1
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Chung PF, Venkatesan B, Su CC, Chang JT, Cheng HK, Liu CA, Yu H, Chang CS, Guan SY, Chuang TM. Design and performance of an ultrahigh vacuum spectroscopic-imaging scanning tunneling microscope with a hybrid vibration isolation system. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:033701. [PMID: 38426899 DOI: 10.1063/5.0189100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
A spectroscopic imaging-scanning tunneling microscope (SI-STM) allows for the atomic scale visualization of the surface electronic and magnetic structure of novel quantum materials with a high energy resolution. To achieve the optimal performance, a low vibration facility is required. Here, we describe the design and performance of an ultrahigh vacuum STM system supported by a hybrid vibration isolation system that consists of a pneumatic passive and a piezoelectric active vibration isolation stage. We present the detailed vibrational noise analysis of the hybrid vibration isolation system, which shows that the vibration level can be suppressed below 10-8 m/sec/√Hz for most frequencies up to 100 Hz. Combined with a rigid STM design, vibrational noise can be successfully removed from the tunneling current. We demonstrate the performance of our STM system by taking high resolution spectroscopic maps and topographic images on several quantum materials. Our results establish a new strategy to achieve an effective vibration isolation system for high-resolution STM and other scanning probe microscopies to investigate the nanoscale quantum phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Fang Chung
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Balaji Venkatesan
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chuan Su
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Te Chang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Kai Cheng
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Che-An Liu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Henry Yu
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Seng Chang
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Syu-You Guan
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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2
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Li G, Li M, Zhou X, Gao HJ. Toward large-scale, ordered and tunable Majorana-zero-modes lattice on iron-based superconductors. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2023; 87:016501. [PMID: 37963402 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ad0c5c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Majorana excitations are the quasiparticle analog of Majorana fermions in solid materials. Typical examples are the Majorana zero modes (MZMs) and the dispersing Majorana modes. When probed by scanning tunneling spectroscopy, the former manifest as a pronounced conductance peak locating precisely at zero-energy, while the latter behaves as constant or slowly varying density of states. The MZMs obey non-abelian statistics and are believed to be building blocks for topological quantum computing, which is highly immune to the environmental noise. Existing MZM platforms include hybrid structures such as topological insulator, semiconducting nanowire or 1D atomic chains on top of a conventional superconductor, and single materials such as the iron-based superconductors (IBSs) and 4Hb-TaS2. Very recently, ordered and tunable MZM lattice has also been realized in IBS LiFeAs, providing a scalable and applicable platform for future topological quantum computation. In this review, we present an overview of the recent local probe studies on MZMs. Classified by the material platforms, we start with the MZMs in the iron-chalcogenide superconductors where FeTe0.55Se0.45and (Li0.84Fe0.16)OHFeSe will be discussed. We then review the Majorana research in the iron-pnictide superconductors as well as other platforms beyond the IBSs. We further review recent works on ordered and tunable MZM lattice, showing that strain is a feasible tool to tune the topological superconductivity. Finally, we give our summary and perspective on future Majorana research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingtai Zhou
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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3
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Walker M, Scott K, Boyle TJ, Byland JK, Bötzel S, Zhao Z, Day RP, Zhdanovich S, Gorovikov S, Pedersen TM, Klavins P, Damascelli A, Eremin IM, Gozar A, Taufour V, da Silva Neto EH. Electronic stripe patterns near the fermi level of tetragonal Fe(Se,S). NPJ QUANTUM MATERIALS 2023; 8:60. [PMID: 38666239 PMCID: PMC11041788 DOI: 10.1038/s41535-023-00592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
