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Balinova N, Hudjašov G, Pankratov V, Pennarun E, Reidla M, Metspalu E, Batyrov V, Khomyakova I, Reisberg T, Parik J, Dzhaubermezov M, Aiyzhy E, Balinova A, El'chinova G, Spitsyna N, Khusnutdinova E, Metspalu M, Tambets K, Villems R, Kushniarevich A. Gene pool preservation across time and space In Mongolian-speaking Oirats. Eur J Hum Genet 2024:10.1038/s41431-024-01588-w. [PMID: 38605123 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-024-01588-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The Oirats are a group of Mongolian-speaking peoples residing in Russia, China, and Mongolia, who speak Oirat dialects of the Mongolian language. Migrations of nomadic ethnopolitical formations of the Oirats across the Eurasian Steppe during the Late Middle Ages/early Modern times resulted in a wide geographic spread of Oirat ethnic groups from present-day northwestern China in East Asia to the Lower Volga region in Eastern Europe. In this study, we generate new genome-wide and mitochondrial DNA data for present-day Oirat-speaking populations from Kalmykia in Eastern Europe, Western Mongolia, and the Xinjiang region of China, as well as Issyk-Kul Sart-Kalmaks from Central Asia, and historically related ethnic groups from Altai, Tuva, and Northern Mongolia to study the genetic structure and history of the Oirats. Despite their spatial and temporal separation, small current population census, both the Kalmyks of Eastern Europe and the Oirats of Western Mongolia in East Asia are characterized by strong genetic similarity, high effective population size, and low levels of interpopulation structure. This contrasts the fine genetic structure observed today at a smaller geographic scale in traditionally sedentary populations, and is conditioned by high mobility and marriage practices (traditional strict exogamy) in nomadic groups. Conversely, the genetic profile of the Issyk-Kul Sart-Kalmaks suggests a distinct source(s) of genetic ancestry, along with indications of isolation and genetic drift compared to other Oirats. Our results also show that there was limited gene flow between the ancestors of the Oirats and the Altaians during the late Middle Ages. Source of the yurt image: https://www.vecteezy.com/free-vector/yurt .
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Balinova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechye Str. 1, 115522, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Georgi Hudjašov
- Core Facility of Genomics, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vasili Pankratov
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Erwan Pennarun
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maere Reidla
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ene Metspalu
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Valery Batyrov
- Kalmyk State University named after B. B. Gorodovikov, Pushkina Str. 11, 358000, Elista, Russia
| | - Irina Khomyakova
- Anuchin Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Mokhovaya Str., 11, 125009, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tuuli Reisberg
- Core Facility of Genomics, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jüri Parik
- Core Facility of Genomics, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Murat Dzhaubermezov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 Prospekt Oktyabrya Str., 450054, Ufa, Russia
- Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Education "Ufa University of Science and Technology", 32 Zaki Validi Str., 450076, Ufa, Russia
| | - Elena Aiyzhy
- Tuvan State University, Kyzyl, Russian Federation, Lenina Str., 36, 667000, Kyzyl, Republiс of Tuva, Russia
| | - Altana Balinova
- Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi Kislovsky Pereulok, 1, 125009, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina El'chinova
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moskvorechye Str. 1, 115522, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nailya Spitsyna
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt, 32 А, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elza Khusnutdinova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics, Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 71 Prospekt Oktyabrya Str., 450054, Ufa, Russia
- Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Education "Ufa University of Science and Technology", 32 Zaki Validi Str., 450076, Ufa, Russia
| | - Mait Metspalu
- Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Tambets
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Richard Villems
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alena Kushniarevich
- Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Riia 23B, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
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2
