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Błachucki W, Johnson PJM, Usov I, Divall E, Cirelli C, Knopp G, Juranić P, Patthey L, Szlachetko J, Lemke H, Milne C, Arrell C. Correlation of refractive index based and THz streaking arrival time tools for a hard X-ray free-electron laser. J Synchrotron Radiat 2024; 31:233-242. [PMID: 38252522 PMCID: PMC10914176 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523010500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
To fully exploit ultra-short X-ray pulse durations routinely available at X-ray free-electron lasers to follow out-of-equilibrium dynamics, inherent arrival time fluctuations of the X-ray pulse with an external perturbing laser pulse need to be measured. In this work, two methods of arrival time measurement were compared to measure the arrival time jitter of hard X-ray pulses. The methods were photoelectron streaking by a THz field and a transient refractive index change of a semiconductor. The methods were validated by shot-to-shot correction of a pump-probe transient reflectivity measurement. An ultimate shot-to-shot full width at half-maximum error between the devices of 19.2 ± 0.1 fs was measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Błachucki
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-342 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Ivan Usov
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Edwin Divall
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Cirelli
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Gregor Knopp
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Pavle Juranić
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Luc Patthey
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jakub Szlachetko
- National Synchrotron Radiation Centre Solaris, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Henrik Lemke
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Christopher Milne
- SwissFEL, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- European XFEL GmbH, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
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2
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Lima FA, Otte F, Vakili M, Ardana-Lamas F, Biednov M, Dall’Antonia F, Frankenberger P, Gawelda W, Gelisio L, Han H, Huang X, Jiang Y, Kloos M, Kluyver T, Knoll M, Kubicek K, Bermudez Macias IJ, Schulz J, Turkot O, Uemura Y, Valerio J, Wang H, Yousef H, Zalden P, Khakhulin D, Bressler C, Milne C. Experimental capabilities for liquid jet samples at sub-MHz rates at the FXE Instrument at European XFEL. J Synchrotron Radiat 2023; 30:1168-1182. [PMID: 37860937 PMCID: PMC10624029 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577523008159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The Femtosecond X-ray Experiments (FXE) instrument at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) provides an optimized platform for investigations of ultrafast physical, chemical and biological processes. It operates in the energy range 4.7-20 keV accommodating flexible and versatile environments for a wide range of samples using diverse ultrafast X-ray spectroscopic, scattering and diffraction techniques. FXE is particularly suitable for experiments taking advantage of the sub-MHz repetition rates provided by the EuXFEL. In this paper a dedicated setup for studies on ultrafast biological and chemical dynamics in solution phase at sub-MHz rates at FXE is presented. Particular emphasis on the different liquid jet sample delivery options and their performance is given. Our portfolio of high-speed jets compatible with sub-MHz experiments includes cylindrical jets, gas dynamic virtual nozzles and flat jets. The capability to perform multi-color X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) experiments is illustrated by a set of measurements using the dispersive X-ray spectrometer in von Hamos geometry. Static XES data collected using a multi-crystal scanning Johann-type spectrometer are also presented. A few examples of experimental results on ultrafast time-resolved X-ray emission spectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray scattering at sub-MHz pulse repetition rates are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. A. Lima
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - F. Otte
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Fakultät für Physik, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - M. Vakili
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - M. Biednov
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | | | - W. Gawelda
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- Faculty of Physics, Adam Mickiewicz University, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - L. Gelisio
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - H. Han
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - X. Huang
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Y. Jiang
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - M. Kloos
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T. Kluyver
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - M. Knoll
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - K. Kubicek
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - J. Schulz
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - O. Turkot
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - Y. Uemura
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - J. Valerio
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - H. Wang
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - H. Yousef
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - P. Zalden
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - D. Khakhulin
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - C. Bressler
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - C. Milne
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
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3
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Li H, Wang X, Yuan K, Lv L, Liu K, Li Z. Fluorescent Mechanism of a Highly Selective Probe for Copper(II) Detection: A Theoretical Study. ACS Omega 2023; 8:17171-17180. [PMID: 37214676 PMCID: PMC10193560 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A highly selective probe for copper(II) detection based on the dansyl group was theoretically studied by means of (time-dependent) density functional theory. The calculated results indicated that the oscillator strength of the fluorescent process for the probe molecule is considerably large, but the counterpart of its copper(II) complex is nearly zero; therefore, the predicted radiative rate kr of the probe is several orders of magnitude larger than that of its complex; however, the predicted internal conversion rate kic of both the probe and its complex is of the same order of magnitude. In addition, the simulated intersystem crossing rate kisc of the complex is much greater than that of the probe due to the effect of heavy atom from the copper atom in the complex. Based on the above information, the calculated fluorescence quantum yield of the probe is 0.16% and that of the complex becomes 10-6%, which implies that the first excited state of the probe is bright state and that of the complex is dark state. For the complex, the hole-electron pair analysis indicates that the process of S0 → S1 belongs to metal-to-ligand charge transfer; its density-of-state diagram visually illustrates that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) contains the ingredient of the s orbital from the copper atom, which decreases the frontier orbital energy level and the overlap integral of HOMO and LUMO.
