1
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Ye P, Gu R, Zhu H, Chen J, Han F, Nie X. SOX family transcription factors as therapeutic targets in wound healing: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127243. [PMID: 37806414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The SOX family plays a vital role in determining the fate of cells and has garnered attention in the fields of cancer research and regenerative medicine. It also shows promise in the study of wound healing, as it actively participates in the healing processes of various tissues such as skin, fractures, tendons, and the cornea. However, our understanding of the mechanisms behind the SOX family's involvement in wound healing is limited compared to its role in cancer. Gaining insight into its role, distribution, interaction with other factors, and modifications in traumatized tissues could provide valuable new knowledge about wound healing. Based on current research, SOX2, SOX7, and SOX9 are the most promising members of the SOX family for future interventions in wound healing. SOX2 and SOX9 promote the renewal of cells, while SOX7 enhances the microvascular environment. The SOX family holds significant potential for advancing wound healing research. This article provides a comprehensive review of the latest research advancements and therapeutic tools related to the SOX family in wound healing, as well as the potential benefits and challenges of targeting the SOX family for wound treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Ye
- Key Lab of the Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China; College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Rifang Gu
- Key Lab of the Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China; School Medical Office, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Huan Zhu
- Key Lab of the Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China; College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Jitao Chen
- Key Lab of the Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China; College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Felicity Han
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Xuqiang Nie
- Key Lab of the Basic Pharmacology of the Ministry of Education & Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China; College of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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2
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Chen N, Wu RW, Lam Y, Chan WC, Chan D. Hypertrophic chondrocytes at the junction of musculoskeletal structures. Bone Rep 2023; 19:101698. [PMID: 37485234 PMCID: PMC10359737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2023.101698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic chondrocytes are found at unique locations at the junction of skeletal tissues, cartilage growth plate, articular cartilage, enthesis and intervertebral discs. Their role in the skeleton is best understood in the process of endochondral ossification in development and bone fracture healing. Chondrocyte hypertrophy occurs in degenerative conditions such as osteoarthritis. Thus, the role of hypertrophic chondrocytes in skeletal biology and pathology is context dependent. This review will focus on hypertrophic chondrocytes in endochondral ossification, in which they exist in a transient state, but acting as a central regulator of differentiation, mineralization, vascularization and conversion to bone. The amazing journey of a chondrocyte from being entrapped in the extracellular matrix environment to becoming proliferative then hypertrophic will be discussed. Recent studies on the dynamic changes and plasticity of hypertrophic chondrocytes have provided new insights into how we view these cells, not as terminally differentiated but as cells that can dedifferentiate to more progenitor-like cells in a transition to osteoblasts and adipocytes, as well as a source of skeletal stem and progenitor cells residing in the bone marrow. This will provide a foundation for studies of hypertrophic chondrocytes at other skeletal sites in development, tissue maintenance, pathology and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robin W.H. Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Lam
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wilson C.W. Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Orthopaedics Surgery and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital (HKU-SZH), Shenzhen 518053, China
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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3
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Jacob T, Annusver K, Czarnewski P, Dalessandri T, Kalk C, Levra Levron C, Campamà Sanz N, Kastriti ME, Mikkola ML, Rendl M, Lichtenberger BM, Donati G, Björklund ÅK, Kasper M. Molecular and spatial landmarks of early mouse skin development. Dev Cell 2023; 58:2140-2162.e5. [PMID: 37591247 PMCID: PMC11088744 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of specialized cell populations within the skin facilitates its hair-producing, protective, sensory, and thermoregulatory functions. How the vast cell-type diversity and tissue architecture develops is largely unexplored. Here, with single-cell transcriptomics, spatial cell-type assignment, and cell-lineage tracing, we deconstruct early embryonic mouse skin during the key transitions from seemingly uniform developmental precursor states to a multilayered, multilineage epithelium, and complex dermal identity. We identify the spatiotemporal emergence of hair-follicle-inducing, muscle-supportive, and fascia-forming fibroblasts. We also demonstrate the formation of the panniculus carnosus muscle (PCM), sprouting blood vessels without pericyte coverage, and the earliest residence of mast and dendritic immune cells in skin. Finally, we identify an unexpected epithelial heterogeneity within the early single-layered epidermis and a signaling-rich periderm layer. Overall, this cellular and molecular blueprint of early skin development-which can be explored at https://kasperlab.org/tools-establishes histological landmarks and highlights unprecedented dynamic interactions among skin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Jacob
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Annusver
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paulo Czarnewski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, 17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tim Dalessandri
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Kalk
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Levra Levron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Nil Campamà Sanz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Eleni Kastriti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marja L Mikkola
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Rendl
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Cell, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Beate M Lichtenberger
- Skin and Endothelium Research Division, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Giacomo Donati
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Åsa K Björklund
- Department of Life Science, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Jensen NR, Kelly RR, Kelly KD, Khoo SK, Sidles SJ, LaRue AC. From Stem to Sternum: The Role of Shp2 in the Skeleton. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:403-421. [PMID: 36422682 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a ubiquitously expressed phosphatase that is vital for skeletal development and maintenance of chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Study of SHP2 function in small animal models has led to insights in phenotypes observed in SHP2-mutant human disease, such as Noonan syndrome. In recent years, allosteric SHP2 inhibitors have been developed to specifically target the protein in neoplastic processes. These inhibitors are highly specific and have great potential for disease modulation in cancer and other pathologies, including bone disorders. In this review, we discuss the importance of SHP2 and related signaling pathways (e.g., Ras/MEK/ERK, JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt) in skeletal development. We review rodent models of pathologic processes caused by germline mutations that activate SHP2 enzymatic activity, with a focus on the skeletal phenotype seen in these patients. Finally, we discuss SHP2 inhibitors in development and their potential for disease modulation in these genetic diseases, particularly as it relates to the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel R Jensen
