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Al-Ani SA, Lee QY, Maheswaran D, Sin YM, Loh JS, Foo JB, Hamzah S, Ng JF, Tan LKS. Potential of Exosomes as Multifunctional Nanocarriers for Targeted Drug Delivery. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01268-6. [PMID: 39269575 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01268-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles that form when multivesicular bodies fuse with the plasma membrane and are released into body fluids. They play a vital role in facilitating communication between cells by transferring different biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids, over both short and long distances. They also function as vital mediators in both states of health and disease, exerting an impact on several physiological processes. Exosomes have been modified to overcome the limitations of natural exosomes to enhance their potential as carriers for drug delivery systems, and these modifications aim to improve the drug delivery efficiency, enhance tissue and organ targeting, and prolong the circulating half-life of exosomes. This review discussed recent advancements in exosome nanotechnology, as well as the progression and use of exosomes for drug delivery. The potential commercialisation and challenges associated with the use of exosome-based drug delivery systems were also discussed, aiming to motivate the development of exosome-based theranostic nanoplatforms and nanotechnology for improved healthcare treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safa Ali Al-Ani
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Qiao Ying Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Danesha Maheswaran
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yuh Miin Sin
- Faculty of Medicine, AIMST University, Jalan Bedong, 08100, Semeling, Kedah Darulaman, Malaysia
| | - Jian Sheng Loh
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Digital Health and Medical Advancements Impact Lab, Taylor's University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, Smart Manufacturing Research Institute, Universiti Teknologi MARA Selangor campus, 42300 Puncak Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharina Hamzah
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Digital Health and Medical Advancements Impact Lab, Taylor's University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jeck Fei Ng
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Digital Health and Medical Advancements Impact Lab, Taylor's University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Li Kar Stella Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Digital Health and Medical Advancements Impact Lab, Taylor's University, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Dai R, Cao Z, Liu C, Ge Y, Cheng M, Wang W, Chen Y, Zhang L, Wang Y. [ Qingshen Granules alleviates renal fibrosis in mice by regulating exosomes, miR-330-3p, and CREBBP expression]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2024; 44:1431-1440. [PMID: 39276038 PMCID: PMC11378048 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2024.08.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects of Qingshen Granules (QSG) on adenine-induced renal fibrosis in mice and in uric acid (UA)-stimulated NRK-49F cells and its mechanism for regulating exosomes, miR-330-3p and CREBBP. METHODS A mouse model of adenine-induced renal fibrosis were treated daily with QSG at 8.0 g·kg-1·d-1 via gavage for 12 weeks. An adenoassociated virus vector was injected into the tail vein, and renal tissues of the mice were collected for analyzing exosomal marker proteins CD9, Hsp70, and TSG101 and expressions of Col-III, α-SMA, FN, and E-cad using Western blotting and immunofluorescence and for observing pathological changes using HE and Masson staining. In the cell experiment, NRK-49F cells were stimulated with uric acid (400 μmol/L) followed by treatment with QSG-medicated serum from SD rats, and the changes in expressions of the exosomal markers and Col-III, α-SMA, FN, and E-cad were analyzed. Dual luciferase reporter assay was employed to examine the targeting relationship between miR-330-3p and CREBBP, whose expressions were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting in treated NRK-49F cells. RESULTS The mouse models of adenine-induced renal fibrosis showed significantly increased levels of CD9, Hsp70, and TSG101, which were decreased by treatment with QSG. The expressions of Col-III, α-SMA, and FN increased and Ecad decreased in the mouse models but these changes were reversed by QSG treatment. QSG treatment obviously alleviated renal fibrosis in the mouse models. Intravenous injection of adeno-associated viral vector obviously inhibited miR-330-3p, increased CREBBP levels, and reduced fibrosis in the mouse models. Dual luciferase assay confirmed CREBBP as a target of miR-330-3p, which was consistent with the results of the cell experiments. CONCLUSION QSG inhibits renal fibrosis in mice by regulating the exosomes, reducing miR-330-3p levels, and increasing CREBBP expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dai
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Z Cao
- First Clinical College of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - C Liu
- First Clinical College of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Y Ge
- First Clinical College of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - M Cheng
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - W Wang
- First Clinical College of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Y Chen
- First Clinical College of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Y Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
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Bao YN, Yang Q, Shen XL, Yu WK, Zhou L, Zhu QR, Shan QY, Wang ZC, Cao G. Targeting tumor suppressor p53 for organ fibrosis therapy. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:336. [PMID: 38744865 PMCID: PMC11094089 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06702-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a reparative and progressive process characterized by abnormal extracellular matrix deposition, contributing to organ dysfunction in chronic diseases. The tumor suppressor p53 (p53), known for its regulatory roles in cell proliferation, apoptosis, aging, and metabolism across diverse tissues, appears to play a pivotal role in aggravating biological processes such as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell apoptosis, and cell senescence. These processes are closely intertwined with the pathogenesis of fibrotic disease. In this review, we briefly introduce the background and specific mechanism of p53, investigate the pathogenesis of fibrosis, and further discuss p53's relationship and role in fibrosis affecting the kidney, liver, lung, and heart. In summary, targeting p53 represents a promising and innovative therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of organ fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ni Bao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Qiao Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Xin-Lei Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Wen-Kai Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Qing-Ru Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Qi-Yuan Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China
| | - Gang Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, No. 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310053, China.