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Ashirbekov Y, Seidualy M, Abaildayev A, Maxutova A, Zhunussova A, Akilzhanova A, Sharipov K, Sabitov Z, Zhabagin M. Genetic polymorphism of Y-chromosome in Kazakh populations from Southern Kazakhstan. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:649. [PMID: 37891458 PMCID: PMC10612363 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09753-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Kazakhs are one of the biggest Turkic-speaking ethnic groups, controlling vast swaths of land from the Altai to the Caspian Sea. In terms of area, Kazakhstan is ranked ninth in the world. Northern, Eastern, and Western Kazakhstan have already been studied in relation to genetic polymorphism 27 Y-STR. However, current information on the genetic polymorphism of the Y-chromosome of Southern Kazakhstan is limited only by 17 Y-STR and no geographical study of other regions has been studied at this variation. RESULTS The Kazakhstan Y-chromosome Haplotype Reference Database was expanded with 468 Kazakh males from the Zhambyl and Turkestan regions of South Kazakhstan by having their 27 Y-STR loci and 23 Y-SNP markers analyzed. Discrimination capacity (DC = 91.23%), haplotype match probability (HPM = 0.0029) and haplotype diversity (HD = 0.9992) are defined. Most of this Y-chromosome variability is attributed to haplogroups C2a1a1b1-F1756 (2.1%), C2a1a2-M48 (7.3%), C2a1a3-F1918 (33.3%) and C2b1a1a1a-M407 (6%). Median-joining network analysis was applied to understand the relationship between the haplotypes of the three regions. In three genetic layer can be described the position of the populations of the Southern region of Kazakhstan-the geographic Kazakh populations of Kazakhstan, the Kazakh tribal groups, and the people of bordering Asia. CONCLUSION The Kazakhstan Y-chromosome Haplotype Reference Database was formed for 27 Y-STR loci with a total sample of 1796 samples of Kazakhs from 16 regions of Kazakhstan. The variability of the Y-chromosome of the Kazakhs in a geographical context can be divided into four main clusters-south, north, east, west. At the same time, in the genetic space of tribal groups, the population of southern Kazakhs clusters with tribes from the same region, and genetic proximity is determined with the populations of the Hazaras of Afghanistan and the Mongols of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeldar Ashirbekov
- M. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Madina Seidualy
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Arman Abaildayev
- M. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | | | | | - Kamalidin Sharipov
- M. Aitkhozhin Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhaxylyk Sabitov
- Research Institute for Jochi Ulus Studies, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
- L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Republic of Kazakhstan
| | - Maxat Zhabagin
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan.
- Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
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3
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Yu HX, Ao C, Zhang XP, Liu KJ, Wang YB, Meng SL, Li H, Wei LH, Man D. Unveiling 2,000 years of differentiation among Tungusic-speaking populations: a revised phylogeny of the paternal founder lineage C2a-M48-SK1061. Front Genet 2023; 14:1243730. [PMID: 37554407 PMCID: PMC10405515 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1243730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated Y chromosome haplogroup C2a-M48-SK1061 is the only founding paternal lineage of all Tungusic-speaking populations. To infer the differentiation history of these populations, we studied more sequences and constructed downstream structure of haplogroup C2a-M48-SK1061 with better resolution. In this study, we generated 100 new sequences and co-analyzed 140 sequences of C2a-M48-SK1061 to reconstruct a highly revised phylogenetic tree with age estimates. We also performed the analysis of the geographical distribution and spatial autocorrelation of sub-branches. Dozens of new sub-branches were discovered, many sub-branches were nearly unique for Ewenki, Evens, Oroqen, Xibe, Manchu, Daur, and Mongolian. The topology of these unique sub-branches is the key evidence for understanding the complex evolutionary relationship between different Tungusic-speaking populations. The revised phylogeny provided a clear pattern for the differentiation history of haplogroup C2a-M48-SK1061 in the past 2,000 years. This study showed that the divergence pattern of founder lineage is essential to understanding the differentiation history of populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xin Yu
- Institute of Anthropology and Human Sciences, School of Ethnology and Anthropology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
| | - Cheligeer Ao
- Institute of Anthropology and Human Sciences, School of Ethnology and Anthropology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
| | - Xian-Peng Zhang
- Institute of Anthropology and Human Sciences, School of Ethnology and Anthropology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
| | - Kai-Jun Liu
- Chengdu 23Mofang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Bing Wang
- Institute of Anthropology and Human Sciences, School of Ethnology and Anthropology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
| | - Song-Lin Meng
- School of History and Ethnic Culture, Hulunbuir University, Hulunbuir, China