FeSe1-xSx remains one of the most enigmatic systems of Fe-based superconductors. While much is known about the orthorhombic parent compound, FeSe, the tetragonal samples, FeSe1-xSx with x > 0.17, remain relatively unexplored. Here, we provide an in-depth investigation of the electronic states of tetragonal FeSe0.81S0.19, using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/S) measurements, supported by angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and theoretical modeling. We analyze modulations of the local density of states (LDOS) near and away from Fe vacancy defects separately and identify quasiparticle interference (QPI) signals originating from multiple regions of the Brillouin zone, including the bands at the zone corners. We also observe that QPI signals coexist with a much stronger LDOS modulation for states near the Fermi level whose period is independent of energy. Our measurements further reveal that this strong pattern appears in the STS measurements as short range stripe patterns that are locally two-fold symmetric. Since these stripe patterns coexist with four-fold symmetric QPI around Fe-vacancies, the origin of their local two-fold symmetry must be distinct from that of nematic states in orthorhombic samples. We explore several aspects related to the stripes, such as the role of S and Fe-vacancy defects, and whether they can be explained by QPI. We consider the possibility that the observed stripe patterns may represent incipient charge order correlations, similar to those observed in the cuprates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Walker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT USA
| | - K. Scott
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT USA
| | - T. J. Boyle
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT USA
| | - J. K. Byland
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - S. Bötzel
- Institut für Theoretische Physik III, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Z. Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - R. P. Day
- Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - S. Zhdanovich
- Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - S. Gorovikov
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada
| | | | - P. Klavins
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - A. Damascelli
- Quantum Matter Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - I. M. Eremin
- Institut für Theoretische Physik III, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - A. Gozar
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT USA
| | - V. Taufour
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - E. H. da Silva Neto
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Davis, CA USA
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT USA
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4
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Liu Y, Wei T, He G, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Wang J. Pair density wave state in a monolayer high-T c iron-based superconductor. Nature 2023; 618:934-939. [PMID: 37380693 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The pair density wave (PDW) is an extraordinary superconducting state in which Cooper pairs carry non-zero momentum1,2. Evidence for the existence of intrinsic PDW order in high-temperature (high-Tc) cuprate superconductors3,4 and kagome superconductors5 has emerged recently. However, the PDW order in iron-based high-Tc superconductors has not been observed experimentally. Here, using scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy, we report the discovery of the PDW state in monolayer iron-based high-Tc Fe(Te,Se) films grown on SrTiO3(001) substrates. The PDW state with a period of λ ≈ 3.6aFe (aFe is the distance between neighbouring Fe atoms) is observed at the domain walls by the spatial electronic modulations of the local density of states, the superconducting gap and the π-phase shift boundaries of the PDW around the vortices of the intertwined charge density wave order. The discovery of the PDW state in the monolayer Fe(Te,Se) film provides a low-dimensional platform to study the interplay between the correlated electronic states and unconventional Cooper pairing in high-Tc superconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhao Liu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianheng Wei
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Guanyang He
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
| | - Jian Wang
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, China.
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5
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Ordered and tunable Majorana-zero-mode lattice in naturally strained LiFeAs. Nature 2022; 606:890-895. [PMID: 35676489 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04744-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Majorana zero modes (MZMs) obey non-Abelian statistics and are considered building blocks for constructing topological qubits1,2. Iron-based superconductors with topological bandstructures have emerged as promising hosting materials, because isolated candidate MZMs in the quantum limit have been observed inside the topological vortex cores3-9. However, these materials suffer from issues related to alloying induced disorder, uncontrolled vortex lattices10-13 and a low yield of topological vortices5-8. Here we report the formation of an ordered and tunable MZM lattice in naturally strained stoichiometric LiFeAs by scanning tunnelling microscopy/spectroscopy. We observe biaxial charge density wave (CDW) stripes along the Fe-Fe and As-As directions in the strained regions. The vortices are pinned on the CDW stripes in the As-As direction and form an ordered lattice. We detect that more than 90 per cent of the vortices are topological and possess the characteristics of isolated MZMs at the vortex centre, forming an ordered MZM lattice with the density and the geometry tunable by an external magnetic field. Notably, with decreasing the spacing of neighbouring vortices, the MZMs start to couple with each other. Our findings provide a pathway towards tunable and ordered MZM lattices as a platform for future topological quantum computation.