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He M, Liu Z, Li L, Liu Y. Cell-cell communication in kidney fibrosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2024; 39:761-769. [PMID: 38040652 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfad257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is a common outcome of a wide variety of chronic kidney diseases, in which virtually all kinds of renal resident and infiltrating cells are involved. As such, well-orchestrated intercellular communication is of vital importance in coordinating complex actions during renal fibrogenesis. Cell-cell communication in multicellular organisms is traditionally assumed to be mediated by direct cell contact or soluble factors, including growth factors, cytokines and chemokines, through autocrine, paracrine, endocrine and juxtacrine signaling mechanisms. Growing evidence also demonstrates that extracellular vesicles, lipid bilayer-encircled particles naturally released from almost all types of cells, can act as a vehicle to transfer a diverse array of biomolecules including proteins, mRNA, miRNA and lipids to mediate cell-cell communication. We recently described a new mode of intercellular communication via building a special extracellular niche by insoluble matricellular proteins. Kidney cells, upon injury, produce and secrete different matricellular proteins, which incorporate into the local extracellular matrix network, and regulate the behavior, trajectory and fate of neighboring cells in a spatially confined fashion. This extracellular niche-mediated cell-cell communication is unique in that it restrains the crosstalk between cells within a particular locality. Detailed delineation of this unique manner of intercellular communication will help to elucidate the mechanism of kidney fibrosis and could offer novel insights in developing therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meizhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youhua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Division of Nephrology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University
- National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Guangdong Provincial Institute of Nephrology, Guangzhou, China
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Kim HI, Park J, Zhu Y, Wang X, Han Y, Zhang D. Recent advances in extracellular vesicles for therapeutic cargo delivery. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:836-849. [PMID: 38556545 PMCID: PMC11059217 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, which are nanosized vesicles secreted by cells, are attracting increasing interest in the field of biomedical research due to their unique properties, including biocompatibility, cargo loading capacity, and deep tissue penetration. They serve as natural signaling agents in intercellular communication, and their inherent ability to carry proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids endows them with remarkable therapeutic potential. Thus, exosomes can be exploited for diverse therapeutic applications, including chemotherapy, gene therapy, and photothermal therapy. Moreover, their capacity for homotypic targeting and self-recognition provides opportunities for personalized medicine. Despite their advantages as novel therapeutic agents, there are several challenges in optimizing cargo loading efficiency and structural stability and in defining exosome origins. Future research should include the development of large-scale, quality-controllable production methods, the refinement of drug loading strategies, and extensive in vivo studies and clinical trials. Despite the unresolved difficulties, the use of exosomes as efficient, stable, and safe therapeutic delivery systems is an interesting area in biomedical research. Therefore, this review describes exosomes and summarizes cutting-edge studies published in high-impact journals that have introduced novel or enhanced therapeutic effects using exosomes as a drug delivery system in the past 2 years. We provide an informative overview of the current state of exosome research, highlighting the unique properties and therapeutic applications of exosomes. We also emphasize challenges and future directions, underscoring the importance of addressing key issues in the field. With this review, we encourage researchers to further develop exosome-based drugs for clinical application, as such drugs may be among the most promising next-generation therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo In Kim
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jinbong Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yin Zhu
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Yohan Han
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea.
- Sarcopenia Total Solution Center, Wonkwang University, Iksan, 54538, Republic of Korea.
| | - Duo Zhang
- Clinical and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia and Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
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Xue K, Mi B. Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Chronic Kidney Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:2377-2393. [PMID: 38469058 PMCID: PMC10926925 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s452393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney diseases (CKD) present a formidable global health challenge, characterized by a deficiency of effective treatment options. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), recognized as multifunctional drug delivery systems in biomedicine, have gained accumulative interest. Specifically, engineered EVs have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for targeted drug delivery, potentially addressing the complexities of CKD management. In this review, we systematically dissect EVs, elucidating their classification, biogenesis, composition, and cargo molecules. Furthermore, we explore techniques for EV engineering and strategies for their precise renal delivery, focusing on cargo loading and transportation, providing a comprehensive perspective. Moreover, this review also discusses and summarizes the diverse therapeutic applications of engineered EVs in CKD, emphasizing their anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, renoprotective, and tissue-regenerating effects. It critically evaluates the challenges and limitations in translating EV therapies from laboratory settings to clinical applications, while outlining future prospects and emerging trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaming Xue
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bobin Mi
- Department of Orthopedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, People’s Republic of China
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Hall G. Interleukin-15 in kidney disease and therapeutics. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024; 33:174-180. [PMID: 38164877 PMCID: PMC10893218 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Interleukin 15 (IL-15) is a member of the IL-2 family of common gamma chain receptor cytokines with well described anti-inflammatory, pro-survival and pro-proliferative signaling properties. The cytoprotective role of IL-15 in the kidney is now coming into focus with recent reports of its beneficial actions in various forms of kidney disease. This review will summarize what is currently known about IL-15 signaling in the kidney and highlight recent evidence of its beneficial effects on kidney physiology. RECENT FINDINGS IL-15 and its heterotrimeric receptor are expressed throughout the kidney. Like all IL-2 family cytokines, IL-15 can activate signaling through the Janus Kinase (JAK)/Signal transducer of activated T-cells (STAT), phosphoinositol-3 kinase (PI-3K)/AKT and mitogen activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways and recent evidence suggests that STAT5B is an essential transcriptional mediator of prosurvival signaling in glomerular visceral epithelial cells (i.e. podocytes). IL-15 has also been shown to suppress pro-apoptotic signaling in models of acute kidney injury and pro-fibrotic signaling in models of chronic kidney disease. SUMMARY The cytoprotective properties of IL-15 suggest that it may have potential as a nonimmunosuppresive therapeutic for kidney disease. A novel class of IL-15 immunotherapies has emerged for the treatment cancer and some have demonstrated efficacy in clinical trials. These well tolerated IL-15 agonists could possibly be repurposed for the treatment of kidney disease and warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentzon Hall
- Division of Nephrology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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