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan R Kelly
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kirsten D Kelly
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Stephanie K Khoo
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sara J Sidles
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Amanda C LaRue
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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5
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Han Y, Yang H, Hua Z, Nie S, Xu S, Zhou C, Chen F, Li M, Yu Q, Sun Y, Wei Y, Wang X. Rotating Magnetic Field Mitigates Ankylosing Spondylitis Targeting Osteocytes and Chondrocytes via Ameliorating Immune Dysfunctions. Cells 2023; 12:cells12070972. [PMID: 37048045 PMCID: PMC10093245 DOI: 10.3390/cells12070972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is clinically characterized by bone fusion that is induced by the pathological formation of extra bone. Unfortunately, the fundamental mechanism and related therapies remain unclear. The loss of SHP-2 (encoded by Ptpn11) in CD4-Cre;Ptpn11f/f mice resulted in the induction of AS-like pathological characteristics, including spontaneous cartilage and bone lesions, kyphosis, and arthritis. Hence, this mouse was utilized as an AS model in this study. As one of the basic physical fields, the magnetic field (MF) has been proven to be an effective treatment method for articular cartilage degeneration. In this study, the effects of a rotating magnetic field (RMF; 0.2 T, 4 Hz) on an AS-like mouse model were investigated. The RMF treatment (2 h/d, 0.2 T, 4 Hz) was performed on AS mice from two months after birth until the day before sampling. The murine specimens were subjected to transcriptomics, immunomics, and metabolomics analyses, combined with molecular and pathological experiments. The results demonstrated that the mitigation of inflammatory deterioration resulted in an increase in functional osteogenesis and a decrease in dysfunctional osteolysis due to the maintenance of bone homeostasis via the RANKL/RANK/OPG signaling pathway. Additionally, by regulating the ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, RMF treatment rebalanced the immune microenvironment in skeletal tissue. It has been observed that RMF interventions have the potential to alleviate AS, including by decreasing pathogenicity and preventing disease initiation. Consequently, RMF, as a moderately physical therapeutic strategy, could be considered to alleviate the degradation of cartilage and bone tissue in AS and as a potential option to halt the progression of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Magnetobiology Group, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Xili Campus of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Magnetobiology Group, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Xili Campus of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhongke Hua
- Magnetobiology Group, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Xili Campus of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shenglan Nie
- Magnetobiology Group, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Xili Campus of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shuling Xu
- Magnetobiology Group, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Xili Campus of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Cai Zhou
- Magnetobiology Group, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Xili Campus of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Fengyi Chen
- Magnetobiology Group, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Xili Campus of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mengqing Li
- Magnetobiology Group, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Xili Campus of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qinyao Yu
- Magnetobiology Group, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Xili Campus of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunpeng Wei
- Magnetobiology Group, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Xili Campus of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- Magnetobiology Group, Department of Physiology, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Xili Campus of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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6
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Purine metabolites promote ectopic new bone formation in ankylosing spondylitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 116:109810. [PMID: 36774858 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatic disease that mainly affects the axial skeleton, whose typical features are inflammatory back pain, bone structural damage and pathological new bone formation. The pathology of ectopic new bone formation is still little known. In this study, we found increased purine metabolites in plasma of patients with AS. Similarly, metabolome analysis indicated increased purine metabolites in both serum of CD4-Cre; Ptpn11fl/fl and SHP2-deficient chondrocytes. SHP2-deficient chondrocytes promoted the growth of wild type chondrocytes and differentiation of osteoblasts in CD4-Cre; Ptpn11fl/fl mice, which spontaneously developed AS-like bone disease. Purine metabolites, along with PTHrP derived from SHP2-deficient chondrocytes, accelerated the growth of chondrocytes and ectopic new bone formation through PKA/CREB signaling. Moreover, Suramin, a purinergic receptor antagonist, suppressed pathological new bone formation in AS-like bone disease. Overall, these results highlight the potential role of targeting purinergic signaling in retarding ectopic new bone formation in AS.
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Zhang J, Ye C, Zhu Y, Wang J, Liu J. The Cell-Specific Role of SHP2 in Regulating Bone Homeostasis and Regeneration Niches. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032202. [PMID: 36768520 PMCID: PMC9917188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Src homology-2 containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP2), encoded by PTPN11, has been proven to participate in bone-related diseases, such as Noonan syndrome (NS), metachondromatosis and osteoarthritis. However, the mechanisms of SHP2 in bone remodeling and homeostasis maintenance are complex and undemonstrated. The abnormal expression of SHP2 can influence the differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts, osteoclasts and chondrocytes. Meanwhile, SHP2 mutations can act on the immune system, vasculature and nervous system, which in turn affect bone development and remodeling. Signaling pathways regulated by SHP2, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Indian hedgehog (IHH) and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), are also involved in the proliferation, differentiation and migration of bone functioning cells. This review summarizes the recent advances of SHP2 on osteogenesis-related cells and niche cells in the bone marrow microenvironment. The phenotypic features of SHP2 conditional knockout mice and underlying mechanisms are discussed. The prospective applications of the current agonists or inhibitors that target SHP2 in bone-related diseases are also described. Full clarification of the role of SHP2 in bone remodeling will shed new light on potential treatment for bone related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Laboratory for Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chengxinyue Ye
- Laboratory for Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yufan Zhu
- Laboratory for Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (J.L.)
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory for Aging Research, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (J.L.)
