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Le Bert N, Samandari T. Silent battles: immune responses in asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:159-170. [PMID: 38221577 PMCID: PMC10805869 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infections manifest with a broad spectrum of presentations, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe pneumonia and fatal outcomes. This review centers on asymptomatic infections, a widely reported phenomenon that has substantially contributed to the rapid spread of the pandemic. In such asymptomatic infections, we focus on the role of innate, humoral, and cellular immunity. Notably, asymptomatic infections are characterized by an early and robust innate immune response, particularly a swift type 1 IFN reaction, alongside a rapid and broad induction of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. Often, antibody levels tend to be lower or undetectable after asymptomatic infections, suggesting that the rapid control of viral replication by innate and cellular responses might impede the full triggering of humoral immunity. Even if antibody levels are present in the early convalescent phase, they wane rapidly below serological detection limits, particularly following asymptomatic infection. Consequently, prevalence studies reliant solely on serological assays likely underestimate the extent of community exposure to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Le Bert
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Taraz Samandari
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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Hitchings MDT, Patel EU, Khan R, Srikrishnan AK, Anderson M, Kumar KS, Wesolowski AP, Iqbal SH, Rodgers MA, Mehta SH, Cloherty G, Cummings DAT, Solomon SS. A Mixture Model for Estimating SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Chennai, India. Am J Epidemiol 2023; 192:1552-1561. [PMID: 37084085 PMCID: PMC10472327 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Serological assays used to estimate the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) often rely on manufacturers' cutoffs established on the basis of severe cases. We conducted a household-based serosurvey of 4,677 individuals in Chennai, India, from January to May 2021. Samples were tested for SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins. We calculated seroprevalence, defining seropositivity using manufacturer cutoffs and using a mixture model based on measured IgG level. Using manufacturer cutoffs, there was a 5-fold difference in seroprevalence estimated by each assay. This difference was largely reconciled using the mixture model, with estimated anti-S and anti-N IgG seroprevalence of 64.9% (95% credible interval (CrI): 63.8, 66.0) and 51.5% (95% CrI: 50.2, 52.9), respectively. Age and socioeconomic factors showed inconsistent relationships with anti-S and anti-N IgG seropositivity using manufacturer cutoffs. In the mixture model, age was not associated with seropositivity, and improved household ventilation was associated with lower seropositivity odds. With global vaccine scale-up, the utility of the more stable anti-S IgG assay may be limited due to the inclusion of the S protein in several vaccines. Estimates of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence using alternative targets must consider heterogeneity in seroresponse to ensure that seroprevalence is not underestimated and correlates are not misinterpreted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt D T Hitchings
- Correspondence to Dr. Matt Hitchings, Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 5th Floor, 2004 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32603 (e-mail: )
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Owusu-Boaitey N, Russell TW, Meyerowitz-Katz G, Levin AT, Herrera-Esposito D. Dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 seroassay sensitivity: a systematic review and modelling study. Euro Surveill 2023; 28:2200809. [PMID: 37227301 PMCID: PMC10283460 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2023.28.21.2200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSerological surveys have been the gold standard to estimate numbers of SARS-CoV-2 infections, the dynamics of the epidemic, and disease severity. Serological assays have decaying sensitivity with time that can bias their results, but there is a lack of guidelines to account for this phenomenon for SARS-CoV-2.AimOur goal was to assess the sensitivity decay of seroassays for detecting SARS-CoV-2 infections, the dependence of this decay on assay characteristics, and to provide a simple method to correct for this phenomenon.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of SARS-CoV-2 serology studies. We included studies testing previously diagnosed, unvaccinated individuals, and excluded studies of cohorts highly unrepresentative of the general population (e.g. hospitalised patients).ResultsOf the 488 screened studies, 76 studies reporting on 50 different seroassays were included in the analysis. Sensitivity decay depended strongly on the antigen and the analytic technique used by the assay, with average sensitivities ranging between 26% and 98% at 6 months after infection, depending on assay characteristics. We found that a third of the included assays departed considerably from manufacturer specifications after 6 months.ConclusionsSeroassay sensitivity decay depends on assay characteristics, and for some types of assays, it can make manufacturer specifications highly unreliable. We provide a tool to correct for this phenomenon and to assess the risk of decay for a given assay. Our analysis can guide the design and interpretation of serosurveys for SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens and quantify systematic biases in the existing serology literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Owusu-Boaitey
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, United States
