1
|
Wu JQ, Wang MZ, Bates J, Shaddock RE, Wiisanen K. Pharmacogenomics education strategies in the United States pharmacy school curricula. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2024; 16:221-230. [PMID: 38281827 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2023.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical pharmacogenomics is an expanding area in healthcare that relies heavily on pharmacists for advocacy and implementation. To support pharmacists' significant roles in clinical pharmacogenomics, pharmacy schools and colleges in the United States (US) have strived to incorporate pharmacogenomics education into their curricula, and various teaching strategies have been employed in recent years to meet pharmacogenomics educational outcomes. The six major strategies reported in the literature are described and compared in this review, which culminates in a proposed longitudinal curriculum design for pharmacogenomics education. METHODS Publications focused on pharmacogenomics education to pharmacy students within the US in the past decade were evaluated and summarized. RESULTS The major education strategies that have been studied are didactic lecture, personal genotyping or personal genomic testing, simulation laboratory activity, interprofessional education, practice-based activity such as clinical rotation, and combinational courses. Strengths and limitations of each teaching strategy are summarized and discussed. IMPLICATIONS Based upon each education strategy's strengths and weaknesses, the authors propose a longitudinal curriculum design to ensure that pharmacogenomics is taught multiple times to pharmacy students with diverse formats and teaching objectives conducive to long-term knowledge retention and practice readiness. Through this longitudinal curriculum design, pharmacy graduates will be well equipped to lead clinical pharmacogenomics in practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judy Qiju Wu
- Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, the University of Kansas, 2001L 2010 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States.
| | - Michael Zhuo Wang
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, the University of Kansas, 252 Simons 2093 Constant Ave, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States.
| | - Jessica Bates
- Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, the University of Kansas, 2001B 2010 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, United States.
| | - Rachel E Shaddock
- Clinical Pharmacist Adjunct Faculty, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
| | - Kristin Wiisanen
- Rosalind Franklin University College of Pharmacy, 3333 N Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Development and Pilot Implementation of a Training Framework to Prepare and Integrate Pharmacy Students into a Multicentre Hospital Research Study. PHARMACY 2022; 10:pharmacy10030057. [PMID: 35736772 PMCID: PMC9229207 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy10030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique approach was introduced to integrate pharmacy students into a multicentre patient-centred research project predicting medication related harm (MRH) post-discharge. A training framework was developed to prepare students for research participation and integration. The framework aligned research project tasks with the pharmacists’ national competency standards framework. The framework was piloted on four research placement students from two local universities during three hospital placements, from October 2020 to August 2021. Following their initial orientation and training, students collected data from 38 patients and were involved in patient screening processes, interviewing, data collection and analysis. Patients’ MRH risk scores correlated with re-admission rates with 16/38 (42%) of patients re-admitted within eight weeks following discharge. Their participation in the research enabled students to obtain skills in (1) literature searching, (2) maintaining patient confidentiality, (3) interviewing patients, (4) obtaining data from medical records, (5) communicating with patients and clinicians, and (6) the use of clinical information to predict MRH risk.
Collapse
|
3
|
Morbitzer KA, McLaughlin JE, Devanathan AS, Ozawa S, Roth McClurg M, Carpenter DM, Lee CR. How‐to guide for overcoming barriers of research and scholarship training in Pharm.D. and pharmacy residency programs. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A. Morbitzer
- Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
- Center for Innovative Pharmacy Education and Research, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Jacqueline E. McLaughlin
- Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
- Center for Innovative Pharmacy Education and Research, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Aaron S. Devanathan
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Sachiko Ozawa
- Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Mary Roth McClurg
- Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Delesha M. Carpenter
- Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| | - Craig R. Lee
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cicali EJ, Cook KJ, Arwood MJ, Elchynski A, Wiisanen K. Competency‐based clinical pharmacogenomics activities during an advanced pharmacy practice experience. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Cicali
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine University of Florida College of Pharmacy Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Kelsey J. Cook
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research University of Florida College of Pharmacy Jacksonville Florida USA
| | - Meghan J. Arwood
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine University of Florida College of Pharmacy Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Amanda Elchynski
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine University of Florida College of Pharmacy Gainesville Florida USA
| | - Kristin Wiisanen
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research and Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine University of Florida College of Pharmacy Gainesville Florida USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Statins decrease the expression of c-Myc protein in cancer cell lines. Mol Cell Biochem 2020; 476:743-755. [PMID: 33070276 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-020-03940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Statins are potent inhibitors of the mevalonate/cholesterol biosynthetic pathway and are widely prescribed for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Here, we carried out a comprehensive analysis of the effects of three statins, simvastatin, atorvastatin, and lovastatin, on six different cancer cell lines that include a P-glycoprotein-expressing, multidrug resistant variant of an ovarian cancer cell line. Incubation of all cancer cell lines with statins resulted in suppression of cell proliferation without inducing apoptotic cell death. The cell proliferation arrest could be reversed upon transfer of cells to statin-free growth media as well as by the supplementation of the growth media with mevalonate. Further analysis suggested that statins induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase in four cancer cell lines and the loss of c-Myc protein in three cancer cell lines. The c-Myc expression and the progression of cell division cycle were restored upon the addition of mevalonate to the culture media containing statins. Finally, cells incubated with statins contained an increased level of phosphorylated histone H2AX, an observation previously correlated to cellular senescence. Together, these data demonstrate that statins inhibit the mevalonate pathway which is tightly coupled to oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway, c-Myc expression, cell division cycle progression, and cellular senescence. Implications of these observations in the application of statins as cancer therapeutics are discussed.
