1
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Márquez LA, López Rubalcava C, Galván EJ. Postnatal hypofunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors alters perforant path synaptic plasticity and filtering and impairs dentate gyrus-mediated spatial discrimination. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38631821 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Transient hypofunction of the NMDA receptor represents a convergence point for the onset and further development of psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia. Although the cumulative evidence indicates dysregulation of the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia, the integrity of the synaptic transmission and plasticity conveyed by the somatosensorial inputs to the dentate gyrus, the perforant pathway synapses, have barely been explored in this pathological condition. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We identified a series of synaptic alterations of the lateral and medial perforant paths in animals postnatally treated with the NMDA antagonist MK-801. This dysregulation suggests decreased cognitive performance, for which the dentate gyrus is critical. KEY RESULTS We identified alterations in the synaptic properties of the lateral and medial perforant paths to the dentate gyrus synapses in slices from MK-801-treated animals. Altered glutamate release and decreased synaptic strength precede an impairment in the induction and expression of long-term potentiation (LTP) and CB1 receptor-mediated long-term depression (LTD). Remarkably, by inhibiting the degradation of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), an endogenous ligand of the CB1 receptor, we restored the LTD in animals treated with MK-801. Additionally, we showed for the first time, that spatial discrimination, a cognitive task that requires dentate gyrus integrity, is impaired in animals exposed to transient hypofunction of NMDA receptors. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Dysregulation of glutamatergic transmission and synaptic plasticity from the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus has been demonstrated, which may explain the cellular dysregulations underlying the altered cognitive processing in the dentate gyrus associated with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Márquez
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, CINVESTAV Unidad Sur, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Emilio J Galván
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, CINVESTAV Unidad Sur, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Investigaciones sobre el Envejecimiento, CIE-Cinvestav, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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2
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Habibollahi F, Kagan BJ, Burkitt AN, French C. Critical dynamics arise during structured information presentation within embodied in vitro neuronal networks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5287. [PMID: 37648737 PMCID: PMC10469171 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how brains process information is an incredibly difficult task. Amongst the metrics characterising information processing in the brain, observations of dynamic near-critical states have generated significant interest. However, theoretical and experimental limitations associated with human and animal models have precluded a definite answer about when and why neural criticality arises with links from attention, to cognition, and even to consciousness. To explore this topic, we used an in vitro neural network of cortical neurons that was trained to play a simplified game of 'Pong' to demonstrate Synthetic Biological Intelligence (SBI). We demonstrate that critical dynamics emerge when neural networks receive task-related structured sensory input, reorganizing the system to a near-critical state. Additionally, better task performance correlated with proximity to critical dynamics. However, criticality alone is insufficient for a neuronal network to demonstrate learning in the absence of additional information regarding the consequences of previous actions. These findings offer compelling support that neural criticality arises as a base feature of incoming structured information processing without the need for higher order cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Habibollahi
- Cortical Labs Pty Ltd, Melbourne, 3056, VIC, Australia
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, VIC, Australia
- Neural Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Brett J Kagan
- Cortical Labs Pty Ltd, Melbourne, 3056, VIC, Australia.