- These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Timothy W Russell
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew T Levin
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, United States
- National Bureau for Economic Research, Cambridge, United States
- Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Herrera-Esposito
- These authors contributed equally to this work
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Centro Interdisciplinario en Ciencia de Datos y Aprendizaje Automático, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Pung R, Clapham HE, Russell TW, Lee VJ, Kucharski AJ. Relative role of border restrictions, case finding and contact tracing in controlling SARS-CoV-2 in the presence of undetected transmission: a mathematical modelling study. BMC Med 2023; 21:97. [PMID: 36927576 PMCID: PMC10019421 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the overall effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions to control the COVID-19 pandemic and reduce the burden of disease is crucial for future pandemic planning. However, quantifying the effectiveness of specific control measures and the extent of missed infections, in the absence of early large-scale serological surveys or random community testing, has remained challenging. METHODS Combining data on notified local COVID-19 cases with known and unknown sources of infections in Singapore with a branching process model, we reconstructed the incidence of missed infections during the early phase of the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and Delta variant transmission. We then estimated the relative effectiveness of border control measures, case finding and contact tracing when there was no or low vaccine coverage in the population. We compared the risk of ICU admission and death between the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 and the Delta variant in notified cases and all infections. RESULTS We estimated strict border control measures were associated with 0.2 (95% credible intervals, CrI 0.04-0.8) missed imported infections per notified case between July and December 2020, a decline from around 1 missed imported infection per notified case in the early phases of the pandemic. Contact tracing was estimated to identify 78% (95% CrI 62-93%) of the secondary infections generated by notified cases before the partial lockdown in Apr 2020, but this declined to 63% (95% CrI 56-71%) during the lockdown and rebounded to 78% (95% CrI 58-94%) during reopening in Jul 2020. The contribution of contact tracing towards overall outbreak control also hinges on ability to find cases with unknown sources of infection: 42% (95% CrI 12-84%) of such cases were found prior to the lockdown; 10% (95% CrI 7-15%) during the lockdown; 47% (95% CrI 17-85%) during reopening, due to increased testing capacity and health-seeking behaviour. We estimated around 63% (95% CrI 49-78%) of the wild-type SARS-CoV-2 infections were undetected during 2020 and around 70% (95% CrI 49-91%) for the Delta variant in 2021. CONCLUSIONS Combining models with case linkage data enables evaluation of the effectiveness of different components of outbreak control measures, and provides more reliable situational awareness when some cases are missed. Using such approaches for early identification of the weakest link in containment efforts could help policy makers to better redirect limited resources to strengthen outbreak control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Pung
- Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore.
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Hannah E Clapham
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy W Russell
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vernon J Lee
- Ministry of Health, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adam J Kucharski
- Centre for the Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Nguipdop-Djomo P, Oswald WE, Halliday KE, Cook S, Sturgess J, Sundaram N, Warren-Gash C, Fine PE, Glynn J, Allen E, Clark TG, Ford B, Judd A, Ireland G, Poh J, Bonell C, Dawe F, Rourke E, Diamond I, Ladhani SN, Langan SM, Hargreaves J, Mangtani P. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection in primary and secondary school students and staff in England in the 2020/2021 school year: a longitudinal study. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 128:230-243. [PMID: 36621754 PMCID: PMC9815858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Investigate risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infections in school students and staff. METHODS In the 2020/2021 school year, we administered polymerase chain reaction, antibody tests, and questionnaires to a sample of primary and secondary school students and staff, with data linkage to COVID-19 surveillance. We fitted logistic regression models to identify the factors associated with infection. RESULTS We included 6799 students and 5090 staff in the autumn and 11,952 students and 4569 staff in the spring/summer terms. Infections in students in autumn 2020 were related to the percentage of students eligible for free school meals. We found no statistical association between infection risk in primary and secondary schools and reported contact patterns between students and staff in either period in our study. Using public transports was associated with increased risk in autumn in students (adjusted odds ratio = 1.72; 95% confidence interval 1.31-2.25) and staff. One or more infections in the same household during either period was the strongest risk factor for infection in students and more so among staff. CONCLUSION Deprivation, community, and household factors were more strongly associated with infection than contacts patterns at school; this suggests that the additional school-based mitigation measures in England in 2020/2021 likely helped reduce transmission risk in schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Nguipdop-Djomo
