercise in this population. Safety and risk mitigation are considered first followed by identifying strategies and technologies for delivery and monitoring of virtual high intensity exercise. Throughout the review, we discuss approaches from previous and ongoing trials and conclude by giving considerations for future efforts in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David W. McMillan
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth/Jackson Memorial, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Todd A. Astorino
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA, United States
| | - Michael A. Correa
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth/Jackson Memorial, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Mark S. Nash
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth/Jackson Memorial, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - David R. Gater
- Christine E. Lynn Rehabilitation Center for the Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, UHealth/Jackson Memorial, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Manaf H, Hasnan N, Ariffin A. Training parameters and effects of high-intensity interval training in patients with spinal cord injury: a review of literature. PHYSICAL THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10833196.2021.1917842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haidzir Manaf
- Clinical and Rehabilitation Exercise Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
- Integrative Pharmacogenomics Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam Campus, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nazirah Hasnan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine. Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azhar Ariffin
- Physiotherapy Centre, Taman Desa Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
de Groot S, Cowan RE. Exercise for people with SCI: so important but difficult to achieve. Spinal Cord 2021; 59:1-2. [PMID: 33469192 PMCID: PMC7813972 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-020-00587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja de Groot
- Amsterdam Rehabilitation Research Center
- Reade, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. .,Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Rachel E Cowan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| |
Collapse
|