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Taubert J, Vogt M, Langer R. Mass spectrometric detection of ion pairs containing rigid copper clusters and weakly coordinating counter ions using liquid injection field desorption/ionisation. Eur J Mass Spectrom (Chichester) 2023; 29:68-74. [PMID: 36437773 DOI: 10.1177/14690667221139419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A comparative mass spectrometric investigation using electrospray ionisation (ESI) and liquid injection field desorption/ionisation (LIFDI) techniques is reported for the highly luminescent and cationic copper cluster [(PCP)3Cu4]+ (1[Formula: see text], PCP = [1,3-(Ph2P)2C6H3]-). Depending on the available counter ion X-, ion pairs consisting of the original or a modified cluster cation and the weakly coordinating counter ion can be detected by LIFDI-high-resolution-mass spectrometry in addition to the cluster cation. Notably, only large counter ions with an extremely low tendency for metal coordination give rise to the observation of ion pairs, whereas smaller ions such as BF4- do not show peaks corresponding to ion pairs in their mass spectra. In principle, two pathways were identified for the formation of positively charged ion pairs: (i) association of a generated Cu+ ion to the neutral ion pair [(PCP)3Cu4]X (1+X, X- = BAr20F, BAr24F) and (ii) abstraction of an electron from the neutral ion pair [(PCP)3Cu4]X (1+X), leading to the oxidised ion pair [1+X][Formula: see text] (X- = Al(ORF)4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Taubert
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Matthias Vogt
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Robert Langer
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science II, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
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Jana A, Jash M, Dar WA, Roy J, Chakraborty P, Paramasivam G, Lebedkin S, Kirakci K, Manna S, Antharjanam S, Machacek J, Kucerakova M, Ghosh S, Lang K, Kappes MM, Base T, Pradeep T. Carborane-thiol protected copper nanoclusters: stimuli-responsive materials with tunable phosphorescence. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1613-1626. [PMID: 36794193 PMCID: PMC9906781 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06578a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomically precise nanomaterials with tunable solid-state luminescence attract global interest. In this work, we present a new class of thermally stable isostructural tetranuclear copper nanoclusters (NCs), shortly Cu4@oCBT, Cu4@mCBT and Cu4@ICBT, protected by nearly isomeric carborane thiols: ortho-carborane-9-thiol, meta-carborane-9-thiol and ortho-carborane 12-iodo 9-thiol, respectively. They have a square planar Cu4 core and a butterfly-shaped Cu4S4 staple, which is appended with four respective carboranes. For Cu4@ICBT, strain generated by the bulky iodine substituents on the carboranes makes the Cu4S4 staple flatter in comparison to other clusters. High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR ESI-MS) and collision energy-dependent fragmentation, along with other spectroscopic and microscopic studies, confirm their molecular structure. Although none of these clusters show any visible luminescence in solution, bright μs-long phosphorescence is observed in their crystalline forms. The Cu4@oCBT and Cu4@mCBT NCs are green emitting with quantum yields (Φ) of 81 and 59%, respectively, whereas Cu4@ICBT is orange emitting with a Φ of 18%. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the nature of their respective electronic transitions. The green luminescence of Cu4@oCBT and Cu4@mCBT clusters gets shifted to yellow after mechanical grinding, but it is regenerated after exposure to solvent vapour, whereas the orange emission of Cu4@ICBT is not affected by mechanical grinding. Structurally flattened Cu4@ICBT didn't show mechanoresponsive luminescence in contrast to other clusters, having bent Cu4S4 structures. Cu4@oCBT and Cu4@mCBT are thermally stable up to 400 °C. Cu4@oCBT retained green emission even upon heating to 200 °C under ambient conditions, while Cu4@mCBT changed from green to yellow in the same window. This is the first report on structurally flexible carborane thiol appended Cu4 NCs having stimuli-responsive tunable solid-state phosphorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Jana
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
| | - Madhuri Jash
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
| | - Wakeel Ahmed Dar
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
| | - Jayoti Roy
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
| | - Papri Chakraborty
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Eggenstein Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Ganesan Paramasivam
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
| | - Sergei Lebedkin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Eggenstein Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Kaplan Kirakci
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Science 25068 Rez Czech Republic
| | - Sujan Manna
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
| | - Sudhadevi Antharjanam
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
| | - Jan Machacek
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Science 25068 Rez Czech Republic
| | - Monika Kucerakova
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Na Slovance4 1999/2, 182 21, Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Sundargopal Ghosh
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
| | - Kamil Lang
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Science 25068 Rez Czech Republic
| | - Manfred M Kappes
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Eggenstein Leopoldshafen 76344 Germany
| | - Tomas Base
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, The Czech Academy of Science 25068 Rez Czech Republic
| | - Thalappil Pradeep
- DST Unit of Nanoscience (DST UNS) and Thematic Unit of Excellence (TUE), Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai - 600036 India
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Nolting F, Bostedt C, Schietinger T, Braun H. The Swiss Light Source and SwissFEL at the Paul Scherrer Institute. Eur Phys J Plus 2023; 138:126. [PMID: 36779165 PMCID: PMC9900202 DOI: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-023-03721-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