| | - Hui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan-Hai Wei
- Institute of Anthropology and Human Sciences, School of Ethnology and Anthropology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
| | - Da Man
- Institute of Anthropology and Human Sciences, School of Ethnology and Anthropology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
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Zhabagin M, Sabitov Z, Tazhigulova I, Alborova I, Agdzhoyan A, Wei LH, Urasin V, Koshel S, Mustafin K, Akilzhanova A, Li H, Balanovsky O, Balanovska E. Medieval Super-Grandfather founder of Western Kazakh Clans from Haplogroup C2a1a2-M48. J Hum Genet 2021; 66:707-716. [PMID: 33510364 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-00901-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Western Kazakhstan is populated by three clans totaling 2 million people. Since the clans are patrilineal, the Y-chromosome is the most informative genetic system for tracing their origin. We genotyped 40 Y-SNP and 17 Y-STR markers in 330 Western Kazakhs. High phylogenetic resolution within haplogroup C2a1a2-M48 was achieved by using additional SNPs. Three lines of evidence indicate that the Alimuly and Baiuly clans (but not the Zhetiru clan) have a common founder placed 700 ± 200 years back by the STR data and 500 ± 200 years back by the sequencing data. This supports traditional genealogy claims about the descent of these clans from Emir Alau, who lived 650 years ago and whose lineage might be carried by two-thirds of Western Kazakhs. There is accumulation of specific haplogroups in the subclans representing other lineages, confirming that the clan structure corresponds with the paternal genetic structure of the steppe population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxat Zhabagin
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. .,MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,National Center for Biotechnology, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
| | - Zhaxylyk Sabitov
- L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Inkar Tazhigulova
- Forensic science center of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Irina Alborova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Agdzhoyan
- Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lan-Hai Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | | | - Sergey Koshel
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kharis Mustafin
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Ainur Akilzhanova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Hui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Oleg Balanovsky
- Vavilov Institute for General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Biobank of North Eurasia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Balanovska
- Biobank of North Eurasia, Moscow, Russia.,Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
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5
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Liu B, Ma P, Wang C, Yan S, Yao H, Li Y, Xie Y, Meng S, Sun J, Cai Y, Sarengaowa S, Li H, Cheng H, Wei L. Paternal origin of Tungusic‐speaking populations: Insights from the updated phylogenetic tree of Y‐chromosome haplogroup
C2a‐M86. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23462. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bing‐Li Liu
- Institute of Chinese and Culture Education Studies Huaqiao University Xiamen China
| | - Peng‐Cheng Ma
- School of Life Sciences Jilin University Changchun China
| | - Chi‐Zao Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Shi Yan
- Human Phenome Institute Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Hong‐Bing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science of Gansu Province Gansu University of Political Science and Law Lanzhou China
| | - Yong‐Lan Li
- Laboratory for Human Biology and Human Genetics Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, School of Ethnology and Anthropology, Inner Mongolia Normal University Hohhot China
| | - Yong‐Mei Xie
- Laboratory for Human Biology and Human Genetics Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, School of Ethnology and Anthropology, Inner Mongolia Normal University Hohhot China
| | - Song‐Lin Meng
- School of History and Ethnic Culture Hulunbuir University Hulunbuir China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Yan‐Huan Cai
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Sarengaowa Sarengaowa
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Hui Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences Fudan University Shanghai China
- Human Phenome Institute Fudan University Shanghai China
- B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology Fudan University Shanghai China
| | - Hui‐Zhen Cheng
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Lan‐Hai Wei
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology Xiamen University Xiamen China
- B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology Fudan University Shanghai China
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6
