1
|
Imai S, Tóth G, Gühne O. Collective Randomized Measurements in Quantum Information Processing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:060203. [PMID: 39178439 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.060203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
The concept of randomized measurements on individual particles has proven to be useful for analyzing quantum systems and is central for methods like shadow tomography of quantum states. We introduce collective randomized measurements as a tool in quantum information processing. Our idea is to perform measurements of collective angular momentum on a quantum system and actively rotate the directions using simultaneous multilateral unitaries. Based on the moments of the resulting probability distribution, we propose systematic approaches to characterize quantum entanglement in a collective-reference-frame-independent manner. First, we show that existing spin-squeezing inequalities can be accessible in this scenario. Next, we present an entanglement criterion based on three-body correlations, going beyond spin-squeezing inequalities with two-body correlations. Finally, we apply our method to characterize entanglement between spatially separated two ensembles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satoya Imai
- Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Fakultät, Universität Siegen, Walter-Flex-Straße 3, 57068 Siegen, Germany
- QSTAR, INO-CNR, and LENS, Largo Enrico Fermi, 2, 50125 Firenze, Italy
| | - Géza Tóth
- Department of Theoretical Physics, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, ES-48940 Leioa, Biscay, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P.O. Box 1072, E-20080 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, E-48009 Bilbao, Spain
- HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, P.O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ehlen L, Schmueck-Henneresse M. The rise of patient avatars in precision oncology. Nat Biotechnol 2024; 42:1173-1174. [PMID: 39060349 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-024-02335-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Ehlen
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Experimental Immunotherapy, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael Schmueck-Henneresse
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Experimental Immunotherapy, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Troullinou C, Lucivero VG, Mitchell MW. Quantum-Enhanced Magnetometry at Optimal Number Density. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:133602. [PMID: 37831996 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.133602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
We study the use of squeezed probe light and evasion of measurement backaction to enhance the sensitivity and measurement bandwidth of an optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) at sensitivity-optimal atom number density. By experimental observation, and in agreement with quantum noise modeling, a spin-exchange-limited OPM probed with off-resonance laser light is shown to have an optimal sensitivity determined by density-dependent quantum noise contributions. Application of squeezed probe light boosts the OPM sensitivity beyond this laser-light optimum, allowing the OPM to achieve sensitivities that it cannot reach with coherent-state probing at any density. The observed quantum sensitivity enhancement at optimal number density is enabled by measurement backaction evasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charikleia Troullinou
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Vito Giovanni Lucivero
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Morgan W Mitchell
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lu F, Li B, Lu J, Ye M, Ning X, Han B. Scanning a multi-channel spin-exchange relaxation-free atomic magnetometer with high spatial and time resolution. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:3908-3911. [PMID: 35913344 DOI: 10.1364/ol.465832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The emerging multi-channel spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometer is a promising candidate for non-intrusive biomagnetism imaging. In this study, we propose a scanning 9-channel SERF magnetometer based on an acousto-optic modulator (AOM). Using the diffraction light of the AOM as the probe laser (with a low laser power of 1.7 mW), 9 channels were rapidly scanned by altering the diffraction angle. The scanning imaging scheme provides a new, to the best of our knowledge, approach for multi-channel magnetic field measurement and realizes a single-channel sensitivity of about 3 fT/Hz1/2, a spatial resolution of 0.6 mm, and a time resolution of about 2.7 ms, which is well suited for real-time extremely weak magnetic field imaging.
Collapse
|
5
|
Nawafleh S, Qaswal AB, Alali O, Zayed FM, Al-Azzam AM, Al-Kharouf K, Ali MB, Albliwi MA, Al-Hamarsheh R, Iswaid M, Albanna A, Enjadat A, Al-Adwan MAO, Dibbeh K, Shareah EAA, Hamdan A, Suleiman A. Quantum Mechanical Aspects in the Pathophysiology of Neuropathic Pain. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12050658. [PMID: 35625044 PMCID: PMC9140023 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12050658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a challenging complaint for patients and clinicians since there are no effective agents available to get satisfactory outcomes even though the pharmacological agents target reasonable pathophysiological mechanisms. This may indicate that other aspects in these mechanisms should be unveiled to comprehend the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and thus find more effective treatments. Therefore, in the present study, several mechanisms are chosen to be reconsidered in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain from a quantum mechanical perspective. The mathematical model of the ions quantum tunneling model is used to provide quantum aspects in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Three major pathophysiological mechanisms are revisited in the context of the quantum tunneling model. These include: (1) the depolarized membrane potential of neurons; (2) the cross-talk or the ephaptic coupling between the neurons; and (3) the spontaneous neuronal activity and the emergence of ectopic action potentials. We will show mathematically that the quantum tunneling model can predict the occurrence of neuronal membrane depolarization attributed to the quantum tunneling current of sodium ions. Moreover, the probability of inducing an ectopic action potential in the axons of neurons will be calculated and will be shown to be significant and influential. These ectopic action potentials are generated due to the formation of quantum synapses which are assumed to be the mechanism behind the ephaptic transmission. Furthermore, the spontaneous neuronal activity and the emergence of ectopic action potentials independently from any adjacent stimulated neurons are predicted to occur according to the quantum tunneling model. All these quantum mechanical aspects contribute to the overall hyperexcitability of the neurons and to the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain. Additionally, providing a new perspective in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain may improve our understanding of how the neuropathic pain is generated and maintained and may offer new effective agents that can improve the overall clinical outcomes of the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sager Nawafleh
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan;
| | - Abdallah Barjas Qaswal
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.M.Z.); (M.B.A.); (M.A.A.); (R.A.-H.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (M.A.O.A.-A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Obada Alali
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Alabdali Clemenceau Hospital, Amman 11190, Jordan;
| | - Fuad Mohammed Zayed
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.M.Z.); (M.B.A.); (M.A.A.); (R.A.-H.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (M.A.O.A.-A.)