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6
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Cao L, Liu W, Li G, Dai G, Zheng Q, Wang Y, Jiang K, Zhu S, Huang L, Kong L, Yang F, Wang X, Zhou W, Lin X, Hu J, Jin C, Ding H, Gao HJ. Two distinct superconducting states controlled by orientations of local wrinkles in LiFeAs. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6312. [PMID: 34728627 PMCID: PMC8563765 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26708-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
For iron-based superconductors, the phase diagrams under pressure or strain exhibit emergent phenomena between unconventional superconductivity and other electronic orders, varying in different systems. As a stoichiometric superconductor, LiFeAs has no structure phase transitions or entangled electronic states, which manifests an ideal platform to explore the pressure or strain effect on unconventional superconductivity. Here, we observe two types of superconducting states controlled by orientations of local wrinkles on the surface of LiFeAs. Using scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy, we find type-I wrinkles enlarge the superconducting gaps and enhance the transition temperature, whereas type-II wrinkles significantly suppress the superconducting gaps. The vortices on wrinkles show a C2 symmetry, indicating the strain effects on the wrinkles. By statistics, we find that the two types of wrinkles are categorized by their orientations. Our results demonstrate that the local strain effect with different directions can tune the superconducting order parameter of LiFeAs very differently, suggesting that the band shifting induced by directional pressure may play an important role in iron-based superconductivity. The evolution of superconductivity in LiFeAs with respect to pressure or strain remains elusive. Here, the authors observe different response of superconducting states due to different orientations of local wrinkles on the surface of LiFeAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wenyao Liu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Geng Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
| | - Guangyang Dai
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qi Zheng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kun Jiang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shiyu Zhu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Huang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lingyuan Kong
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Fazhi Yang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiancheng Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Wu Zhou
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiangping Hu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Changqing Jin
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Hong Ding
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
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7
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Kong L, Cao L, Zhu S, Papaj M, Dai G, Li G, Fan P, Liu W, Yang F, Wang X, Du S, Jin C, Fu L, Gao HJ, Ding H. Majorana zero modes in impurity-assisted vortex of LiFeAs superconductor. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4146. [PMID: 34230479 PMCID: PMC8260634 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24372-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The iron-based superconductor is emerging as a promising platform for Majorana zero mode, which can be used to implement topological quantum computation. One of the most significant advances of this platform is the appearance of large vortex level spacing that strongly protects Majorana zero mode from other low-lying quasiparticles. Despite the advantages in the context of physics research, the inhomogeneity of various aspects hampers the practical construction of topological qubits in the compounds studied so far. Here we show that the stoichiometric superconductor LiFeAs is a good candidate to overcome this obstacle. By using scanning tunneling microscopy, we discover that the Majorana zero modes, which are absent on the natural clean surface, can appear in vortices influenced by native impurities. Our detailed analysis reveals a new mechanism for the emergence of those Majorana zero modes, i.e. native tuning of bulk Dirac fermions. The discovery of Majorana zero modes in this homogeneous material, with a promise of tunability, offers an ideal material platform for manipulating and braiding Majorana zero modes, pushing one step forward towards topological quantum computation. Despite the discovery of Majorana zero modes (MZM) in iron-based superconductors, sample inhomogeneity may destroy MZMs during braiding. Here, authors observe MZM in impurity-assisted vortices due to tuning of the bulk Dirac fermions in a homogeneous superconductor LiFeAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyuan Kong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Cao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyu Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Michał Papaj
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guangyang Dai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Geng Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Fan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyao Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fazhi Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiancheng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shixuan Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changqing Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Fu
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Hong Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
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8
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Yim CM, Panja SN, Trainer C, Topping C, Heil C, Gibbs AS, Magdysyuk OV, Tsurkan V, Loidl A, Rost AW, Wahl P. Strain-Stabilized (π, π) Order at the Surface of Fe 1+xTe. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2786-2792. [PMID: 33797261 PMCID: PMC8050823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A key property of many quantum materials is that their ground state depends sensitively on small changes of an external tuning parameter, e.g., doping, magnetic field, or pressure, creating opportunities for potential technological applications. Here, we explore tuning of the ground state of the nonsuperconducting parent compound, Fe1+xTe, of the iron chalcogenides by uniaxial strain. Iron telluride exhibits a peculiar (π, 0) antiferromagnetic order unlike the (π, π) order observed in the Fe-pnictide superconductors. The (π, 0) order is accompanied by a significant monoclinic distortion. We explore tuning of the ground state by uniaxial strain combined with low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. We demonstrate that, indeed under strain, the surface of Fe1.1Te undergoes a transition to a (π, π)-charge-ordered state. Comparison with transport experiments on uniaxially strained samples shows that this is a surface phase, demonstrating the opportunities afforded by 2D correlated phases stabilized near surfaces and interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Ming Yim
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, U.K.
- Tsung
Dao Lee Institute & School of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Soumendra Nath Panja
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, U.K.
| | - Christopher Trainer
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, U.K.
| | - Craig Topping
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, U.K.
| | - Christoph Heil
- Institute
of Theoretical and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology,
NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexandra S. Gibbs
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Source, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
- School
of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SA, U.K.
- Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstrasse 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Oxana V. Magdysyuk
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Vladimir Tsurkan
- Center
for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Academiei
5, MD 2028, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Alois Loidl
- Center
for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, University of Augsburg, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Andreas W. Rost
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, U.K.
| | - Peter Wahl
- SUPA,
School of Physics and Astronomy, University
of St. Andrews, North Haugh, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, U.K.