At the Paul Scherrer Institute, two electron accelerator-based photon sources are in operation, namely a synchrotron source, the swiss light source (SLS), and an X-ray free-electron laser, SwissFEL. SLS has been operational since 2001 and SwissFEL since 2017. In this time, unique and world-leading scientific programs and methods have developed from the SLS and the SwissFEL in fields as diverse as macromolecular biology, chemical and physical sciences, imaging, and the electronic structure and behaviour of novel and complex materials. To continue the success, a major upgrade of SLS, the SLS2.0 project, is ongoing and at SwissFEL further endstations are under construction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hans Braun
- Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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7
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Vogt M, Smolentsev G. Time‐Resolved X‐Ray Spectroscopy to Study Luminophores with Relevance for OLEDs. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Vogt
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften II, Institut für Chemie Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Grigory Smolentsev
- Energy and Environment Research Division Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 5232 Villigen-PSI Switzerland
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8
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Kim Y, Nam D, Ma R, Kim S, Kim MJ, Kim J, Eom I, Lee JH, Kim TK. Development of an experimental apparatus to observe ultrafast phenomena by tender X-ray absorption spectroscopy at PAL-XFEL. J Synchrotron Radiat 2022; 29:194-201. [PMID: 34985436 PMCID: PMC8733995 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577521011449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the ultrafast dynamics of molecules is of fundamental importance. Time-resolved X-ray absorption spectroscopy (TR-XAS) is a powerful spectroscopic technique for unveiling the time-dependent structural and electronic information of molecules that has been widely applied in various fields. Herein, the design and technical achievement of a newly developed experimental apparatus for TR-XAS measurements in the tender X-ray range with X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory XFEL (PAL-XFEL) are described. Femtosecond TR-XAS measurements were conducted at the Ru L3-edge of well known photosensitizer tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) in water. The results indicate ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer from the Ru center to the ligand, which demonstrates that the newly designed setup is applicable for monitoring ultrafast reactions in the femtosecond domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03772, Republic of Korea
| | - Daewoong Nam
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Rory Ma
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsoo Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-jin Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhong Kim
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Intae Eom
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyuk Lee
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Photon Science Center, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03772, Republic of Korea
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Kim Y, Ma R, Lee J, Harich J, Nam D, Kim S, Kim M, Ochmann M, Eom I, Huse N, Lee JH, Kim TK. Ligand-Field Effects in a Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complex Probed by Femtosecond X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:12165-12172. [PMID: 34914396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We employ femtosecond X-ray absorption spectroscopy of [Ru(m-bpy)3]2+ (m-bpy = 6-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine) to elucidate the time evolution of the spin and charge density upon metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excitation. The core-level transitions at the Ru L3-edge reveal a very short MLCT lifetime of 0.9 ps and relaxation to the lowest triplet metal-centered state (3MC) which exhibits a lifetime of about 300 ps. Time-dependent density functional theory relates ligand methylation to a lower ligand field strength that stabilizes the 3MC state. A quarter of the 3MLCT population appears to be trapped which may be attributed to intramolecular vibrational relaxation or further electron transfer to the solvent. Our results demonstrate that small changes in the ligand field allow control of the photophysical properties. Moreover, this study underscores the high information content of femtosecond L-edge spectroscopy as a probe of valence charge density and spin-state in 4d transition metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Junho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jessica Harich
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Miguel Ochmann
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Nils Huse
- Department of Physics, University of Hamburg and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Tae Kyu Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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10
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Seidler B, Sittig M, Zens C, Tran JH, Müller C, Zhang Y, Schneider KRA, Görls H, Schubert A, Gräfe S, Schulz M, Dietzek B. Modulating the Excited-State Decay Pathways of Cu(I) 4 H-Imidazolate Complexes by Excitation Wavelength and Ligand Backbone. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:11498-11511. [PMID: 34617757 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c06902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cu(I) 4H-imidazolato complexes are excellent photosensitizers with broad and intense light absorption properties, based on an earth-abundant metal, and hold great promise as photosensitizers in artificial photosynthesis and for accumulation of redox equivalents. In this study, the excited-state relaxation dynamics of three novel heteroleptic Cu(I) 4H-imidazolato complexes with phenyl, tolyl, and mesityl side groups are systematically investigated by femtosecond and nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy and theoretical methods, complemented by steady-state absorption spectroscopy and (spectro)electrochemistry. After photoexcitation into the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) and intraligand charge transfer absorption band, fast (0.6-1 ps) intersystem crossing occurs into the triplet MLCT manifold. The triplet-state population relaxes via the geometrical planarization of the N-aryl rings on the Cu(I) 4H-imidazolato complexes. Depending on the initial Franck-Condon state, the remaining small singlet state population relaxes into two geometrically distinct minima geometries with similar energy, S1/2,relax and S3/4,relax. Subsequent ground-state recovery from S1/2,relax and internal conversion from S3/4,relax to S1/2,relax take place on a 100 ps time scale. The internal conversion can be understood as hole transfer from a dyz-orbital to a dxz-orbital, which is accompanied with the structural reorganization of the coordination environment. Generally, the photophysical processes are determined by the steric hindrance of the side groups on the ligands. And the excited singlet-state pathways are dependent on the excitation wavelength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Seidler
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Sittig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Clara Zens
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jens H Tran
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Carolin Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kilian R A Schneider
- Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Helmar Görls
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Schubert
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering (Fraunhofer IOF), Albert-Einstein-Str.7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schulz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Department Functional Interfaces, Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology Jena (Leibniz-IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Centre for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC-Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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11
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Utochnikova VV, Aslandukov AN, Vashchenko AA, Goloveshkin AS, Alexandrov AA, Grzibovskis R, Bünzli JCG. Identifying lifetime as one of the key parameters responsible for the low brightness of lanthanide-based OLEDs. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:12806-12813. [PMID: 34494066 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02269e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OLEDs based on lanthanide complexes have decisive optical advantages but are hampered by low brightness. Despite the efforts to optimize several parameters such as quantum yield and charge carrier mobility, there seems to be another key parameter that hinders their performances. Experimental data are therefore collected for mixed-ligand europium complexes with bathophenanthroline and different classes of anionic ligands and screened to identify the key parameter responsible for this situation, which turns out to be the long lifetime of their excited states. A broad literature search supports this conclusion, showing that lanthanide complexes are inferior to other classes of OLED emitters often because of their long lifetimes; furthermore, among a series of lanthanide complexes, the best results are achieved for those with the shortest lifetimes, even though they suffer from low quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina V Utochnikova
- Material Science Department and Chemistry Department of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation. .,Material Science Department of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey N Aslandukov
- Material Science Department of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russia, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.,Material Physics and Technology at Extreme Conditions, Laboratory of Crystallography, University of Bayreuth, Univesitaetsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andrey A Vashchenko
- Lebedev Physical Institute Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, GSP-1, Leninsky Avenue 53, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander S Goloveshkin
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, GSP-1, Vavilova St. 28, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey A Alexandrov
- Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia, GSP-1, Vavilova St. 34, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Raitis Grzibovskis
- Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Street, Riga, LV-1063, Latvia
| | - Jean-Claude G Bünzli
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland.,SUSTech, Shenzhen, Guangdong, PR China
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12
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Boden P, Di Martino‐Fumo P, Bens T, Steiger S, Albold U, Niedner‐Schatteburg G, Gerhards M, Sarkar B. NIR-Emissive Chromium(0), Molybdenum(0), and Tungsten(0) Complexes in the Solid State at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2021; 27:12959-12964. [PMID: 34237175 PMCID: PMC8519045 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of NIR emitters based on earth-abundant elements is an important goal in contemporary science. We present here Cr(0), Mo(0), and W(0) carbonyl complexes with a pyridyl-mesoionic carbene (MIC) based ligand. A detailed photophysical investigation shows that all the complexes exhibit dual emissions in the VIS and in the NIR region. The emissive excited states are assigned to two distinct triplet states by time-resolved emission and step-scan FTIR spectroscopy at variable temperature, supported by density functional theory. In particular, the NIR emissive triplet state exhibits unprecedented lifetimes of up to 600±10 ns and quantum yields reaching 1.7 ⋅ 10-4 at room temperature. These are the first examples of Cr(0), Mo(0) and W(0) complexes that emit in the NIR II region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pit Boden
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Patrick Di Martino‐Fumo
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Tobias Bens