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - William E Oswald
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Katherine E Halliday
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sarah Cook
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joanna Sturgess
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Neisha Sundaram
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Warren-Gash
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Paul Em Fine
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Judith Glynn
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Allen
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Taane G Clark
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Benjamin Ford
- Office for National Statistics, Government Buildings, Newport, UK
| | - Alison Judd
- Office for National Statistics, Government Buildings, Newport, UK
| | | | - John Poh
- Public Health Programmes, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | - Chris Bonell
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Fiona Dawe
- Office for National Statistics, Government Buildings, Newport, UK
| | - Emma Rourke
- Office for National Statistics, Government Buildings, Newport, UK
| | - Ian Diamond
- Office for National Statistics, Government Buildings, Newport, UK
| | - Shamez N Ladhani
- Public Health Programmes, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK; Paediatric Infectious Diseases Research Group, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Sinéad M Langan
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - James Hargreaves
- Faculty of Public Health and Policy, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Punam Mangtani
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Kumar THV, Srinivasan S, Krishnan V, Vaidyanathan R, Babu KA, Natarajan S, Veerapandian M. Peptide-based direct electrochemical detection of receptor binding domains of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in pristine samples. Sens Actuators B Chem 2023; 377:133052. [PMID: 36438197 PMCID: PMC9682882 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2022.133052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
RNA isolation and amplification-free user-friendly detection of SARS-CoV-2 is the need of hour especially at resource limited settings. Herein, we devised the peptides of human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (hACE-2) as bioreceptor at electrode interface for selective targeting of receptor binding domains (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP). Disposable carbon-screen printed electrode modified with methylene blue (MB) electroadsorbed graphene oxide (GO) has been constructed as cost-efficient and scalable platform for hACE-2 peptide-based SARS-CoV-2 detection. In silico molecular docking of customized 25 mer peptides with RBD of SARS-CoV-2 SP were validated by AutoDock CrankPep. N-terminal region of ACE-2 showed higher binding affinity of - 20.6 kcal/mol with 15 H-bond, 9 of which were < 3 Å. Electrochemical biosensing of different concentrations of SPs were determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA), enabling a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.58 pg/mL and 0.71 pg/mL, respectively. MB-GO devised hACE-2 peptide platform exert an enhanced current sensitivity of 0.0105 mA/pg mL-1 cm-2 (R2 = 0.9792) (CV) and 0.45 nA/pg mL-1 (R2 = 0.9570) (CA) against SP in the range of 1 pg/mL to 1 µg/mL. For clinical feasibility, nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab specimens in viral transport medium were directly tested with the prepared peptide biosensor and validated with RT-PCR, promising for point-of-need analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Vignesh Kumar
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sowmiya Srinivasan
- Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Center of Excellence in Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vinoth Krishnan
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Rama Vaidyanathan
- Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Center of Excellence in Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kannadasan Anand Babu
- Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Center of Excellence in Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Dr. M.G.R. Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sudhakar Natarajan
- Department of Virology and Biotechnology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai 600031, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Murugan Veerapandian
- Electrodics and Electrocatalysis Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Olmstead AD, Nikiforuk AM, Schwartz S, Márquez AC, Valadbeigy T, Flores E, Saran M, Goldfarb DM, Hayden A, Masud S, Russell SL, Prystajecky N, Jassem AN, Morshed M, Sekirov I. Characterizing Longitudinal Antibody Responses in Recovered Individuals Following COVID-19 Infection and Single-Dose Vaccination: A Prospective Cohort Study. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112416. [PMID: 36366515 PMCID: PMC9694471 DOI: 10.3390/v14112416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Investigating antibody titers in individuals who have been both naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 and vaccinated can provide insight into antibody dynamics and correlates of protection over time. METHODS Human coronavirus (HCoV) IgG antibodies were measured longitudinally in a prospective cohort of qPCR-confirmed, COVID-19 recovered individuals (k = 57) in British Columbia pre- and post-vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 and endemic HCoV antibodies were measured in serum collected between Nov. 2020 and Sept. 2021 (n = 341). Primary analysis used a linear mixed-effects model to understand the effect of single dose vaccination on antibody concentrations adjusting for biological sex, age, time from infection and vaccination. Secondary analysis investigated the cumulative