| | - Anthony N Burkitt
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Chris French
- Neural Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, VIC, Australia
- Neurology Department, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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3
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Spencer KM, Nakhnikian A, Hirano Y, Levin M. The contribution of gamma bursting to spontaneous gamma activity in schizophrenia. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1130897. [PMID: 37206313 PMCID: PMC10188978 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1130897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased spontaneous gamma (30-100 Hz) activity (SGA) has been reported in the auditory cortex in schizophrenia. This phenomenon has been correlated with psychotic symptoms such as auditory hallucinations and could reflect the dysfunction of NMDA receptors on parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons. Previous findings are from time-averaged spectra, so it is unknown whether increased spontaneous gamma occurs at a constant level, or rather in bursts. To better understand the dynamical nature of spontaneous gamma activity in schizophrenia, here we examined the contribution of gamma bursting and the slope of the EEG spectrum to this phenomenon. The main results from this data set were previously reported. Participants were 24 healthy control participants (HC) and 24 matched participants with schizophrenia (SZ). The data were from EEG recordings during auditory steady-state stimulation, which were localized to bilateral pairs of dipoles in auditory cortex. Time-frequency analysis was performed using Morlet wavelets. Oscillation bursts in the gamma range were defined as periods during which power exceeded 2 standard deviations above the trial-wide average value for at least one cycle. We extracted the burst parameters power, count, and area, as well as non-burst trial power and spectral slope. Gamma burst power and non-burst trial power were greater in SZ than HC, but burst count and area did not differ. Spectral slope was less negative in SZ than HC. Regression modeling found that gamma burst power alone best predicted SGA for both HC and SZ (> = 90% of variance), while spectral slope made a small contribution and non-burst trial power did not influence SGA. Increased SGA in the auditory cortex in schizophrenia is accounted for by increased power within gamma bursts, rather than a tonic increase in gamma-range activity, or a shift in spectral slope. Further research will be necessary to determine if these measures reflect different network mechanisms. We propose that increased gamma burst power is the main component of increased SGA in SZ and could reflect abnormally increased plasticity in cortical circuits due to enhanced plasticity of synapses on parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons. Thus, increased gamma burst power may be involved in producing psychotic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Spencer
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Kevin M. Spencer,
| | - Alexander Nakhnikian
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yoji Hirano
- Research Service, VA Boston Healthcare System, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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4
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Kelty-Stephen DG, Mangalam M. Turing's cascade instability supports the coordination of the mind, brain, and behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104810. [PMID: 35932950 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Turing inspired a computer metaphor of the mind and brain that has been handy and has spawned decades of empirical investigation, but he did much more and offered behavioral and cognitive sciences another metaphor-that of the cascade. The time has come to confront Turing's cascading instability, which suggests a geometrical framework driven by power laws and can be studied using multifractal formalism and multiscale probability density function analysis. Here, we review a rapidly growing body of scientific investigations revealing signatures of cascade instability and their consequences for a perceiving, acting, and thinking organism. We review work related to executive functioning (planning to act), postural control (bodily poise for turning plans into action), and effortful perception (action to gather information in a single modality and action to blend multimodal information). We also review findings on neuronal avalanches in the brain, specifically about neural participation in body-wide cascades. Turing's cascade instability blends the mind, brain, and behavior across space and time scales and provides an alternative to the dominant computer metaphor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian G Kelty-Stephen
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at New Paltz, New Paltz, NY, USA.
| | - Madhur Mangalam
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Luhmann HJ, Kanold PO, Molnár Z, Vanhatalo S. Early brain activity: Translations between bedside and laboratory. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 213:102268. [PMID: 35364141 PMCID: PMC9923767 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neural activity is both a driver of brain development and a readout of developmental processes. Changes in neuronal activity are therefore both the cause and consequence of neurodevelopmental compromises. Here, we review the assessment of neuronal activities in both preclinical models and clinical situations. We focus on issues that require urgent translational research, the challenges and bottlenecks preventing translation of biomedical research into new clinical diagnostics or treatments, and possibilities to overcome these barriers. The key questions are (i) what can be measured in clinical settings versus animal experiments, (ii) how do measurements relate to particular stages of development, and (iii) how can we balance practical and ethical realities with methodological compromises in measurements and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko J. Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, Mainz, Germany.,Correspondence:, , ,
| | - Patrick O. Kanold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Avenue / Miller 379, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Correspondence:, , ,
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Sherrington Building, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
| | - Sampsa Vanhatalo
- BABA Center, Departments of Physiology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.
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6
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Usher M. Refuting the unfolding-argument on the irrelevance of causal structure to consciousness. Conscious Cogn 2021; 95:103212. [PMID: 34627098 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2021.103212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The unfolding argument (UA) was advanced as a refutation of prominent theories, which posit that phenomenal experience is determined by patterns of neural activation in a recurrent (neural) network (RN) structure. The argument is based on the statement that any input-output function of an RN can be approximated by an "equivalent" feedforward-network (FFN). According to UA, if consciousness depends on causal structure, its presence is unfalsifiable (thus non-scientific), as an equivalent FFN structure is behaviorally indistinguishable with regards to any behavioral test. Here I refute UA by appealing to computational theory and cognitive-neuroscience. I argue that a robust functional equivalence between FFN and RN is not supported by the mathematical work on the Universal Approximator theorem, and is also unlikely to hold, as a conjecture, given data in cognitive neuroscience; I argue that an equivalence of RN and FFN can only apply to static functions between input/output layers and not to the temporal patterns or to the network's reactions to structural perturbations. Finally, I review data indicating that consciousness has functional characteristics, such as a flexible control of behavior, and that cognitive/brain dynamics reveal interacting top-down and bottom-up processes, which are necessary for the mediation of such control processes.