- Chair of Inorganic Coordination ChemistryInstitute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
| | - Sophie Steiger
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Uta Albold
- Institute of Chemistry and BiochemistryFreie Universität BerlinFabeckstraße 34–3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Gereon Niedner‐Schatteburg
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center OptimasTU KaiserslauternErwin-Schrödinger-Straße 5267663KaiserslauternGermany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Chair of Inorganic Coordination ChemistryInstitute of Inorganic ChemistryUniversity of StuttgartPfaffenwaldring 5570569StuttgartGermany
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13
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Chen B, Huang W, Nie X, Liao F, Miao H, Zhang X, Zhang G. An Organic Host-Guest System Producing Room-Temperature Phosphorescence at the Parts-Per-Billion Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16970-16973. [PMID: 34080278 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of long-lived triplet excitons in organic molecules is key to applications including next-generation optoelectronics, background-free bioimaging, information encryption, and photodynamic therapy. However, for organic room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP), which stems from triplet excitons, it is still difficult to simultaneously achieve efficiency and lifetime enhancement on account of weak spin-orbit coupling and rapid nonradiative transitions, especially in the red and near-infrared region. Herein, we report that a series of fluorescent naphthalimides-which did not originally show observable phosphorescence in solution, as aggregates, in polymer films, or in any other tested host material, including heavy-atom matrices at cryogenic temperatures-can now efficiently produce ultralong RTP (ϕ=0.17, τ=243 ms) in phthalimide hosts. Notably, red RTP (λRTP =628 nm) is realized at a molar ratio of less than 10 parts per billion, demonstrating an unprecedentedly low guest-to-host ratio where efficient RTP can take place in molecular solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Rd, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Wenhuan Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Rd, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiancheng Nie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Rd, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Fan Liao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Rd, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hui Miao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Rd, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xuepeng Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Rd, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Rd, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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14
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Chen B, Huang W, Nie X, Liao F, Miao H, Zhang X, Zhang G. An Organic Host–Guest System Producing Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence at the Parts‐Per‐Billion Level. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Rd Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Wenhuan Huang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Rd Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Xiancheng Nie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Rd Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Fan Liao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Rd Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Hui Miao
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Rd Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Xuepeng Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Rd Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Guoqing Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at the Microscale University of Science and Technology of China 96 Jinzhai Rd Hefei Anhui 230026 China
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15
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Glatzel P, Harris A, Marion P, Sikora M, Weng TC, Guilloud C, Lafuerza S, Rovezzi M, Detlefs B, Ducotté L. The five-analyzer point-to-point scanning crystal spectrometer at ESRF ID26. J Synchrotron Radiat 2021; 28:362-371. [PMID: 33399588 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520015416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
X-ray emission spectroscopy in a point-to-point focusing geometry using instruments that employ more than one analyzer crystal poses challenges with respect to mechanical design and performance. This work discusses various options for positioning the components and provides the formulas for calculating their relative placement. Ray-tracing calculations were used to determine the geometrical contributions to the energy broadening including the source volume as given by the beam footprint on the sample. The alignment of the instrument is described and examples are given for the performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Glatzel
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Philippe Marion
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Marcin Sikora
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Tsu Chien Weng
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Cyril Guilloud
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sara Lafuerza
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Mauro Rovezzi
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Blanka Detlefs
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ludovic Ducotté
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron, 71 Avenue des Martyres, 38000 Grenoble, France
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16
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Richings GW, Habershon S. Direct Grid-Based Nonadiabatic Dynamics on Machine-Learned Potential Energy Surfaces: Application to Spin-Forbidden Processes. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9299-9313. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth W. Richings
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Habershon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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