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Zhang W, Ding R, Hu Y, Wei W, Tian D, Qin N, Yu H, Wang X. Unraveling susceptibility genes: A contemporary overview of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 136:112313. [PMID: 38810306 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), including Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, are organ-specific autoimmune disorders characterized by conditions including goiter, autoimmune thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism, which represent the most severe clinical manifestations of AITDs. The prevalence of autoimmune thyroid disorders is on the rise, influenced by increased environmental factors and changes in modern lifestyles. Understanding the pathophysiology of AITDs is crucial for identifying key factors that affect the disease's onset, progression, and recurrence, thereby laying a solid foundation for precise diagnosis and treatment. The development of AITDs involves a complex interplay of environmental influences, immune dysfunctions, and genetic predispositions. Genetic predispositions, in particular, are significant, with numerous genes identified as being linked to AITDs. This article focuses on examining the genes vulnerable to AITDs to deepen our understanding of the relevant genetic contributors, ultimately facilitating the development of effective prevention and treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Rong Ding
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Yuelin Hu
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Wenwen Wei
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Dan Tian
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Nalin Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Hongsong Yu
- Department of Immunology, Special Key Laboratory of Gene Detection and Therapy of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Special Key Laboratory of Ocular Diseases of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
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Molecular Mechanisms in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060918. [PMID: 36980259 PMCID: PMC10047067 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The most common cause of acquired thyroid dysfunction is autoimmune thyroid disease, which is an organ-specific autoimmune disease with two presentation phenotypes: hyperthyroidism (Graves-Basedow disease) and hypothyroidism (Hashimoto’s thyroiditis). Hashimoto’s thyroiditis is distinguished by the presence of autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin. Meanwhile, autoantibodies against the TSH receptor have been found in Graves-Basedow disease. Numerous susceptibility genes, as well as epigenetic and environmental factors, contribute to the pathogenesis of both diseases. This review summarizes the most common genetic, epigenetic, and environmental mechanisms involved in autoimmune thyroid disease.
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Kollati Y, Akella RRD, Naushad SM, Patel RK, Reddy GB, Dirisala VR. Molecular insights into the role of genetic determinants of congenital hypothyroidism. Genomics Inform 2021; 19:e29. [PMID: 34638176 PMCID: PMC8510868 DOI: 10.5808/gi.21034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous studies, we have demonstrated the association of certain variants of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), thyroid peroxidase (TPO), and thyroglobulin (TG) genes with congenital hypothyroidism. Herein, we explored the mechanistic basis for this association using different in silico tools. The mRNA 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) plays key roles in gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. In TSHR variants (rs2268477, rs7144481, and rs17630128), the binding affinity of microRNAs (miRs) (hsa-miR-154-5p, hsa-miR-376a-2-5p, hsa-miR-3935, hsa-miR-4280, and hsa-miR-6858-3p) to the 3'-UTR is disrupted, affecting post-transcriptional gene regulation. TPO and TG are the two key proteins necessary for the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones in the presence of iodide and H2O2. Reduced stability of these proteins leads to aberrant biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. Compared to the wild-type TPO protein, the p.S398T variant was found to exhibit less stability and significant rearrangements of intra-atomic bonds affecting the stoichiometry and substrate binding (binding energies, ΔG of wild-type vs. mutant: ‒15 vs. ‒13.8 kcal/mol; and dissociation constant, Kd of wild-type vs. mutant: 7.2E-12 vs. 7.0E-11 M). The missense mutations p.G653D and p.R1999W on the TG protein showed altered ΔG (0.24 kcal/mol and 0.79 kcal/mol, respectively). In conclusion, an in silico analysis of TSHR genetic variants in the 3'-UTR showed that they alter the binding affinities of different miRs. The TPO protein structure and mutant protein complex (p.S398T) are less stable, with potentially deleterious effects. A structural and energy analysis showed that TG mutations (p.G653D and p.R1999W) reduce the stability of the TG protein and affect its structure-functional relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedukondalu Kollati
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's University, Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522213, India
| | - Radha Rama Devi Akella
- Department of Genetics, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana 500009, India.,Department of Biochemical Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Sandor Speciality Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034, India
| | - Shaik Mohammad Naushad
- Department of Biochemical Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Sandor Speciality Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana 500034, India
| | - Rajesh K Patel
- Department of Genetics, Genetic Group of Gujarat Diagnostic Centre, Mehsana, Gujarat 384002, India
| | - G Bhanuprakash Reddy
- Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana 500007, India
| | - Vijaya R Dirisala
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's University, Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh 522213, India
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Kollati Y, Akella RRD, Naushad SM, Borkar D, Thalla M, Nagalingam S, Lingappa L, Patel RK, Reddy GB, Dirisala VR. Newborn screening and single nucleotide variation profiling of TSHR, TPO, TG and DUOX2 candidate genes for congenital hypothyroidism. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:7467-7475. [PMID: 32930933 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05803-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
High prevalence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) among Indian newborns prompted us to establish population-specific reference ranges of TSH and to explore the contribution of the common genetic variants in TSHR, TPO, TG and DUOX2 genes towards CH. A total of 1144 newborns (593 males and 551 females) were screened for CH. SNV profiling (n = 22) spanning three candidate genes, i.e. TSHR, TPO and TG was carried out in confirmed CH cases (n = 45). In screen negative cases (n = 700), ten TSHR variants were explored to establish association with CH. No mutation found in DUOX2. The 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles of TSH in these newborns were 0.5 to 12.2 mU/L. In newborns with optimal birth weight, the cut-off was 10 mU/L. Lower or higher birth weight resulted in slightly higher TSH. Two TSHR variants, i.e. rs7144481 and rs17630128 were associated with agenesis, hypoplasia and goiter. The rs2268477 was associated with agenesis and hypoplasia. The rs1991517, rs2075176 and rs2241119 were associated with agenesis only. The rs7144481, rs17630128, rs1991517 and rs2268477 were associated with 2.17, 4.62, 2.91 and 2.29-fold increased risk for CH, respectively. Among the TPO variants, rs867983 and rs2175977 were associated with agenesis and goiter, respectively. Among the TG variants, rs2076740 showed association with agenesis and goiter. Two rare variants i.e. TPO g.IVS14-19 G>C and TG c.1262 C>T were observed in CH cases. No genetic variant identified in the two exons of DUOX2. To conclude, the current study established Indian population-specific normative values for TSH and demonstrates specific genotype-phenotype correlations among three candidate genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yedukondalu Kollati
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India
| | - Radha Rama Devi Akella
- Department of Genetics, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500009, India
- Department of Biochemical Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Sandor Speciality Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500034, India
| | - Shaik Mohammad Naushad
- Department of Biochemical Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Sandor Speciality Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500034, India
| | - Divya Borkar
- Department of Biochemical Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Sandor Speciality Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500034, India
| | - Maunika Thalla
- Department of Biochemical Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Sandor Speciality Diagnostics Pvt. Ltd, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500034, India
| | - Swapna Nagalingam
- Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
| | - Lokesh Lingappa
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Rainbow Children's Hospital, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500009, India
| | - Rajesh K Patel
- Department of Genetics, Genetic Group of Gujarat Diagnostic Centre, Mehsana, Gujarat, 384002, India
| | - G Bhanuprakash Reddy
- Biochemistry Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
| | - Vijaya R Dirisala
- Department of Biotechnology, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology & Research (Deemed to be University), Vadlamudi, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522213, India.
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