incidence of high SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG seroreactivity equal to or greater than 5.5 log10 AU/mL up to 105 days post-vaccination. No re-infections were detected in vaccinated participants, post-vaccination by qPCR performed on self-collected nasopharyngeal specimens. RESULTS Bivariate analysis (complete data for 42 participants, 270 samples over 472 days) found SARS-CoV-2 spike and RBD antibodies increased 14-56 days post-vaccination (p < 0.001) and vaccination prevented waning (regression coefficient, B = 1.66 [95%CI: 1.45-3.46]); while decline of nucleocapsid antibodies over time was observed (regression coefficient, B = -0.24 [95%CI: -1.2-(-0.12)]). A positive association was found between COVID-19 vaccination and endemic human β-coronavirus IgG titer 14-56 days post vaccination (OC43, p = 0.02 & HKU1, p = 0.02). On average, SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG concentration increased in participants who received one vaccine dose by 2.06 log10 AU/mL (95%CI: 1.45-3.46) adjusting for age, biological sex, and time since infection. Cumulative incidence of high SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies (>5.5 log10 AU/mL) was 83% greater in vaccinated compared to unvaccinated individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms that vaccination post-SARS-CoV-2 infection provides multiple benefits, such as increasing anti-spike IgG titers and preventing decay up to 85 days post-vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea D. Olmstead
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority, 655 West 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Aidan M. Nikiforuk
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority, 655 West 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
- School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Sydney Schwartz
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority, 655 West 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Ana Citlali Márquez
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority, 655 West 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Tahereh Valadbeigy
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority, 655 West 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Eri Flores
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority, 655 West 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Monika Saran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - David M. Goldfarb
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, British Columbia Children’s and Women’s Hospital, 4500 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Althea Hayden
- Office of the Chief Medical Health Officer, Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4C2, Canada
| | - Shazia Masud
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Surrey Memorial Hospital, Surrey, BC V3V 1Z2, Canada
| | - Shannon L. Russell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority, 655 West 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Natalie Prystajecky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority, 655 West 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Agatha N. Jassem
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority, 655 West 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Muhammad Morshed
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority, 655 West 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
| | - Inna Sekirov
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z7, Canada
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control Public Health Laboratory, Provincial Health Services Authority, 655 West 12th Ave, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4R4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Mcdaid KM, Chopra M. A Pilot Study to Examine If Dietary Habits Can Affect Symptomology in Mild Pre-Vaccination COVID-19 Cases. Biology 2022; 11:1274. [PMID: 36138753 PMCID: PMC9495586 DOI: 10.3390/biology11091274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The heterogeneity of the severity of symptoms of COVID-19 experienced by the young and healthy individuals is poorly understood. The present study was undertaken to mainly examine whether the respective diets and the type of symptoms experienced by patients are predictive of having long COVID-19. Disease severity was assessed with a symptomatology questionnaire and used to group 55 participants in asymptomatic (AS), mild symptoms (S) and long COVID (LC). We found that experiencing a higher number of symptoms as well as fatigue were predictors of developing LC whereas those who experienced rhinorrhea were less likely to develop LC. Blood samples were also taken to measure vitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations and duration of spike IgG antibodies. In this study, serum 25(OH)D was not significantly different between 3 symptom groups with median (IQR) ng/mL levels of 22.0 (12.3) in the AS, 22.3 (7.5) in S, and 24.9 (9.4) in the LC group (p ≥ 0.05). The duration of IgG antibody response was found to vary greatly, with some individuals showing raised IgG over a year after infection. To examine whether dietary factors can influence the severity of symptoms, diet was analysed using 4–7-day food diaries as well as a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Some nutrients such as vitamin E, polyunsaturated fatty acids, fibre, and iron were associated with lower severity of COVID-19. Lower intake of vitamin E was associated with having LC with a median (IQR) intake of 6.2 mg (3.8) seen in LC vs. 8.6 mg (7.2) in the AS group (p = 0.047). This pilot study has highlighted a few differences in the number and type of symptoms experienced by the young non-hospitalised individuals with mild and long COVID-19 and identified a few dietary components for their potential protective role against long COVID-19, however, the findings need to be confirmed with further large scale studies.