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Liu X, Pan S, Xanthakis V, Vasan RS, Psaty BM, Austin TR, Newman AB, Sanders JL, Wu C, Tracy RP, Gerszten RE, Odden MC. Plasma proteomic signature of decline in gait speed and grip strength. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13736. [PMID: 36333824 PMCID: PMC9741503 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological mechanisms underlying decline in physical function with age remain unclear. We examined the plasma proteomic profile associated with longitudinal changes in physical function measured by gait speed and grip strength in community-dwelling adults. We applied an aptamer-based platform to assay 1154 plasma proteins on 2854 participants (60% women, aged 76 years) in the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) in 1992-1993 and 1130 participants (55% women, aged 54 years) in the Framingham Offspring Study (FOS) in 1991-1995. Gait speed and grip strength were measured annually for 7 years in CHS and at cycles 7 (1998-2001) and 8 (2005-2008) in FOS. The associations of individual protein levels (log-transformed and standardized) with longitudinal changes in gait speed and grip strength in two populations were examined separately by linear mixed-effects models. Meta-analyses were implemented using random-effects models and corrected for multiple testing. We found that plasma levels of 14 and 18 proteins were associated with changes in gait speed and grip strength, respectively (corrected p < 0.05). The proteins most strongly associated with gait speed decline were GDF-15 (Meta-analytic p = 1.58 × 10-15 ), pleiotrophin (1.23 × 10-9 ), and TIMP-1 (5.97 × 10-8 ). For grip strength decline, the strongest associations were for carbonic anhydrase III (1.09 × 10-7 ), CDON (2.38 × 10-7 ), and SMOC1 (7.47 × 10-7 ). Several statistically significant proteins are involved in the inflammatory responses or antagonism of activin by follistatin pathway. These novel proteomic biomarkers and pathways should be further explored as future mechanisms and targets for age-related functional decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Population HealthStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stephanie Pan
- Framingham Heart Study and Section of Preventive Medicine and EpidemiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA,Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Vanessa Xanthakis
- Framingham Heart Study and Section of Preventive Medicine and EpidemiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA,Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ramachandran S. Vasan
- Framingham Heart Study and Section of Preventive Medicine and EpidemiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA,Department of EpidemiologyBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA,Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Bruce M. Psaty
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Departments of Medicine, Epidemiology, and Health Systems and Population HealthUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Thomas R. Austin
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Anne B. Newman
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | | | - Chenkai Wu
- Global Health Research CenterDuke Kunshan UniversityKunshanChina
| | - Russell P. Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Robert Larner M.D. College of MedicineUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA,Department of Biochemistry, The Robert Larner M.D. College of MedicineUniversity of VermontBurlingtonVermontUSA
| | - Robert E. Gerszten
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Michelle C. Odden
- Department of Epidemiology and Population HealthStanford University School of MedicineStanfordCaliforniaUSA
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Asmamaw MD, Shi XJ, Zhang LR, Liu HM. A comprehensive review of SHP2 and its role in cancer. Cell Oncol 2022; 45:729-753. [PMID: 36066752 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase ubiquitously expressed mainly in the cytoplasm of several tissues. SHP2 modulates diverse cell signaling events that control metabolism, cell growth, differentiation, cell migration, transcription and oncogenic transformation. It interacts with diverse molecules in the cell, and regulates key signaling events including RAS/ERK, PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT and PD-1 pathways downstream of several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) upon stimulation by growth factors and cytokines. SHP2 acts as both a phosphatase and a scaffold, and plays prominently oncogenic functions but can be tumor suppressor in a context-dependent manner. It typically acts as a positive regulator of RTKs signaling with some inhibitory functions reported as well. SHP2 expression and activity is regulated by such factors as allosteric autoinhibition, microRNAs, ubiquitination and SUMOylation. Dysregulation of SHP2 expression or activity causes many developmental diseases, and hematological and solid tumors. Moreover, upregulated SHP2 expression or activity also decreases sensitivity of cancer cells to anticancer drugs. SHP2 is now considered as a compelling anticancer drug target and several classes of SHP2 inhibitors with different mode of action are developed with some already in clinical trial phases. Moreover, novel SHP2 substrates and functions are rapidly growing both in cell and cancer. In view of this, we comprehensively and thoroughly reviewed literatures about SHP2 regulatory mechanisms, substrates and binding partners, biological functions, roles in human cancers, and different classes of small molecule inhibitors target this oncoprotein in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moges Dessale Asmamaw
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jing Shi
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China.
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10
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Liu H, Craig SEL, Molchanov V, Floramo JS, Zhao Y, Yang T. SUMOylation in Skeletal Development, Homeostasis, and Disease. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172710. [PMID: 36078118 PMCID: PMC9454984 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The modification of proteins by small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) molecules, SUMOylation, is a key post-translational modification involved in a variety of biological processes, such as chromosome organization, DNA replication and repair, transcription, nuclear transport, and cell signaling transduction. In recent years, emerging evidence has shown that SUMOylation regulates the development and homeostasis of the skeletal system, with its dysregulation causing skeletal diseases, suggesting that SUMOylation pathways may serve as a promising therapeutic target. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which SUMOylation pathways regulate skeletal cells in physiological and disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Tao Yang
- Laboratory of Skeletal Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Van Andel Institute, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-616-234-5820
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11
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Fan C, Zhao Y, Chen Y, Qin T, Lin J, Han S, Yan R, Lei T, Xie Y, Wang T, Gu S, Ouyang H, Shen W, Yin Z, Chen X. A Cd9 +Cd271 + stem/progenitor population and the SHP2 pathway contribute to neonatal-to-adult switching that regulates tendon maturation. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110762. [PMID: 35476985 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tendon maturation lays the foundation for postnatal tendon development, its proper mechanical function, and regeneration, but the critical cell populations and the entangled mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, by integrating the structural, mechanical, and molecular properties, we show that post-natal days 7-14 are the crucial transitional stage for mouse tendon maturation. We decode the cellular and molecular regulatory networks at the single-cell level. We find that a nerve growth factor (NGF)-secreting Cd9+Cd271+ tendon stem/progenitor cell population mainly prompts conversion from neonate to adult tendon. Through single-cell gene regulatory network analysis, in vitro inhibitor identification, and in vivo tendon-specific Shp2 deletion, we find that SHP2 signaling is a regulator for tendon maturation. Our research comprehensively reveals the dynamic cell population transition during tendon maturation, implementing insights into the critical roles of the maturation-related stem cell population and SHP2 signaling pathway during tendon differentiation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Fan
- Dr. Li Dak Sum-Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Zhao
- Dr. Li Dak Sum-Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangwu Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum-Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian Qin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum-Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
| | - Junxin Lin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum-Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
| | - Shan Han
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ruojin Yan
- Dr. Li Dak Sum-Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingyun Lei
- Dr. Li Dak Sum-Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhao Xie
- Dr. Li Dak Sum-Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingzhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shen Gu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hongwei Ouyang
- Dr. Li Dak Sum-Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiliang Shen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum-Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China.
