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Guiyedi K, Parquet M, Aoufouchi S, Chauzeix J, Rizzo D, Al Jamal I, Feuillard J, Gachard N, Peron S. Increased c-MYC Expression Associated with Active IGH Locus Rearrangement: An Emerging Role for c-MYC in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:3749. [PMID: 39594704 PMCID: PMC11592262 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16223749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2024] [Revised: 10/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review examines the pivotal role of c-MYC in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL), focusing on how its overexpression leads to increased genetic instability, thereby accelerating disease progression. MYC, a major oncogene, encodes a transcription factor that regulates essential cellular processes, including cell cycle control, proliferation, and apoptosis. In CLL cases enriched with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) genes, MYC is significantly overexpressed and associated with active rearrangements in the IGH immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. This overexpression results in substantial DNA damage, including double-strand breaks, chromosomal translocations, and an increase in abnormal repair events. Consequently, c-MYC plays a dual role in CLL: it promotes aggressive cell proliferation while concurrently driving genomic instability through its involvement in genetic recombination. This dynamic contributes not only to CLL progression but also to the overall aggressiveness of the disease. Additionally, the review suggests that c-MYC's influence on genetic rearrangements makes it an attractive target for therapeutic strategies aimed at mitigating CLL malignancy. These findings underscore c-MYC's critical importance in advancing CLL progression, highlighting the need for further research to explore its potential as a target in future treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenza Guiyedi
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Milène Parquet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Said Aoufouchi
- Gustave Roussy, B-Cell and Genome Plasticity Team, CNRS UMR9019, Villejuif, France and Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Jasmine Chauzeix
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - David Rizzo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Israa Al Jamal
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
- Faculty of Sciences, GSBT Genomic Surveillance and Biotherapy Team, Mont Michel Campus, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon
| | - Jean Feuillard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Nathalie Gachard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
- Laboratoire d’Hématologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Sophie Peron
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Université de Limoges, 87000 Limoges, France
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Al Jamal I, Parquet M, Guiyedi K, Aoufouchi S, Le Guillou M, Rizzo D, Pollet J, Dupont M, Boulin M, Faumont N, Boutouil H, Jardin F, Ruminy P, El Hamel C, Lerat J, Al Hamaoui S, Makdissy N, Feuillard J, Gachard N, Peron S. IGH 3'RR recombination uncovers a non-germinal center imprint and c-MYC-dependent IGH rearrangement in unmutated chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Haematologica 2024; 109:466-478. [PMID: 37496419 PMCID: PMC10828775 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2023.282897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma characterized by tumor B cells that weakly express a B-cell receptor. The mutational status of the variable region (IGHV) within the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) locus is an important prognosis indicator and raises the question of the CLL cell of origin. Mutated IGHV gene CLL are genetically imprinted by activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). AID is also required for IGH rearrangements: class switch recombination and recombination between switch Mu (Sμ) and the 3' regulatory region (3'RR) (Sμ-3'RRrec). The great majority of CLL B cells being unswitched led us to examine IGH rearrangement blockade in CLL. Our results separated CLL into two groups on the basis of Sμ-3'RRrec counts per sample: Sμ-3'RRrecHigh cases (mostly unmutated CLL) and Sμ-3'RRrecLow cases (mostly mutated CLL), but not based on the class switch recombination junction counts. Sμ-3'RRrec appeared to be ongoing in Sμ-3'RRrecHigh CLL cells and comparison of Sμ-3'RRrec junction structural features pointed to different B-cell origins for both groups. In accordance with IGHV mutational status and PIM1 mutation rate, Sμ-3'RRrecHigh CLL harbor a non-germinal center experienced B-cell imprint while Sμ-3'RRrecLow CLL are from AID-experienced B cells from a secondary lymphoid organ. In addition to the proposals already made concerning the CLL cell of origin, our study highlights that analysis of IGH recombinatory activity can identify CLL cases from different origins. Finally, on-going Sμ-3'RRrec in Sμ-3'RRrecHigh cells appeared to presumably be the consequence of high c-MYC expression, as c-MYC overexpression potentiated IGH rearrangements and Sμ-3'RRrec, even in the absence of AID for the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa Al Jamal
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Universite de Limoges, Limoges, France; Faculty of Sciences, GSBT Genomic Surveillance and Biotherapy Team, Mont Michel Campus, Lebanese University, Tripoli
| | - Milene Parquet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Universite de Limoges, Limoges
| | - Kenza Guiyedi
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Universite de Limoges, Limoges
| | - Said Aoufouchi
- CNRS UMR9019, Gustave Roussy, B-cell and Genome Plasticity Team, Villejuif, France and Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay
| | - Morwenna Le Guillou
- CNRS UMR9019, Gustave Roussy, B-cell and Genome Plasticity Team, Villejuif, France and Universite Paris-Saclay, Orsay
| | - David Rizzo
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Universite de Limoges, Limoges, France; Laboratoire d'Hematologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges
| | - Justine Pollet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Universite de Limoges, Limoges
| | - Marine Dupont