| | | | - Khaled Al-Kharouf
- Southampton Orthopedics: Centre for Arthroplasty and Revision Surgery, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
| | - Mo’ath Bani Ali
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.M.Z.); (M.B.A.); (M.A.A.); (R.A.-H.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (M.A.O.A.-A.)
| | - Moath Ahmad Albliwi
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.M.Z.); (M.B.A.); (M.A.A.); (R.A.-H.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (M.A.O.A.-A.)
| | - Rawan Al-Hamarsheh
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.M.Z.); (M.B.A.); (M.A.A.); (R.A.-H.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (M.A.O.A.-A.)
| | - Mohammad Iswaid
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.M.Z.); (M.B.A.); (M.A.A.); (R.A.-H.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (M.A.O.A.-A.)
| | - Ahmad Albanna
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.M.Z.); (M.B.A.); (M.A.A.); (R.A.-H.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (M.A.O.A.-A.)
| | - Ahmad Enjadat
- Department of Internship Program, Jordan University Hospital, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Mohammad Abu Orabi Al-Adwan
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (F.M.Z.); (M.B.A.); (M.A.A.); (R.A.-H.); (M.I.); (A.A.); (M.A.O.A.-A.)
| | - Khaled Dibbeh
- Leicester University Hospitals, P.O. Box 7853, Leicester LE1 9WW, UK;
| | - Ez-Aldeen Abu Shareah
- Accident and Emergency Department, The Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Hamstel Road, Harlow CM20 1QX, UK;
| | - Anas Hamdan
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, Istishari Hospital, Amman 11184, Jordan;
| | - Aiman Suleiman
- Department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care and Pain Management, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Application of the Catecholaminergic Neuron Electron Transport (CNET) Physical Substrate for Consciousness and Action Selection to Integrated Information Theory. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24010091. [PMID: 35052119 PMCID: PMC8774445 DOI: 10.3390/e24010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A newly discovered physical mechanism involving incoherent electron tunneling in layers of the protein ferritin that are found in catecholaminergic neurons (catecholaminergic neuron electron transport or CNET) is hypothesized to support communication between neurons. Recent tests further confirm that these ferritin layers can also perform a switching function (in addition to providing an electron tunneling mechanism) that could be associated with action selection in those neurons, consistent with earlier predictions based on CNET. While further testing would be needed to confirm the hypothesis that CNET allows groups of neurons to communicate and act as a switch for selecting one of the neurons in the group to assist in reaching action potential, this paper explains how that hypothesized behavior would be consistent with Integrated Information Theory (IIT), one of a number of consciousness theories (CTs). While the sheer number of CTs suggest that any one of them alone is not sufficient to explain consciousness, this paper demonstrates that CNET can provide a physical substrate and action selection mechanism that is consistent with IIT and which can also be applied to other CTs, such as to conform them into a single explanation of consciousness.