| | - Zi Yin
- Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of Sir Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xiao Chen
- Dr. Li Dak Sum-Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine and Department of Orthopedic Surgery of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Sports Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; China Orthopedic Regenerative Medicine Group (CORMed), Hangzhou, China.
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12
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Greenblatt MB, Shim JH, Bok S, Kim JM. The Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Osteoblasts. J Bone Metab 2022; 29:1-15. [PMID: 35325978 PMCID: PMC8948490 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2022.29.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) are evolutionarily ancient signal transducers of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family that have long been linked to the regulation of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Here, we review the physiological functions, biochemistry, upstream activators, and downstream substrates of the ERK pathway. ERK is activated in skeletal progenitors and regulates osteoblast differentiation and skeletal mineralization, with ERK serving as a key regulator of Runt-related transcription factor 2, a critical transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation. However, new evidence highlights context-dependent changes in ERK MAPK pathway wiring and function, indicating a broader set of physiological roles associated with changes in ERK pathway components or substrates. Consistent with this importance, several human skeletal dysplasias are associated with dysregulation of the ERK MAPK pathway, including neurofibromatosis type 1 and Noonan syndrome. The continually broadening array of drugs targeting the ERK pathway for the treatment of cancer and other disorders makes it increasingly important to understand how interference with this pathway impacts bone metabolism, highlighting the importance of mouse studies to model the role of the ERK MAPK pathway in bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical, New York, NY,
USA
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY,
USA
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA,
USA
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, and Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA,
USA
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical, New York, NY,
USA
| | - Jung-Min Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA,
USA
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13
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Protein tyrosine phosphatases in skeletal development and diseases. Bone Res 2022; 10:10. [PMID: 35091552 PMCID: PMC8799702 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00181-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal development and homeostasis in mammals are modulated by finely coordinated processes of migration, proliferation, differentiation, and death of skeletogenic cells originating from the mesoderm and neural crest. Numerous molecular mechanisms are involved in these regulatory processes, one of which is protein posttranslational modifications, particularly protein tyrosine phosphorylation (PYP). PYP occurs mainly through the action of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs), modifying protein enzymatic activity, changing its cellular localization, and aiding in the assembly or disassembly of protein signaling complexes. Under physiological conditions, PYP is balanced by the coordinated action of PTKs and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Dysregulation of PYP can cause genetic, metabolic, developmental, and oncogenic skeletal diseases. Although PYP is a reversible biochemical process, in contrast to PTKs, little is known about how this equilibrium is modulated by PTPs in the skeletal system. Whole-genome sequencing has revealed a large and diverse superfamily of PTP genes (over 100 members) in humans, which can be further divided into cysteine (Cys)-, aspartic acid (Asp)-, and histidine (His)-based PTPs. Here, we review current knowledge about the functions and regulatory mechanisms of 28 PTPs involved in skeletal development and diseases; 27 of them belong to class I and II Cys-based PTPs, and the other is an Asp-based PTP. Recent progress in analyzing animal models that harbor various mutations in these PTPs and future research directions are also discussed. Our literature review indicates that PTPs are as crucial as PTKs in supporting skeletal development and homeostasis.
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14
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Sun Z, Xu X, Lv Z, Li J, Shi T, Sun H, Sun K, Tan G, Yan W, Yang YX, Wu R, Xu J, Guo H, Jiang Q, Shi D. Intraarticular injection of SHP2 inhibitor SHP099 promotes the repair of rabbit full-thickness cartilage defect. J Orthop Translat 2022; 32:112-120. [PMID: 35228993 PMCID: PMC8857578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jot.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cartilage repair has been a challenge in the field of orthopaedics for decades, highlighting the significance of investigating potential therapeutic drugs. In this study, we explored the effect of the SHP2 inhibitor SHP099, a small-molecule drug, on cartilage repair. Methods Human synovial mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) were isolated, and their three-way differentiation potential was examined. After treatment with chondrogenic medium, the chondrogenic effect of SHP099 on SMSCs was examined by western blot, qPCR, and immunofluorescence (IF). Micro-mass culture was also used to detect the effect of SHP099. To explore the chondrogenic effects of SHP099 in vivo, full-thickness cartilage defects with microfractures were constructed in the right femoral trochlea of New Zealand White rabbits. Intraarticular injection of SHP099 or normal saline was performed twice a week for 6 weeks. Cartilage repair was evaluated by haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and safranin O/fast green staining. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for collagen II (COL2) was also conducted to verify the abundance of cartilage extracellular matrix after SHP099 treatment. The mechanism involving yes-associated protein (YAP) and WNT signalling was investigated in vitro. Results SMSCs isolated from human synovium have optimal multi-differentiation potential. SHP099 increased chondrogenic marker (SOX9, COL2) expression and decreased hypertrophic marker (COL10, RUNX2) expression in SMSCs. In micro-mass culture, the SHP099-induced cartilage tissues had a better result of Safranin O and Toluidine blue staining and are enriched in cartilage-specific collagen II. Inhibition of YAP and WNT signalling was also observed. Moreover, compared to the normal saline group at 6 weeks, intraarticular injection of SHP099 resulted in better defect filling, forming increased hyaline cartilage-like tissue with higher levels of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and COL2. Conclusion SHP099 promotes the repair of rabbit full-thickness cartilage defects, representing a potential therapeutic drug for cartilage repair. The Translational potential of this article This study provides evidence that SHP2 inhibition promotes chondrogenesis and the repair of cartilage in defect area, which could be a novel therapeutic approach for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center (MARC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xingquan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center (MARC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhongyang Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center (MARC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jiawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center (MARC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Tianshu Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center (MARC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Heng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center (MARC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Kuoyang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center (MARC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Guihua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center (MARC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Wenqiang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center (MARC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yannick Xiaofan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
- Drum Tower of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center (MARC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
- Drum Tower of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center (MARC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center (MARC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dongquan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Disease, Model Animal Research Center (MARC), Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, Jiangsu, PR China
- Corresponding author. Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, PR China.