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Universite de Limoges, Limoges, France; Laboratoire d'Hematologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges
| | - Melanie Boulin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Universite de Limoges, Limoges, France; Laboratoire d'Hematologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges
| | - Nathalie Faumont
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Universite de Limoges, Limoges
| | - Hend Boutouil
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Universite de Limoges, Limoges
| | - Fabrice Jardin
- Inserm U1245 and Department of Henri-Becquerel Hematology Center and Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, Rouen
| | - Philippe Ruminy
- Inserm U1245 and Department of Henri-Becquerel Hematology Center and Normandie Univ UNIROUEN, Rouen
| | - Chahrazed El Hamel
- Collection Biologique Hopital de la Mere et de l'Enfant (CB-HME), Department of Pediatrics, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges
| | - Justine Lerat
- Department of Otorinolaryngology, Limoges University Hospital, Limoges
| | - Samar Al Hamaoui
- Faculty of Sciences, GSBT Genomic Surveillance and Biotherapy Team, Mont Michel Campus, Lebanese University, Tripoli
| | - Nehman Makdissy
- Faculty of Sciences, GSBT Genomic Surveillance and Biotherapy Team, Mont Michel Campus, Lebanese University, Tripoli
| | - Jean Feuillard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Universite de Limoges, Limoges, France; Laboratoire d'Hematologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges
| | - Nathalie Gachard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Universite de Limoges, Limoges, France; Laboratoire d'Hematologie Biologique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Limoges, Limoges
| | - Sophie Peron
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unite Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 7276/INSERM U1262, Universite de Limoges, Limoges.
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Bruzeau C, Moreau J, Le Noir S, Pinaud E. Panorama of stepwise involvement of the IgH 3' regulatory region in murine B cells. Adv Immunol 2021; 149:95-114. [PMID: 33993921 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Among the multiple events leading to immunoglobulin (Ig) expression in B cells, stepwise activation of the Ig heavy chain locus (IgH) is of critical importance. Transcription regulation of the complex IgH locus has always been an interesting viewpoint to unravel the multiple and complex events required for IgH expression. First, regulatory germline transcripts (GLT) assist DNA remodeling events such as VDJ recombination, class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). Second, productive spliced transcripts restrict heavy chain protein expression associated either with the surface receptor of developing B cells or secreted in large amounts in plasma cells. One main transcriptional regulator for IgH lies at its 3' extremity and includes both a set of enhancers grouped in a large 3' regulatory region (3'RR) and a cluster of 3'CTCF-binding elements (3'CBEs). In this focused review, we will preferentially refer to evidence reported for the murine endogenous IgH locus, whether it is wt or carries deletions or insertions within the IgH 3' boundary and associated regulatory region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Bruzeau
- CNRS, Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations, UMR 7276, Limoges, France; INSERM, Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations, UMR 1262, Limoges, France; Université de Limoges, Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations, UMR 7276, UMR 1262, Limoges, France
| | - Jeanne Moreau
- CNRS, Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations, UMR 7276, Limoges, France; INSERM, Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations, UMR 1262, Limoges, France; Université de Limoges, Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations, UMR 7276, UMR 1262, Limoges, France
| | - Sandrine Le Noir
- CNRS, Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations, UMR 7276, Limoges, France; INSERM, Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations, UMR 1262, Limoges, France; Université de Limoges, Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations, UMR 7276, UMR 1262, Limoges, France
| | - Eric Pinaud
- CNRS, Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations, UMR 7276, Limoges, France; INSERM, Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations, UMR 1262, Limoges, France; Université de Limoges, Contrôle de la Réponse Immune B et des Lymphoproliférations, UMR 7276, UMR 1262, Limoges, France.
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Chi X, Li Y, Qiu X. V(D)J recombination, somatic hypermutation and class switch recombination of immunoglobulins: mechanism and regulation. Immunology 2020; 160:233-247. [PMID: 32031242 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulins emerging from B lymphocytes and capable of recognizing almost all kinds of antigens owing to the extreme diversity of their antigen-binding portions, known as variable (V) regions, play an important role in immune responses. The exons encoding the V regions are known as V (variable), D (diversity), or J (joining) genes. V, D, J segments exist as multiple copy arrays on the chromosome. The recombination of the V(D)J gene is the key mechanism to produce antibody diversity. The recombinational process, including randomly choosing a pair of V, D, J segments, introducing double-strand breaks adjacent to each segment, deleting (or inverting in some cases) the intervening DNA and ligating the segments together, is defined as V(D)J recombination, which contributes to surprising immunoglobulin diversity in vertebrate immune systems. To enhance both the ability of immunoglobulins to recognize and bind to foreign antigens and the effector capacities of the expressed antibodies, naive B cells will undergo class switching recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). However, the genetics mechanisms of V(D)J recombination, CSR and SHM are not clear. In this review, we summarize the major progress in mechanism studies of immunoglobulin V(D)J gene recombination and CSR as well as SHM, and their regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Chi
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, China
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