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Fuchs EJ, Cascante-Marín A, Madrigal-Brenes R, Quesada M. Genetic diversity and phylogeographic patterns of the dioecious palm Chamaedorea tepejilote (Arecaceae) in Costa Rica: the role of mountain ranges and possible refugia. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plac060. [PMID: 36654989 PMCID: PMC9840212 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gene flow connects populations and is necessary to sustain effective population sizes, and genetic diversity. In the Lower Central American (LCA) region, the complex topographic and climatic history have produced a wide variety of habitats resulting in high biodiversity. Phylogeographic studies of plants from this area are scarce, and to date none have been conducted on palms. We used SSR and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) markers to study the genetic diversity and structure of populations of the understory palm Chamaedorea tepejilote in Costa Rica. We found that populations of C. tepejilote have moderate to high nuclear simple sequence repeat (SSR) genetic diversity, likely due to large population sizes and its outcrossing mating system. Habitat loss and fragmentation may have contributed to increased genetic structure within slopes. High-elevation mountain ranges appeared to be a significant barrier for gene flow among populations in the Caribbean and Pacific slopes; however, ranges are permeable through low-elevation passes. In contrast, most populations had a single distinct cpDNA haplotype, supporting the hypothesis of several isolated populations that experienced decline that likely resulted in eroded cytoplasmic genetic diversity within populations. The haplotype network and Bayesian analysis linked populations in the Caribbean and the southern Pacific coast, suggesting that gene flow between Pacific and Caribbean populations may have occurred through the southern extreme of the Talamanca Mountain range in Panama, a colonization pathway not previously suggested for LCA plants. This is one of the first phylogeographic studies conducted on tropical palms in the LCA region and the first in the genus Chamaedorea, which sheds light on possible gene flow and dispersal patterns of C. tepejilote in Costa Rica. Our results also highlight the importance of mountain ranges on shaping gene flow patterns of Neotropical plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Fuchs
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro Montes de Oca 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, 58190, México
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México–Costa Rica
| | - Alfredo Cascante-Marín
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro Montes de Oca 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México–Costa Rica
| | - Ruth Madrigal-Brenes
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, Ciudad Universitaria Rodrigo Facio, San Pedro Montes de Oca 11501-2060, Costa Rica
- Laboratorio Nacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Michoacán, 58190, México
- Laboratorio Binacional de Análisis y Síntesis Ecológica, UNAM-UCR, México–Costa Rica
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Cerna MF, Moreno MM, Fuertes BG, Iza ML, Medina GE, Recalde CG. Phylogeography of the neotropical epiphytic orchid, genus Dracula. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200297. [PMID: 34406285 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tropical Andes constitute a natural barrier between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic; in these mountains, are a great variety of Ecosystems, defined by factors such as orography, winds, humidity, temperature, among others. Some of these Ecosystems have different environmental conditions from tropical ones. In them, there is a great Biodiversity, in some cases endemic and associated with relatively small geographic areas. An example of this biodiversity is the orchids of the genus Dracula, about which discussions are currently generated due to the difficulty in classifying their members. The present work shows a study where DNA was isolated and sequenced from plant samples obtained from 52 species of orchids of the genus Dracula, which were analyzed using the MEGA7 software. Phylogenetic analysis of the DNA sequences showed a well-resolved topology that reflects a geographical pattern of several major clades of the Pacific and Atlantic watersheds. Geophysical conditions of the Andes have generated greater biodiversity of the genus Dracula on the side of the Pacific. Although the species Dracula cordobae and alessandroi reported on both sides of the study site belong to the same clade and show limited mobility through the drier area to the South of the mountain range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco F Cerna
- Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Carrera de Biotecnología, Grupo de Investigación Nunkui Wakan, Isabel la Católica N23-52 y Madrid, 170525, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Mariela M Moreno
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Facultad de Ciencias, GEAA (Grupo de Energías Alternativas y Ambiente), Panamericana Sur Km 1 1/2, EC060155, Riobamba, Chimborazo, Ecuador
| | - Byron G Fuertes
- Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Carrera de Biotecnología, Grupo de Investigación Nunkui Wakan, Isabel la Católica N23-52 y Madrid, 170525, Quito, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Mario L Iza
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Departamento de Biotecnología, km 5 vía quevedo - el empalme. 70518, Mocache, Los Ríos, Ecuador
| | - Gerardo E Medina
- Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Km. 2. 1/2 vía Puyo a Tena (Paso Lateral), Tena, Napo, Ecuador
| | - Celso G Recalde
- Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Facultad de Ciencias, GEAA (Grupo de Energías Alternativas y Ambiente), Panamericana Sur Km 1 1/2, EC060155, Riobamba, Chimborazo, Ecuador
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Hedrén M, Birkedal S, de Boer H, Ghorbani A, Gravendeel B, Hansson S, Svensson Å, Zarre S. Asymmetric contributions of seed and pollen to gene dispersal in the marsh orchid Dactylorhiza umbrosa in Asia Minor. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:1791-1805. [PMID: 33587812 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Orchids differ from other plants in their extremely small and partly air-filled seeds that can be transported long distances by wind. Seed dispersal in orchids is expected to contribute strongly to overall gene flow, and orchids generally express low levels of genetic differentiation between populations and low pollen to seed flow ratios. However, studies in orchids distributed in northern Europe have often found a poor geographic structuring of genetic variation. Here, we studied geographic differentiation in the marsh orchid Dactylorhiza umbrosa, which is widely distributed in upland regions from Asia Minor to Central Asia. These areas were less affected by Pleistocene ice ages than northern Europe and the orchid should have been able to survive the last ice age in local refugia. In the plastid genome, which is dispersed by seeds, populations at close distance were clearly divergent, but the differentiation still increased with geographic distance, and a significant phylogeographic structure had developed. In the nuclear genome, which is dispersed by both seeds and pollen, populations showed an even stronger correlation between genetic and geographic distance, but average levels of differentiation were lower than in the plastid genome, and no phylogeographic structure was evident. Combining plastid and nuclear data, we found that the ratio of pollen to seed dispersal (mp/ms) decreases with physical distance. Comparison with orchids that grow in parts of Europe that were glaciated during the last ice suggests that a balanced structure of genetic diversity develops only slowly in many terrestrial orchids, despite efficient seed dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Hedrén
- Department of Biology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Hugo de Boer
- Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Endless Forms Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Barbara Gravendeel
- Endless Forms Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Åke Svensson
- Department of Dermatology, Malmö University Hospital SUS, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Shahin Zarre
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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