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15
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Zhang Y, Lu W, Zhao Q, Chen J, Wang T, Ji J. The role of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 in ossification. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:748-758. [PMID: 34962674 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SHP2, encoded by the PTPN11 gene, participates in multiple cell functions including cell proliferation, movement, and differentiation. PTPN11 loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations are both associated with diseases, such as Noonan syndrome, whose manifestations include bone defects, suggesting a crucial role for SHP2 in the skeleton. However, the exact mechanisms by which SHP2 regulates bone development remain unclear. This review focuses on the current understanding of the regulation of SHP2 and highlights the vital roles of SHP2 in skeletal development, especially its roles in ossification. Overall, a better understanding of the functions of SHP2 in ossification will provide a new avenue to treat-related skeletal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Lu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jindong Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiancong Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Ji
- Department of Orthodontics, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Nanjing Key Laboratory, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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16
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Targeting chondrocytes for arresting bony fusion in ankylosing spondylitis. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6540. [PMID: 34764263 PMCID: PMC8585952 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26750-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bony fusion caused by pathological new bone formation manifests the clinical feature of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here we discovered spontaneous kyphosis, arthritis and bony fusion in mature CD4-Cre;Ptpn11f/f mice, which present the pathophysiological features of AS. A population of CD4-Cre-expressing proliferating chondrocytes was SHP2 deficient, which could differentiate into pre-hypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Functionally, SHP2 deficiency in chondrocytes impeded the fusion of epiphyseal plate and promoted chondrogenesis in joint cavity and enthesis. Mechanistically, aberrant chondrocytes promoted ectopic new bone formation through BMP6/pSmad1/5 signaling. It is worth emphasizing that such pathological thickness of growth plates was evident in adolescent humans with enthesitis-related arthritis, which could progress to AS in adulthood. Targeting dysfunctional chondrogenesis with Smo inhibitor sonidegib significantly alleviated the AS-like bone disease in mice. These findings suggest that blockade of chondrogenesis by sonidegib would be a drug repurposing strategy for AS treatment. Current treatments cannot significantly alleviate the radiographic progression in ankylosing spondylitis (AS), which results in joints stiffness and bony fusion of AS. Smo inhibitor sonidegib retards the pathological new bone formation in AS through targeting dysfunctional chondrogenesis.
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17
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McNamara JT, Huntington KE, Borys S, Jayasuriya CT, Brossay L. SHP-2 deletion in CD4Cre expressing chondrocyte precursors leads to tumor development with wrist tropism. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20006. [PMID: 34625577 PMCID: PMC8501018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to redundancy with other tyrosine phosphatases, the ubiquitously expressed tyrosine phosphatase SHP-2 (encoded by Ptpn11) is not required for T cell development. However, Ptpn11 gene deletion driven by CD4 Cre recombinase leads to cartilage tumors in the wrist. Using a fate mapping system, we demonstrate that wrist tumor development correlates with increased frequency and numbers of non-hematopoietic lineage negative CD45 negative cells with a bone chondrocyte stromal cell precursor cell (BCSP) phenotype. Importantly, the BCSP subset has a history of CD4 expression and a marked wrist location tropism, explaining why the wrist is the main site of tumor development. Mechanistically, we found that in SHP-2 absence, SOX-9 is no longer regulated, leading to an uncontrolled proliferation of the BCSP subset. Altogether, these results identify a unique subset of chondrocyte precursors tightly regulated by SHP-2. These findings underscore the need for the development of methods to therapeutically target this subset of cells, which could potentially have an impact on treatment of SHP-2 dysfunction linked debilitating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T McNamara
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Kelsey E Huntington
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Samantha Borys
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Chathuraka T Jayasuriya
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rhode Island Hospital and Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Laurent Brossay
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University Alpert Medical School, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
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18
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Guo D, Wang Y, Cheng Y, Liao S, Hu J, Du F, Xu G, Liu Y, Cai KQ, Cheung M, Wainwright BJ, Lu QR, Zhao Y, Yang ZJ. Tumor cells generate astrocyte-like cells that contribute to SHH-driven medulloblastoma relapse. J Exp Med 2021; 218:212465. [PMID: 34254999 PMCID: PMC8282281 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20202350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, a major glial cell type in the brain, play a critical role in supporting the progression of medulloblastoma (MB), the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Through lineage tracing analyses and single-cell RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that astrocytes are predominantly derived from the transdifferentiation of tumor cells in relapsed MB (but not in primary MB), although MB cells are generally believed to be neuronal-lineage committed. Such transdifferentiation of MB cells relies on Sox9, a transcription factor critical for gliogenesis. Our studies further reveal that bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) stimulate the transdifferentiation of MB cells by inducing the phosphorylation of Sox9. Pharmacological inhibition of BMP signaling represses MB cell transdifferentiation into astrocytes and suppresses tumor relapse. Our studies establish the distinct cellular sources of astrocytes in primary and relapsed MB and provide an avenue to prevent and treat MB relapse by targeting tumor cell transdifferentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duancheng Guo