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7
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Rosato M, Hoelscher B, Lin Z, Agwu C, Xu F. Transcriptome analysis provides genome annotation and expression profiles in the central nervous system of Lymnaea stagnalis at different ages. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:637. [PMID: 34479505 PMCID: PMC8414863 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07946-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis (L. stagnalis), has served as a valuable model organism for neurobiology studies due to its simple and easily accessible central nervous system (CNS). L. stagnalis has been widely used to study neuronal networks and recently gained popularity for study of aging and neurodegenerative diseases. However, previous transcriptome studies of L. stagnalis CNS have been exclusively carried out on adult L. stagnalis only. As part of our ongoing effort studying L. stagnalis neuronal growth and connectivity at various developmental stages, we provide the first age-specific transcriptome analysis and gene annotation of young (3 months), adult (6 months), and old (18 months) L. stagnalis CNS. RESULTS Using the above three age cohorts, our study generated 55-69 millions of 150 bp paired-end RNA sequencing reads using the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. Of these reads, ~ 74% were successfully mapped to the reference genome of L. stagnalis. Our reference-based transcriptome assembly predicted 42,478 gene loci, of which 37,661 genes encode coding sequences (CDS) of at least 100 codons. In addition, we provide gene annotations using Blast2GO and functional annotations using Pfam for ~ 95% of these sequences, contributing to the largest number of annotated genes in L. stagnalis CNS so far. Moreover, among 242 previously cloned L. stagnalis genes, we were able to match ~ 87% of them in our transcriptome assembly, indicating a high percentage of gene coverage. The expressional differences for innexins, FMRFamide, and molluscan insulin peptide genes were validated by real-time qPCR. Lastly, our transcriptomic analyses revealed distinct, age-specific gene clusters, differentially expressed genes, and enriched pathways in young, adult, and old CNS. More specifically, our data show significant changes in expression of critical genes involved in transcription factors, metabolisms (e.g. cytochrome P450), extracellular matrix constituent, and signaling receptor and transduction (e.g. receptors for acetylcholine, N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid, and serotonin), as well as stress- and disease-related genes in young compared to either adult or old snails. CONCLUSIONS Together, these datasets are the largest and most updated L. stagnalis CNS transcriptomes, which will serve as a resource for future molecular studies and functional annotation of transcripts and genes in L. stagnalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rosato
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Brittany Hoelscher
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zhenguo Lin
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chidera Agwu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fenglian Xu
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Henry and Amelia Nasrallah Center for Neuroscience, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Saint Louis University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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8
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Mao Y, Xing Y, Li J, Dong D, Zhang S, Zhao Z, Xie J, Wang R, Li H. Guanosine ameliorates positive symptoms of schizophrenia via modulating 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 2A receptors. Am J Transl Res 2021; 13:4040-4054. [PMID: 34149997 PMCID: PMC8205766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious mental disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, and extremely disordered thinking and behavior. There are several hypotheses of pathogenesis in schizophrenia: dopaminergic, glutamatergic, or serotonergic hyperfunction. Guanosine reportedly protects the central nervous system by modulating the glutamatergic system. Thus, we assumed that guanosine may exert a positive effect on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Herein, we demonstrated that guanosine significantly reduced MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion and stereotyped behaviors, but showed no effect on hyperlocomotion induced by d-amphetamine, indicating that guanosine may directly affect the glutamatergic system. Guanosine dose-dependently reduced 5-HTP-induced wet dog shakes (WDS) and other serotonin syndromes (SS) behaviors, indicating that it might block serotonin 5-HT1A or 5-HT2A receptors. Finally, we confirm that that guanosine modulates serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors and it might be anti-schizophrenic partly through pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi/o-coupled PI3K/Akt signaling. Collectively, this study provides possible compounds and mechanisms for therapeutic effects on schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Mao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & TechnologyShanghai 200237, China
| | - Yao Xing
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & TechnologyShanghai 200237, China
| | - Jie Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & TechnologyShanghai 200237, China
| | - Dong Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & TechnologyShanghai 200237, China
| | - Shoude Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & TechnologyShanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Department of Pharmacy, Medical College of Qinghai University, Qinghai UniversityQinghai 810016, China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & TechnologyShanghai 200237, China
| | - Jingli Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, College of Bioengineering, East China University of Science & TechnologyShanghai 200237, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & TechnologyShanghai 200237, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science & TechnologyShanghai 200237, China
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9