Collapse
|
6
|
Xia C, He Z, Cai Y. Quantitative proteomics analysis of differentially expressed proteins induced by astragaloside IV in cervical cancer cell invasion. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2020; 25:25. [PMID: 32265995 PMCID: PMC7110762 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-020-00218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cervical cancer remains the second leading cause of mortality in women in developing countries. While surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and vaccine therapy are being applied for its treatment, individually or in combination, the survival rate in advanced cervical cancer patients is still very low. Traditional Chinese medicine has been found to be effective in the treatment of cervical cancer. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), a compound belonging to Astragalus polysaccharides, shows anticancer activity through several cell signaling pathways. However, the detailed molecular mechanism governing the anticancer activity of AS-IV remains unknown. Material and methods In our study, we performed tumor xenograft analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, Western blot analysis, and iTRAQ combination by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) analysis to study the molecular mechanism of AS-IV in the suppression of cervical cancer cell invasion. Results Our results showed that AS-IV suppressed cervical cancer cell invasion and induced autophagy in them, with the tumor growth curve increasing slowly. We also identified 32 proteins that were differentially expressed in the SiHa cells when treated with AS-IV, with 16 of them involved in the upregulation and 16 in the downregulation of these cells. These differentially expressed proteins, which were predominantly actin–myosin complexes, controlled cell proliferation and cell development by steroid binding and altering the composition of the cell cytoskeleton. DCP1A and TMSB4X, the two proteins regulating autophagy, increased in cervical cancer cells when treated with AS-IV. Conclusions We conclude that AS-IV could inhibit cervical cancer invasion by inducing autophagy in cervical cancer cells. Since iTRAQ combination by PRM has been observed to be useful in identifying macromolecular target compounds, it may be considered as a novel strategy in the screening of anticancer compounds used in the treatment of cervical cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenglai Xia
- 1Foshan Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, South Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan, 11 Renmin Xi Street, Foshan, 528000 China
| | - Zhihong He
- 1Foshan Maternal and Child Health Research Institute, South Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan, 11 Renmin Xi Street, Foshan, 528000 China
| | - Yantao Cai
- 2Department of Dermatology and Pheumatology, South Medical University Affiliated Maternal & Child Health Hospital of Foshan, 11 Renmin Xi Street, Foshan, 528000 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Meloche M, Kwon HJ, Letarte N, Bussières JF, Vadnais B, Hurlimann T, Lavoie A, Beauchesne MF, de Denus S. Opinion, experience and educational preferences concerning pharmacogenomics: an exploratory study of Quebec pharmacists. Pharmacogenomics 2020; 21:235-245. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2019-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the current opinion, experience and educational preferences of pharmacists in Quebec concerning pharmacogenomics. Method: A web-based survey containing 25 questions was sent to all Quebec pharmacists. Results: Most pharmacists were willing to advise patients (81%) and physicians (84%) on treatment choices based on pharmacogenomic test results after proper training. Only 31% had been previously exposed to pharmacogenomic test results, and 91% were favorable to pharmacogenomics training, with e-learning through interactive video sessions (69%). The preferred training session length was between 1 and 3 h (59%). Hospital pharmacists were more often exposed to pharmacogenomic tests (p < 0.0001) and more frequently advised patients on treatment choices (p < 0.001) than community pharmacists. Conclusion: Pharmacists remain favorable toward pharmacogenomics, but its use in clinical practice stays limited. Identifying the educational preferences of pharmacists may help in the development of educational programs to help them integrate pharmacogenomics in their clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Meloche
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Hyuk J Kwon
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nathalie Letarte
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-François Bussières
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Barbara Vadnais
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Pharmacy, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montreal, Canada
| | - Thierry Hurlimann
- Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Bioethics Programs, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Annie Lavoie
- Department of Pharmacy, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-France Beauchesne
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Research Center, Centre Intégré Universitaire de Santé et de Services Sociaux de l’Estrie-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Installations Hôtel-Dieu et Fleurimont, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Simon de Denus
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Freeley M. Current postgraduate training programs and online courses in precision medicine. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2020; 20:569-574. [PMID: 31875486 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2020.1709826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Freeley
- School of Biotechnology (Office X225), Dublin City University , Glasnevin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Haga SB, Moaddeb J. Pharmacogenomics courses in pharmacy school curricula. Pharmacogenomics 2019; 20:625-630. [PMID: 31250728 PMCID: PMC6912845 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2019-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The appropriate use and integration of pharmacogenetic (PGx) testing will pivot on provider preparation and training. Pharmacists have been recognized as one of the key providers in the delivery of PGx testing and as such, professional organizations have recommended inclusion of PGx content in pharmacy curricula. Methods: We reviewed the curriculum of 132 US pharmacy schools for information about PGx courses. Results: A total of 70 core curriculum courses were identified. 55 (42%) pharmacy schools included at least one PGx course as part of the core curriculum, and ten (8%) schools that offered a PGx course elective. Conclusion: While many pharmacy schools have responded to the accreditation standards to include PGx, less than half of the schools have developed a standalone course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne B Haga
- Department of Medicine, Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 304 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Jivan Moaddeb
- Department of Medicine, Center for Applied Genomics & Precision Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, 304 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|