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA.,Pediatric Cancer Center, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Pediatric Cancer Center, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Shengyou Liao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Advanced Computer Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Fang Du
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gang Xu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kathy Q Cai
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Martin Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Brandon J Wainwright
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Yi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing, Advanced Computer Research Center, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng-Jie Yang
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Temple University Health System, Philadelphia, PA
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Enzymatic Machinery of Ubiquitin and Ubiquitin-Like Modification Systems in Chondrocyte Homeostasis and Osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2021; 23:62. [PMID: 34216299 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-021-01022-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To date, a vast amount of information regarding ubiquitination (Ub) and ubiquitylation-like (Ubl) modification-related mechanisms has been reported in the context of skeletal cell homeostasis and diseases. In this review, we mainly focus on recent findings regarding the contribution of enzymatic machinery that directly adds or removes Ub and Ubl modifications from protein targets in chondrocyte homeostasis and osteoarthritis (OA) development. RECENT FINDINGS Mechanisms that promote homeostasis of articular chondrocytes are crucial for maintaining the integrity of articular joints to prevent osteoarthritis development. Articular chondrocytes are postmitotic cells that continuously produce and remodel cartilage matrix. In addition, the long lifespan of chondrocytes makes them susceptible to accumulating cellular damage. Ub and the evolutionarily conserved Ubl modifications, such as SUMOylation, ATGylation, and UFMylation, play important roles in promoting chondrocyte homeostasis, including regulating cell signaling and protein stability, resolving cellular stresses and inflammation, and maintaining differentiation and survival of chondrocytes. Uncovering new components/functions of Ub/Ubl modification machinery may provide novel drug targets to treat OA.
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Targeted Ptpn11 deletion in mice reveals the essential role of SHP2 in osteoblast differentiation and skeletal homeostasis. Bone Res 2021; 9:6. [PMID: 33500396 PMCID: PMC7838289 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-020-00129-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The maturation and function of osteoblasts (OBs) rely heavily on the reversible phosphorylation of signaling proteins. To date, most of the work in OBs has focused on phosphorylation by tyrosyl kinases, but little has been revealed about dephosphorylation by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases). SHP2 (encoded by PTPN11) is a ubiquitously expressed PTPase. PTPN11 mutations are associated with both bone and cartilage manifestations in patients with Noonan syndrome (NS) and metachondromatosis (MC), although the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that SHP2 deletion in bone gamma-carboxyglutamate protein-expressing (Bglap+) bone cells leads to massive osteopenia in both trabecular and cortical bones due to the failure of bone cell maturation and enhanced osteoclast activity, and its deletion in Bglap+ chondrocytes results in the onset of enchondroma and osteochondroma in aged mice with increased tubular bone length. Mechanistically, SHP2 was found to be required for osteoblastic differentiation by promoting RUNX2/OSTERIX signaling and for the suppression of osteoclastogenesis by inhibiting STAT3-mediated RANKL production by osteoblasts and osteocytes. These findings are likely to explain the compromised skeletal system in NS and MC patients and to inform the development of novel therapeutics to combat skeletal disorders.
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21
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Wang J, Huang L, Huang Y, Jiang Y, Zhang L, Feng G, Liu L. Therapeutic effect of the injectable thermosensitive hydrogel loaded with SHP099 on intervertebral disc degeneration. Life Sci 2020; 266:118891. [PMID: 33310047 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD), a common musculoskeletal disease with limited self-healing ability, is challenging to treat. The development of innovative therapies to reverse IDD depends on the elucidation of its regulatory mechanisms. Therefore, the role of Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) in the pathogenesis of IDD and the therapeutic effect of its small-molecule inhibitor, SHP099, were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of SHP2 by nucleus pulposus (NP) cells in IVD was investigated in vitro and in vivo, and its molecular mechanism in IDD was explored using transfection technology. Injectable N-isopropylacrylamide-based thermosensitive hydrogels were synthesized for SHP099 delivery. KEY FINDINGS SHP2 was highly expressed in degenerated IVDs, where its overexpression in NP cells inhibited the expression of Sry-related HMG box-9 (Sox9), leading to the decreased expression of key proteins (collagen II and aggrecan) and consequently to IDD. SHP099 reversed the degeneration of NP cells in vitro. Moreover, its administration in rats via the injectable thermosensitive hydrogel had a therapeutic effect on IDD. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that SHP2 is a key factor in IDD progression, and SHP099 inhibits both its expression and NP cell degeneration. Therefore, SHP099 delivery via injectable thermosensitive hydrogels is a potential treatment strategy for IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingcheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Leizhen Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Yulin Jiang
- Analytical and Testing Center, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Analytical and Testing Center, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ganjun Feng
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Limin Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China.