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Loss CM, Teodoro L, Rodrigues GD, Moreira LR, Peres FF, Zuardi AW, Crippa JA, Hallak JEC, Abílio VC. Is Cannabidiol During Neurodevelopment a Promising Therapy for Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorders? Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:635763. [PMID: 33613289 PMCID: PMC7890086 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.635763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are psychiatric neurodevelopmental disorders that cause high levels of functional disabilities. Also, the currently available therapies for these disorders are limited. Therefore, the search for treatments that could be beneficial for the altered course of the neurodevelopment associated with these disorders is paramount. Preclinical and clinical evidence points to cannabidiol (CBD) as a promising strategy. In this review, we discuss clinical and preclinical studies on schizophrenia and ASD investigating the behavioral, molecular, and functional effects of chronic treatment with CBD (and with cannabidivarin for ASD) during neurodevelopment. In summary, the results point to CBD's beneficial potential for the progression of these disorders supporting further investigations to strengthen its use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cássio Morais Loss
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq/CAPES/FAPESP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lucas Teodoro
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Doná Rodrigues
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Roberto Moreira
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Fiel Peres
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq/CAPES/FAPESP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Antonio Waldo Zuardi
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq/CAPES/FAPESP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre Crippa
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq/CAPES/FAPESP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jaime Eduardo Cecilio Hallak
- National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq/CAPES/FAPESP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Costhek Abílio
- Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,National Institute for Translational Medicine (INCT-TM), National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq/CAPES/FAPESP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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10
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Calovi S, Mut-Arbona P, Tod P, Iring A, Nicke A, Mato S, Vizi ES, Tønnesen J, Sperlagh B. P2X7 Receptor-Dependent Layer-Specific Changes in Neuron-Microglia Reactivity in the Prefrontal Cortex of a Phencyclidine Induced Mouse Model of Schizophrenia. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:566251. [PMID: 33262687 PMCID: PMC7686553 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.566251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It has been consistently reported that the deficiency of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) sensitive purinergic receptor P2X7 (P2X7R) ameliorates symptoms in animal models of brain diseases. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the role of P2X7R in rodent models of acute and subchronic schizophrenia based on phencyclidine (PCP) delivery in animals lacking or overexpressing P2X7R, and to identify the underlying mechanisms involved. Methods: The psychotomimetic effects of acute i.p. PCP administration in C57Bl/6J wild-type, P2X7R knockout (P2rx7−/−) and overexpressing (P2X7-EGFP) young adult mice were quantified. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of P2rx7−/− and heterozygous P2X7-EGFP acutely treated animals was characterized through immunohistochemical staining. The prefrontal cortices of young adult P2rx7−/− and P2rx7tg/+ mice were examined with tritiated dopamine release experiments and the functional properties of the mPFC pyramidal neurons in layer V from P2rx7−/− mice were assessed by patch-clamp recordings. P2rx7−/− animals were subjected to a 7 days subchronic systemic PCP treatment. The animals working memory performance and PFC cytokine levels were assessed. Results: Our data strengthen the hypothesis that P2X7R modulates schizophrenia-like positive and cognitive symptoms in NMDA receptor antagonist models in a receptor expression level-dependent manner. P2X7R expression leads to higher medial PFC susceptibility to PCP-induced circuit hyperactivity. The mPFC of P2X7R knockout animals displayed distinct alterations in the neuronal activation pattern, microglial organization, specifically around hyperactive neurons, and were associated with lower intrinsic excitability of mPFC neurons. Conclusions: P2X7R expression exacerbated PCP-related effects in C57Bl/6J mice. Our findings suggest a pleiotropic role of P2X7R in the mPFC, consistent with the observed behavioral phenotype, regulating basal dopamine concentration, layer-specific neuronal activation, intrinsic excitability of neurons in the mPFC, and the interaction of microglia with hyperactive neurons. Direct measurements of P2X7R activity concerning microglial ramifications and dynamics could help to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Calovi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Tod
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Iring
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Susana Mato
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Biocruces Bizkaia, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - E Sylvester Vizi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jan Tønnesen
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Beata Sperlagh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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11
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Time-dependent branching processes: a model of oscillating neuronal avalanches. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13678. [PMID: 32792658 PMCID: PMC7426838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69705-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, neuronal avalanches have been observed to display oscillations, a phenomenon regarded as the co-existence of a scale-free behaviour (the avalanches close to criticality) and scale-dependent dynamics (the oscillations). Ordinary continuous-time branching processes with constant extinction and branching rates are commonly used as models of neuronal activity, yet they lack any such time-dependence. In the present work, we extend a basic branching process by allowing the extinction rate to oscillate in time as a new model to describe cortical dynamics. By means of a perturbative field theory, we derive relevant observables in closed form. We support our findings by quantitative comparison to numerics and qualitative comparison to available experimental results.