Collapse
|
7
|
Troullinou C, Jiménez-Martínez R, Kong J, Lucivero VG, Mitchell MW. Squeezed-Light Enhancement and Backaction Evasion in a High Sensitivity Optically Pumped Magnetometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:193601. [PMID: 34797131 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.193601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We study the effect of optical polarization squeezing on the performance of a sensitive, quantum-noise-limited optically pumped magnetometer. We use Bell-Bloom (BB) optical pumping to excite a ^{87}Rb vapor containing 8.2×10^{12} atoms/cm^{3} and Faraday rotation to detect spin precession. The sub-pT/sqrt[Hz] sensitivity is limited by spin projection noise (photon shot noise) at low (high) frequencies. Probe polarization squeezing both improves high-frequency sensitivity and increases measurement bandwidth, with no loss of sensitivity at any frequency, a direct demonstration of the evasion of measurement backaction noise. We provide a model for the quantum noise dynamics of the BB magnetometer, including spin projection noise, probe polarization noise, and measurement backaction effects. The theory shows how polarization squeezing reduces optical noise, while measurement backaction due to the accompanying ellipticity antisqueezing is shunted into the unmeasured spin component. The method is compatible with high-density and multipass techniques that reach extreme sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Troullinou
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - R Jiménez-Martínez
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - J Kong
- Department of Physics, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 310018 Hangzhou, China
| | - V G Lucivero
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - M W Mitchell
- ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- ICREA - Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Critical dynamics and phase transition of a strongly interacting warm spin gas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106400118. [PMID: 34686598 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106400118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phase transitions are emergent phenomena where microscopic interactions drive a disordered system into a collectively ordered phase. Near the boundary between two phases, the system can exhibit critical, scale-invariant behavior. Here, we report on a second-order phase transition accompanied by critical behavior in a system of warm cesium spins driven by linearly polarized light. The ordered phase exhibits macroscopic magnetization when the interactions between the spins become dominant. We measure the phase diagram of the system and observe the collective behavior near the phase boundaries, including power-law dependence of the magnetization and divergence of the susceptibility. Out of equilibrium, we observe a critical slowdown of the spin response time by two orders of magnitude, exceeding 5 s near the phase boundary. This work establishes a controlled platform for investigating equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties of magnetic phases.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tang J, Yin Y, Zhai Y, Zhou B, Han B, Yang H, Liu G. Transient dynamics of atomic spin in the spin-exchange-relaxation-free regime. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:8333-8343. [PMID: 33820281 DOI: 10.1364/oe.418776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we experimentally study transient dynamics of spin polarized atoms in the spin-exchange-relaxation-free (SERF) regime with a single-beam configuration. We pumped atoms with a weak detuning pumping beam, along with a sequence of magnetic field pulses orthogonal to the pumping beam were applied. The dynamics of atomic spin, which experiences Larmor precession under the perturbation of magnetic field, is detected by the transmitted pumping beam. Benefited from the long coherence time of atomic spin in the SERF regime, the dependence of precession frequency and decay rate, which is equal to the magnetic resonance linewidth of atomic spin, on magnetic fields is studied with the transient dynamics of atomic spin in the limit of low spin polarization. Moreover, we demonstrate that coil constants can be calibrated by analyzing the precession frequency of the transient dynamics of atomic spin. And the experimental results show that the coil constants are 114.25 ± 0.02 nT/mA and 114.12 ± 0.04 nT/mA in x- and y-axis, respectively. This method is particularly applicable to study the atomic spin dynamics and calibrate the coil constant in situ of a miniature single-beam SERF magnetometer.
Collapse
|
10
|
Qaswal AB, Ababneh O, Khreesha L, Al-Ani A, Suleihat A, Abbad M. Mathematical Modeling of Ion Quantum Tunneling Reveals Novel Properties of Voltage-Gated Channels and Quantum Aspects of Their Pathophysiology in Excitability-Related Disorders. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2021; 28:116-154. [PMID: 35366274 PMCID: PMC8830480 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology28010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Voltage-gated channels are crucial in action potential initiation and propagation and there are many diseases and disorders related to them. Additionally, the classical mechanics are the main mechanics used to describe the function of the voltage-gated channels and their related abnormalities. However, the quantum mechanics should be considered to unravel new aspects in the voltage-gated channels and resolve the problems and challenges that classical mechanics cannot solve. In the present study, the aim is to mathematically show that quantum mechanics can exhibit a powerful tendency to unveil novel electrical features in voltage-gated channels and be used as a promising tool to solve the problems and challenges in the pathophysiology of excitability-related diseases. The model of quantum tunneling of ions through the intracellular hydrophobic gate is used to evaluate the influence of membrane potential and gating free energy on the tunneling probability, single channel conductance, and quantum membrane conductance. This evaluation is mainly based on graphing the mathematical relationships between these variables. The obtained mathematical graphs showed that ions can achieve significant quantum membrane conductance, which can affect the resting membrane potential and the excitability of cells. In the present work, quantum mechanics reveals original electrical properties associated with voltage-gated channels and introduces new insights and implications into the pathophysiology of excitability- related disorders. In addition, the present work sets a mathematical and theoretical framework that can be utilized to conduct experimental studies in order to explore the quantum aspects of voltage-gated channels and the quantum bioelectrical property of biological membranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Barjas Qaswal
- Department of Internship Program, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Omar Ababneh
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Lubna Khreesha
- Department of Special Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Abdallah Al-Ani
- School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan;
| | - Ahmad Suleihat
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (A.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Mutaz Abbad
- Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan; (A.S.); (M.A.)
| |
Collapse
|