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Wu Q, Cheng HZ, Sun N, Ma PC, Sun J, Yao HB, Xie YM, Li YL, Meng SL, Zhabagin M, Cai YH, Lu DR, Yan S, Wei LH. Phylogenetic analysis of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C2b-F1067, a dominant paternal lineage in Eastern Eurasia. J Hum Genet 2020; 65:823-829. [PMID: 32427951 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-020-0775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human Y-chromosome haplogroup C2b-F1067 is one of the dominant paternal lineages of populations in Eastern Eurasia. In order to explore the origin, diversification, and expansion of this haplogroup, we generated 206 new Y-chromosome sequences from C2b-F1067 males and coanalyzed 220 Y-chromosome sequences of this haplogroup. BEAST software was used to reconstruct a revised phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C2b-F1067 with age estimates. The revised phylogeny of C2b-F1067 included 155 sublineages, 1986 non-private variants, and >6000 private variants. The age estimation suggested that the initial splitting of C2b-F1067 happened at about 32.8 thousand years ago (kya) and the major sublineages of this haplgroup experienced continuous expansion in the most recent 10,000 years. We identified numerous sublineages that were nearly specific for Korean, Mongolian, Chinese, and other ethnic minorities in China. In particular, we evaluated the candidate-specific lineage for the Dayan Khan family and the Confucius family, the descendants of the ruling family of the Chinese Shang dynasty. These findings suggest that ancient populations with varied C2b-F1067 sublineages played an important role during the formation of most modern populations in Eastern Eurasia, and thus eventually became the founding paternal lineages of these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Cheng
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Na Sun
- College of Foreign Languages, Huaqiao University, 362021, Quanzhou, China
| | - Peng-Cheng Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, 130012, Changchun, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong-Bing Yao
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Science of Gansu Province, Gansu University of Political Science and Law, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong-Mei Xie
- Laboratory for Human Biology and Human Genetics, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, School of Ethnology and Anthropology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, 010022, Hohhot, China
| | - Yong-Lan Li
- Laboratory for Human Biology and Human Genetics, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, School of Ethnology and Anthropology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, 010022, Hohhot, China
| | - Song-Lin Meng
- School of History and Ethnic Culture, Hulunbuir University, 021008, Hulunbuir, China
| | - Maxat Zhabagin
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.,B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, Fudan University, 20043, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Huan Cai
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Da-Ru Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi Yan
- Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan-Hai Wei
- Department of Anthropology and Ethnology, Institute of Anthropology, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China. .,B&R International Joint Laboratory for Eurasian Anthropology, Fudan University, 20043, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Genetic insights into the social organisation of the Avar period elite in the 7th century AD Carpathian Basin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:948. [PMID: 31969576 PMCID: PMC6976699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57378-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
After 568 AD the Avars settled in the Carpathian Basin and founded the Avar Qaganate that was an important power in Central Europe until the 9th century. Part of the Avar society was probably of Asian origin; however, the localisation of their homeland is hampered by the scarcity of historical and archaeological data. Here, we study mitogenome and Y chromosomal variability of twenty-six individuals, a number of them representing a well-characterised elite group buried at the centre of the Carpathian Basin more than a century after the Avar conquest. The studied group has maternal and paternal genetic affinities to several ancient and modern East-Central Asian populations. The majority of the mitochondrial DNA variability represents Asian haplogroups (C, D, F, M, R, Y and Z). The Y-STR variability of the analysed elite males belongs only to five lineages, three N-Tat with mostly Asian parallels and two Q haplotypes. The homogeneity of the Y chromosomes reveals paternal kinship as a cohesive force in the organisation of the Avar elite strata on both social and territorial level. Our results indicate that the Avar elite arrived in the Carpathian Basin as a group of families, and remained mostly endogamous for several generations after the conquest.
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