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12
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Hamm JP, Shymkiv Y, Mukai J, Gogos JA, Yuste R. Aberrant Cortical Ensembles and Schizophrenia-like Sensory Phenotypes in Setd1a +/- Mice. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:215-223. [PMID: 32143831 PMCID: PMC7363535 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A breakdown of synchrony within neuronal ensembles leading to destabilization of network "attractors" could be a defining aspect of neuropsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, representing a common downstream convergence point for the diverse etiological pathways associated with the disease. Using a mouse genetic model, we demonstrated that altered ensembles are associated with pathological sensory cortical processing phenotypes resulting from loss of function mutations in the Setd1a gene, a recently identified rare risk genotype with very high penetrance for schizophrenia. METHODS We used fast two-photon calcium imaging of neuronal populations (calcium indicator GCaMP6s, 10 Hz, 100-250 cells, layer 2/3 of primary visual cortex, i.e., V1) in awake head-fixed mice (Setd1a+/- vs. wild-type littermate control) during rest and visual stimulation with moving full-field square-wave gratings (0.04 cycles per degree, 2.0 cycles per second, 100% contrast, 12 directions). Multielectrode recordings were analyzed in the time-frequency domain to assess stimulus-induced oscillations and cross-layer phase synchrony. RESULTS Neuronal activity and orientation/direction selectivity were unaffected in Setd1a+/- mice, but correlations between cell pairs in V1 showed altered distributions compared with wild-type mice, in both ongoing and visually evoked activity. Furthermore, population-wide "ensemble activations" in Setd1a+/- mice were markedly less reliable over time during rest and visual stimulation, resulting in unstable encoding of basic visual information. This alteration of ensembles coincided with reductions in alpha and high-gamma band phase synchrony within and between cortical layers. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new evidence for an ensemble hypothesis of schizophrenia and highlight the utility of Setd1a+/- mice for modeling sensory-processing phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P. Hamm
- Neurotechnology Center, Columbia University, New York, New York,Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yuriy Shymkiv
- Neurotechnology Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Jun Mukai
- College of Physicians and Surgeons; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York,Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Joseph A. Gogos
- Department of Biological Sciences; Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York,College of Physicians and Surgeons; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York,Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Rafael Yuste
- Neurotechnology Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
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13
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The scale-invariant, temporal profile of neuronal avalanches in relation to cortical γ-oscillations. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16403. [PMID: 31712632 PMCID: PMC6848117 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity cascades are found in many complex systems. In the cortex, they arise in the form of neuronal avalanches that capture ongoing and evoked neuronal activities at many spatial and temporal scales. The scale-invariant nature of avalanches suggests that the brain is in a critical state, yet predictions from critical theory on the temporal unfolding of avalanches have yet to be confirmed in vivo. Here we show in awake nonhuman primates that the temporal profile of avalanches follows a symmetrical, inverted parabola spanning up to hundreds of milliseconds. This parabola constrains how avalanches initiate locally, extend spatially and shrink as they evolve in time. Importantly, parabolas of different durations can be collapsed with a scaling exponent close to 2 supporting critical generational models of neuronal avalanches. Spontaneously emerging, transient γ-oscillations coexist with and modulate these avalanche parabolas thereby providing a temporal segmentation to inherently scale-invariant, critical dynamics. Our results identify avalanches and oscillations as dual principles in the temporal organization of brain activity.