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22
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Wang L, Moore DC, Huang J, Wang Y, Zhao H, D-H Yue J, Jackson CL, Quesenberry PJ, Cao W, Yang W. SHP2 regulates the development of intestinal epithelium by modifying OSTERIX + crypt stem cell self-renewal and proliferation. FASEB J 2020; 35:e21106. [PMID: 33165997 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001091r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, encoded by PTPN11, is ubiquitously expressed and essential for the development and/or maintenance of multiple tissues and organs. SHP2 is involved in gastrointestinal (GI) epithelium development and homeostasis, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. While studying SHP2's role in skeletal development, we made osteoblast-specific SHP2 deficient mice using Osterix (Osx)-Cre as a driver to excise Ptpn11 floxed alleles. Phenotypic characterization of these SHP2 mutants unexpectedly revealed a critical role of SHP2 in GI biology. Mice lacking SHP2 in Osx+ cells developed a fatal GI pathology with dramatic villus hypoplasia. OSTERIX, an OB-specific zinc finger-containing transcription factor is for the first time found to be expressed in GI crypt cells, and SHP2 expression in the crypt Osx+ cells is critical for self-renewal and proliferation. Further, immunostaining revealed the colocalization of OSTERIX with OLFM4 and LGR5, two bona fide GI stem cell markers, at the crypt cells. Furthermore, OSTERIX expression is found to be associated with GI malignancies. Knockdown of SHP2 expression had no apparent influence on the relative numbers of enterocytes, goblet cells or Paneth cells. Given SHP2's key regulatory role in OB differentiation, our studies suggest that OSTERIX and SHP2 are indispensable for gut homeostasis, analogous to SOX9's dual role as a master regulator of cartilage and an important regulator of crypt stem cell biology. Our findings also provide a foundation for new avenues of inquiry into GI stem cell biology and of OSTERIX's therapeutic and diagnostic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Douglas C Moore
- Department of Orthopedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, Texas A&M College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jerry D-H Yue
- Department of Orthopedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Cynthia L Jackson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Peter J Quesenberry
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Weibiao Cao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Wentian Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
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23
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Conditional ablation of MAPK7 expression in chondrocytes impairs endochondral bone formation in limbs and adaptation of chondrocytes to hypoxia. Cell Biosci 2020; 10:103. [PMID: 32944217 PMCID: PMC7488079 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-020-00462-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long bones of limbs are formed through endochondral bone formation, which depends on the coordinated development of growth plates. Our previous studies have demonstrated that dysfunction of mitogen-activated protein kinase 7 (MAPK7) can cause skeletal dysplasia. However, little is known about the role of MAPK7 in the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes during growth plate development. Results Ablation of MAPK7 expression in chondrocytes led to growth restriction, short limbs and bone mass loss in postnatal mice. Histological studies revealed that MAPK7 deficiency increased the apoptosis and decreased the proliferation of chondrocytes in the center of the proliferative layer, where the most highly hypoxic chondrocytes are located. Accordingly, hypertrophic differentiation markers were downregulated in the central hypertrophic layer, beneath the site where abnormal apoptosis was observed. Simultaneously, we demonstrated that hypoxic adaptation and hypoxia-induced activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 subunit α (HIF1α) were impaired when MAPK7 could not be activated normally in primary chondrocytes. Concomitantly, vascular invasion into epiphyseal cartilage was inhibited when Mapk7 was deleted. Conclusions We demonstrated that MAPK7 is necessary for maintaining proliferation, survival, and differentiation of chondrocytes during postnatal growth plate development, possibly through modulating HIF1α signaling for adaptation to hypoxia. These results indicate that MAPK7 signaling might be a target for treatment of chondrodysplasia.
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24
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Song H, Park KH. Regulation and function of SOX9 during cartilage development and regeneration. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 67:12-23. [PMID: 32380234 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Chondrogenesis is a highly coordinated event in embryo development, adult homeostasis, and repair of the vertebrate cartilage. Fate decisions and differentiation of chondrocytes accompany differential expression of genes critical for each step of chondrogenesis. SOX9 is a master transcription factor that participates in sequential events in chondrogenesis by regulating a series of downstream factors in a stage-specific manner. SOX9 either works alone or in combination with downstream SOX transcription factors, SOX5 and SOX6 as chondrogenic SOX Trio. SOX9 is reduced in the articular cartilage of patients with osteoarthritis while highly maintained during tumorigenesis of cartilage and bone. Gene therapy using viral and non-viral vectors accompanied by tissue engineering (scaffolds) is a promising tool to regenerate impaired cartilage. Delivery of SOX9 or chondrogenic SOX Trio into cells produces efficient therapeutic effects on chondrogenesis and this event is facilitated by scaffolds. Non-viral vector-guided delivery systems encapsulated or loaded in mechanically stable solid scaffolds are useful for the regeneration of articular cartilage. Here we review major milestones and most recent studies focusing on regulation and function of chondrogenic SOX Trio, during chondrogenesis and cartilage regeneration, and on the development of advanced technologies in gene delivery with tissue engineering to improve efficiency of cartilage repair process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haengseok Song
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun-Hong Park
- Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Tsang KY, Cheah KS. The extended chondrocyte lineage: implications for skeletal homeostasis and disorders. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 61:132-140. [PMID: 31541943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Endochondral bone formation relies on a finely controlled sequence of chondrocyte proliferation, maturation and hypertrophy that establishes the growth plate which, combined with the deposition of bone upon the cartilage template, mediates longitudinal skeletal growth. Recent lineage studies support a chondrocyte-osteoblast differentiation continuum and the presence of skeletal stem cells within cartilage. The biological significance of the lineage extension and the mechanisms controlling the process are unclear. In this review, we describe recent work on the extended chondrocyte-osteoblast lineage and its contribution to the development, growth and repair of bone and to bone disorders that provides insight into the process and the molecular controls involved. The implications for skeletal homeostasis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Yeung Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kathryn Se Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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26
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SOX9 in cartilage development and disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2019; 61:39-47. [PMID: 31382142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
SOX9 is a pivotal transcription factor in chondrocytes, a lineage essential in skeletogenesis. Its mandatory role in transactivating many cartilage-specific genes is well established, whereas its pioneer role in lineage specification, which along with transactivation defines master transcription factors, remains to be better defined. Abundant, but yet incomplete evidence exists that intricate molecular networks control SOX9 activity during the multi-step chondrogenesis pathway. They include a highly modular genetic regulation, post-transcriptional and post-translational modifications, and varying sets of functional partners. Fully uncovering SOX9 actions and regulation is fundamental to explain mechanisms underlying many diseases that directly or indirectly affect SOX9 activities and to design effective disease treatments. We here review current knowledge, highlight recent discoveries, and propose new research directions to answer remaining questions.