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9
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Incommensurate smectic phase in close proximity to the high-T c superconductor FeSe/SrTiO 3. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2196. [PMID: 33850158 PMCID: PMC8044195 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Superconductivity is significantly enhanced in monolayer FeSe grown on SrTiO3, but not for multilayer films, in which large strength of nematicity develops. However, the link between the high-transition temperature superconductivity in monolayer and the correlation related nematicity in multilayer FeSe films is not well understood. Here, we use low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy to study few-layer FeSe thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. We observe an incommensurate long-range smectic phase, which solely appears in bilayer FeSe films. The smectic order still locally exists and gradually fades away with increasing film thickness, while it suddenly vanishes in monolayer FeSe, indicative of an abrupt smectic phase transition. Surface alkali-metal doping can suppress the smectic phase and induce high-Tc superconductivity in bilayer FeSe. Our observations provide evidence that the monolayer FeSe is in close proximity to the smectic phase, and its superconductivity is likely enhanced by this electronic instability as well. The relation between enhanced superconductivity in monolayer FeSe grown on SrTiO3 and the large nematicity in multilayer FeSe on SrTiO3 remains not well understood. Here, the authors observe a long-range smectic phase in bilayer FeSe films but vanishes in monolayer FeSe, providing a new instability to help enhance the superconductivity.
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10
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Cho H, Yun JH, Kim JH, Back SY, Lee HS, Kim SJ, Byeon S, Jin H, Rhyee JS. Possible Charge Density Wave and Enhancement of Thermoelectric Properties at Mild-Temperature Range in n-Type CuI-Doped Bi 2Te 2.1Se 0.9 Compounds. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:925-933. [PMID: 31850742 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bi2Te3-based compounds have long been studied as thermoelectric materials in cooling applications near room temperature. Here, we investigated the thermoelectric properties of CuI-doped Bi2Te2.1Se0.9 compounds. The Cu/I codoping induces the lattice distortion partially in the matrix. We report that the charge density wave caused by the local lattice distortion affects the electrical and thermal transport properties. From the high-temperature specific heat, we found a first-order phase transitions near 490 and 575 K for CuI-doped compounds (CuI)xBi2Te2.1Se0.9 (x = 0.3 and 0.6%), respectively. It is not a structural phase transition, confirming from the high-temperature X-ray diffraction. The temperature-dependent electrical resistivity shows a typical behavior of charge density wave transition, which is consistent with the temperature-dependent Seebeck coefficient and thermal conductivity. The transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction show a local lattice distortion, driven by the charge density wave transition. The charge density wave formation in the Bi2Te3-based compounds are exceptional because of the possibility of coexistence of charge density wave and topological surface states. From the Kubo formula and Boltzmann transport calculations, the formation of charge density wave enhances the power factor. The lattice modulation and charge density wave decrease lattice thermal conductivity, resulting in the enhancement of thermoelectric performance simultaneously in CuI-doped samples. Consequently, an enhancement of thermoelectric performance ZT over 1.0 is achieved at 448 K in the (CuI)0.003Bi2Te2.1Se0.9 sample. The enhancement of ZT at high temperature gives rise to a superior average ZTavg (1.0) value than those of previously reported ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunyong Cho
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute of Natural Sciences , Kyung Hee University , Gyung-gi 17104 , Korea
| | - Jae Hyun Yun
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute of Natural Sciences , Kyung Hee University , Gyung-gi 17104 , Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute of Natural Sciences , Kyung Hee University , Gyung-gi 17104 , Korea
| | - Song Yi Back
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute of Natural Sciences , Kyung Hee University , Gyung-gi 17104 , Korea
| | - Ho Seong Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Kyungpook National University , Daegu 41566 , Korea
| | - Sung Jin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Sciences , Ewha Womans University , Seoul 03760 , Korea
| | - Seokyeong Byeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Hyungyu Jin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology , Pohang 37673 , Korea
| | - Jong-Soo Rhyee
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute of Natural Sciences , Kyung Hee University , Gyung-gi 17104 , Korea
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Wang X, Yuan Y, Xue QK, Li W. Charge ordering in high-temperature superconductors visualized by scanning tunneling microscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:013002. [PMID: 31487703 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab41c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of stripe order in La1.6-x Nd0.4Sr x CuO4 superconductors in 1995, charge ordering in cuprate superconductors has been intensively studied by various experimental techniques. Among these studies, scanning tunneling microscope (STM) plays an irreplaceable role in determining the real space structures of charge ordering. STM imaging of different families of cuprates over a wide range of doping levels reveal similar checkerboard-like patterns, indicating that such a charge ordered state is likely a ubiquitous and intrinsic characteristic of cuprate superconductors, which may shed light on understanding the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity. In another class of high-temperature superconductors, iron-based superconductors, STM studies reveal several charge ordered states as well, but their real-space patterns and the interplay with superconductivity are markedly different among different materials. In this paper, we present a brief review on STM studies of charge ordering in these two classes of high-temperature superconductors. Possible origins of charge ordering and its interplay with superconductivity will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China. Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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Qin S, Hu L, Le C, Zeng J, Zhang FC, Fang C, Hu J. Quasi-1D Topological Nodal Vortex Line Phase in Doped Superconducting 3D Dirac Semimetals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:027003. [PMID: 31386504 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.027003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We study vortex bound states in three-dimensional (3D) superconducting Dirac semimetals with time reversal symmetry. We find that there exist robust gapless vortex bound states propagating along the vortex line in the s-wave superconducting state. We refer to this newly found phase as the quasi-1D nodal vortex line phase. According to the Altland-Zirnbauer classification, the phase is characterized by a topological index (ν;N) at k_{z}=0 and k_{z}=π, where ν is the Z_{2} topological invariant for a 0D class-D system and N is the Z topological invariant for a 0D class-A system. Furthermore, we show that the vortex end Majorana zero mode can coexist with the quasi-1D nodal phase in certain types of Dirac semimetals. The possible experimental observations and material realization of such nodal vortex line states are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengshan Qin
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences and CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Condensed Matter Physics, and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lunhui Hu
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences and CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Congcong Le
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences and CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Condensed Matter Physics, and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jinfeng Zeng
- Beijing National Research Center for Condensed Matter Physics, and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fu-Chun Zhang
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences and CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chen Fang
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences and CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Condensed Matter Physics, and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiangping Hu
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences and CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Condensed Matter Physics, and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- South Bay Interdisciplinary Science Center, Dongguan, Guangdong Province, China
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Trainer C, Yim CM, Heil C, Giustino F, Croitori D, Tsurkan V, Loidl A, Rodriguez EE, Stock C, Wahl P. Manipulating surface magnetic order in iron telluride. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav3478. [PMID: 30838332 PMCID: PMC6397027 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav3478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Control of emergent magnetic orders in correlated electron materials promises new opportunities for applications in spintronics. For their technological exploitation, it is important to understand the role of surfaces and interfaces to other materials and their impact on the emergent magnetic orders. Here, we demonstrate for iron telluride, the nonsuperconducting parent compound of the iron chalcogenide superconductors, determination and manipulation of the surface magnetic structure by low-temperature spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy. Iron telluride exhibits a complex structural and magnetic phase diagram as a function of interstitial iron concentration. Several theories have been put forward to explain the different magnetic orders observed in the phase diagram, which ascribe a dominant role either to interactions mediated by itinerant electrons or to local moment interactions. Through the controlled removal of surface excess iron, we can separate the influence of the excess iron from that of the change in the lattice structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Trainer
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Chi M. Yim
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
| | - Christoph Heil
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
- Institute of Theoretical and Computational Physics, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Feliciano Giustino
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Dorina Croitori
- Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Experimental Physics V, University of Augsburg, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, MD 2028 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Vladimir Tsurkan
- Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Experimental Physics V, University of Augsburg, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of Applied Physics, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, MD 2028 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Alois Loidl
- Center for Electronic Correlations and Magnetism, Experimental Physics V, University of Augsburg, D-86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Efrain E. Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry of Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Chris Stock
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JZ, UK
| | - Peter Wahl
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9SS, UK
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Abstract
A partial substitution such as Ce in SmCo 5 could be a brilliant way to improve the magnetic performance, because it will introduce strain in the structure and breaks the lattice symmetry in a way that enhances the contribution of the Co atoms to magnetocrystalline anisotropy. However, Ce substitutions, which are benefit to improve the magnetocrystalline anisotropy, are detrimental to enhance the Curie temperature ( T C ). With the requirements of wide operating temperature range of magnetic devices, it is important to quantitatively explore the relationship between the T C and ferromagnetic exchange energy. In this paper we show, based on mean-field approximation, artificial tensile strain in SmCo 5 induced by substitution leads to enhanced effective ferromagnetic exchange energy and T C , even though Ce atom itself reduces T C .
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