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14
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Bowen Z, Winkowski DE, Seshadri S, Plenz D, Kanold PO. Neuronal Avalanches in Input and Associative Layers of Auditory Cortex. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:45. [PMID: 31551721 PMCID: PMC6737089 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary auditory cortex processes acoustic sequences for the perception of behaviorally meaningful sounds such as speech. Sound information arrives at its input layer four from where activity propagates to associative layer 2/3. It is currently not known whether there is a characteristic organization of neuronal population activity across layers and sound levels during sound processing. Here, we identify neuronal avalanches, which in theory and experiments have been shown to maximize dynamic range and optimize information transfer within and across networks, in primary auditory cortex. We used in vivo 2-photon imaging of pyramidal neurons in cortical layers L4 and L2/3 of mouse A1 to characterize the populations of neurons that were active spontaneously, i.e., in the absence of a sound stimulus, and those recruited by single-frequency tonal stimuli at different sound levels. Single-frequency sounds recruited neurons of widely ranging frequency selectivity in both layers. We defined neuronal ensembles as neurons being active within or during successive temporal windows at the temporal resolution of our imaging. For both layers, neuronal ensembles were highly variable in size during spontaneous activity as well as during sound presentation. Ensemble sizes distributed according to power laws, the hallmark of neuronal avalanches, and were similar across sound levels. Avalanches activated by sound were composed of neurons with diverse tuning preference, yet with selectivity independent of avalanche size. Our results suggest that optimization principles identified for avalanches guide population activity in L4 and L2/3 of auditory cortex during and in-between stimulus processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zac Bowen
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Daniel E Winkowski
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Saurav Seshadri
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dietmar Plenz
- Section on Critical Brain Dynamics, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute for Systems Research, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
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15
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Ponce-Alvarez A, Jouary A, Privat M, Deco G, Sumbre G. Whole-Brain Neuronal Activity Displays Crackling Noise Dynamics. Neuron 2018; 100:1446-1459.e6. [PMID: 30449656 PMCID: PMC6307982 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that the brain operates at a critical point in which phases of order and disorder coexist, producing emergent patterned dynamics at all scales and optimizing several brain functions. Here, we combined light-sheet microscopy with GCaMP zebrafish larvae to study whole-brain dynamics in vivo at near single-cell resolution. We show that spontaneous activity propagates in the brain's three-dimensional space, generating scale-invariant neuronal avalanches with time courses and recurrence times that exhibit statistical self-similarity at different magnitude, temporal, and frequency scales. This suggests that the nervous system operates close to a non-equilibrium phase transition, where a large repertoire of spatial, temporal, and interactive modes can be supported. Finally, we show that gap junctions contribute to the maintenance of criticality and that, during interactions with the environment (sensory inputs and self-generated behaviors), the system is transiently displaced to a more ordered regime, conceivably to limit the potential sensory representations and motor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ponce-Alvarez
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08005, Spain.
| | - Adrien Jouary
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, Paris 75005, France; Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon 1400-038, Portugal
| | - Martin Privat
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, Paris 75005, France
| | - Gustavo Deco
- Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08005, Spain; Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain; Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig 04103, Germany; School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Clayton VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Germán Sumbre
- Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, Paris 75005, France.
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16
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Strong C, Kabbaj M. On the safety of repeated ketamine infusions for the treatment of depression: Effects of sex and developmental periods. Neurobiol Stress 2018; 9:166-175. [PMID: 30450382 PMCID: PMC6236511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will discuss the safety of repeated treatments with ketamine for patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), a condition in which patients with major depression do not show any clinical improvements following treatments with at least two antidepressant drugs. We will discuss the effects of these treatments in both sexes at different developmental periods. Numerous small clinical studies have shown that a single, low-dose ketamine infusion can rapidly alleviate depressive symptoms and thoughts of suicidality in patients with TRD, and these effects can last for about one week. Interestingly, the antidepressant effects of ketamine can be prolonged with intermittent, repeated infusion regimens and produce more robust therapeutic effects when compared to a single infusion. The safety of such repeated treatments with ketamine has not been thoroughly investigated. Although more studies are needed, some clinical and preclinical reports indicated that repeated infusions of low doses of ketamine may have addictive properties, and suggested that adolescent and adult female subjects may be more sensitive to ketamine's addictive effects. Additionally, during ketamine infusions, many TRD patients report hallucinations and feelings of dissociation and depersonalization, and therefore the effects of repeated treatments of ketamine on cognition must be further examined. Some clinical reports indicated that, compared to women, men are more sensitive to the psychomimetic effects of ketamine. Preclinical studies extended these findings to both adolescent and adult male rodents and showed that male rodents at both developmental periods are more sensitive to ketamine's cognitive-altering effects. Accordingly, in this review we shall focus our discussion on the potential addictive and cognitive-impairing effects of repeated ketamine infusions in both sexes at two important developmental periods: adolescence and adulthood. Although more work about the safety of ketamine is warranted, we hope this review will bring some answers about the safety of treating TRD with repeated ketamine infusions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Kabbaj
- Corresponding author. Florida State University, 3300-H, 1115 W. Call St, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA.
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