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27
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The goal of the review is to summarize the current knowledge on the process of chondrocyte-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation during endochondral bone formation and its potential implications in fracture healing and disease. RECENT FINDINGS Lineage tracing experiments confirmed the transdifferentiation of chondrocytes into osteoblasts. More recent studies lead to the discovery of molecules involved in this process, as well as to the hypothesis that these cells may re-enter a stem cell-like phase prior to their osteoblastic differentiation. This review recapitulates the current knowledge regarding chondrocyte transdifferentiating into osteoblasts, the developmental and postnatal events where transdifferentiation appears to be relevant, and the molecules implicated in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ingeborg Wolff
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Department of Bone and Skeletal Research, Medical Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelms University Münster, Munster, Germany
| | - Christine Hartmann
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, Department of Bone and Skeletal Research, Medical Faculty of the Westphalian Wilhelms University Münster, Munster, Germany.
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28
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Wang L, Huang J, Moore DC, Song Y, Ehrlich MG, Yang W. SHP2 regulates intramembranous ossification by modifying the TGFβ and BMP2 signaling pathway. Bone 2019; 120:327-335. [PMID: 30471432 PMCID: PMC6360127 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
SHP2 is a ubiquitously expressed protein tyrosine phosphatase, which is involved in many signaling pathways to regulate the skeletal development. In endochondral ossification, SHP2 is known to modify the osteogenic fate of osteochondroprogenitors and to impair the osteoblastic transdifferentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes. However, how SHP2 regulates osteoblast differentiation in intramembranous ossification remains incompletely understood. To address this question, we generated a mouse model to ablate SHP2 in the Prrx1-expressing mesenchymal progenitors by using "Cre-loxP"-mediated gene excision and examined the development of calvarial bone, in which the main process of bone formation is intramembranous ossification. Phenotypic characterization showed that SHP2 mutants have severe defects in calvarial bone formation. Cell lineage tracing and in situ hybridization data showed less osteoblast differentiation of mesenchymal cells and reduced osteogenic genes expression, respectively. Further mechanistic studies revealed enhanced TGFβ and suppressed BMP2 signaling in SHP2 ablated mesenchymal progenitors and their derivatives. Our study uncovered the critical role of SHP2 in osteoblast differentiation through intramembranous ossification and might provide a potential target to treat craniofacial skeleton disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, United States of America
| | - Jiahui Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, United States of America
| | - Douglas C Moore
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, United States of America
| | - Yueming Song
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P.R. China
| | - Michael G Ehrlich
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, United States of America
| | - Wentian Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University Alpert Medical School and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI 02903, United States of America.
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29
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Abstract
SOX transcription factors participate in the specification, differentiation and activities of many cell types in development and beyond. The 20 mammalian family members are distributed into eight groups based on sequence identity, and while co-expressed same-group proteins often have redundant functions, different-group proteins typically have distinct functions. More than a handful of SOX proteins have pivotal roles in skeletogenesis. Heterozygous mutations in their genes cause human diseases, in which skeletal dysmorphism is a major feature, such as campomelic dysplasia (SOX9), or a minor feature, such as LAMSHF syndrome (SOX5) and Coffin-Siris-like syndromes (SOX4 and SOX11). Loss- and gain-of-function experiments in animal models have revealed that SOX4 and SOX11 (SOXC group) promote skeletal progenitor survival and control skeleton patterning and growth; SOX8 (SOXE group) delays the differentiation of osteoblast progenitors; SOX9 (SOXE group) is essential for chondrocyte fate maintenance and differentiation, and works in cooperation with SOX5 and SOX6 (SOXD group) and other types of transcription factors. These and other SOX proteins have also been proposed, mainly through in vitro experiments, to have key roles in other aspects of skeletogenesis, such as SOX2 in osteoblast stem cell self-renewal. We here review current knowledge of well-established and proposed skeletogenic roles of SOX proteins, their transcriptional and non-transcriptional actions, and their modes of regulation at the gene, RNA and protein levels. We also discuss gaps in knowledge and directions for future research to further decipher mechanisms underlying skeletogenesis in health and diseases and identify treatment options for skeletal malformation and degeneration diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Lefebvre
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
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30
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Role of protein phosphatases in the cancer microenvironment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:144-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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SHP2-Mediated Signal Networks in Stem Cell Homeostasis and Dysfunction. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:8351374. [PMID: 29983715 PMCID: PMC6015663 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8351374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and adult stem cells, play a central role in mammal organism development and homeostasis. They have two unique properties: the capacity for self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into many specialized cell types. Src homology region 2- (SH2-) containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP-2), a nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase encoded by protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 11 gene (PTPN11), regulates multicellular differentiation, proliferation, and survival through numerous conserved signal pathways. Gain-of-function (GOF) or loss-of-function (LOF) SHP2 in various cells, especially for stem cells, disrupt organism self-balance and lead to a plethora of diseases, such as cancer, maldevelopment, and excessive hyperblastosis. However, the exact mechanisms of SHP2 dysfunction in stem cells remain unclear. In this review, we intended to raise the attention and clarify the framework of SHP2-mediated signal pathways in various stem cells. Establishment of integrated signal architecture, from ESCs to adult stem cells, will help us to understand the changes of dynamic, multilayered pathways in response to SHP2 dysfunction. Overall, better understanding the functions of SHP2 in stem cells provides a new avenue to treat SHP2-associated diseases.
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