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Ciccarese G, Broccolo F, Parodi A, Drago F. Comment on 'Negative SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients with positive immunohistochemistry for spike protein in pityriasis rosea-like eruptions'. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022; 37:e37-e38. [PMID: 35974703 PMCID: PMC9537982 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.18498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Broccolo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, School of MedicineUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMonzaItaly,Laboratory Cerba HealthcareMilanItaly
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Lavezzo E, Pacenti M, Manuto L, Boldrin C, Cattai M, Grazioli M, Bianca F, Sartori M, Caldart F, Castelli G, Nicoletti M, Nieddu E, Salvadoretti E, Labella B, Fava L, Vanuzzo MC, Lisi V, Antonello M, Grimaldi CI, Zulian C, Del Vecchio C, Plebani M, Padoan A, Cirillo DM, Brazzale AR, Tonon G, Toppo S, Dorigatti I, Crisanti A. Neutralising reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants by vaccination and infection history. Genome Med 2022; 14:61. [PMID: 35689243 PMCID: PMC9185135 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-022-01066-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The continuous emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) with immune escape properties, such as Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529), questions the extent of the antibody-mediated protection against the virus. Here we investigated the long-term antibody persistence in previously infected subjects and the extent of the antibody-mediated protection against B.1, B.1.617.2 and BA.1 variants in unvaccinated subjects previously infected, vaccinated naïve and vaccinated previously infected subjects. METHODS Blood samples collected 15 months post-infection from unvaccinated (n=35) and vaccinated (n=41) previously infected subjects (Vo' cohort) were tested for the presence of antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) antigens using the Abbott, DiaSorin, and Roche immunoassays. The serum neutralising reactivity was assessed against B.1, B.1.617.2 (Delta), and BA.1 (Omicron) SARS-CoV-2 strains through micro-neutralisation. The antibody titres were compared to those from previous timepoints, performed at 2- and 9-months post-infection on the same individuals. Two groups of naïve subjects were used as controls, one from the same cohort (unvaccinated n=29 and vaccinated n=20) and a group of vaccinated naïve healthcare workers (n=61). RESULTS We report on the results of the third serosurvey run in the Vo' cohort. With respect to the 9-month time point, antibodies against the S antigen significantly decreased (P=0.0063) among unvaccinated subjects and increased (P<0.0001) in vaccinated individuals, whereas those against the N antigen decreased in the whole cohort. When compared with control groups (naïve Vo' inhabitants and naïve healthcare workers), vaccinated subjects that were previously infected had higher antibody levels (P<0.0001) than vaccinated naïve subjects. Two doses of vaccine elicited stronger anti-S antibody response than natural infection (P<0.0001). Finally, the neutralising reactivity of sera against B.1.617.2 and BA.1 was 4-fold and 16-fold lower than the reactivity observed against the original B.1 strain. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm that vaccination induces strong antibody response in most individuals, and even stronger in previously infected subjects. Neutralising reactivity elicited by natural infection followed by vaccination is increasingly weakened by the recent emergence of VOCs. While immunity is not completely compromised, a change in vaccine development may be required going forward, to generate cross-protective pan-coronavirus immunity in the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Lavezzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Laura Manuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Grazioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federico Bianca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Federico Caldart
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Verona B. Roma University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Gioele Castelli
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Michele Nicoletti
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Eleonora Nieddu
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Salvadoretti
- Paediatrics Unit, Mother and Child Hospital, Surgery, Dentistry, Maternity and Infant Department, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Beatrice Labella
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ludovico Fava
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Maria Antonello
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Padoan
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Maria Cirillo
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Tonon
- Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ilaria Dorigatti
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis and Jameel Institute, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrea Crisanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Azienda Ospedale Padova, Padova, Italy.
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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11
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Eyran T, Vaisman-Mentesh A, Taussig D, Dror Y, Aizik L, Kigel A, Rosenstein S, Bahar Y, Ini D, Tur-Kaspa R, Kournos T, Marcoviciu D, Dicker D, Wine Y. Longitudinal kinetics of RBD+ antibodies in COVID-19 recovered patients over 14 months. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010569. [PMID: 35658051 PMCID: PMC9200310 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the longitudinal kinetics of the serological response in COVID-19 recovered patients over a period of 14 months. The antibody kinetics in a cohort of 192 recovered patients, including 66 patients for whom follow-up serum samples were obtained at two to four clinic visits, revealed that RBD-specific antibodies decayed over the 14 months following the onset of symptoms. The decay rate was associated with the robustness of the response in that antibody levels that were initially highly elevated after the onset of symptoms subsequently decayed more rapidly. An exploration of the differences in the longitudinal kinetics between recovered patients and naïve vaccinees who had received two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine showed a significantly faster decay in the naïve vaccinees, indicating that serological memory following natural infection is more robust than that following to vaccination. Our data highlighting the differences between serological memory induced by natural infection vs. vaccination contributed to the decision-making process in Israel regarding the necessity for a third vaccination dose. The fundamental idea guiding vaccine science is that an ideal vaccine should induce immunity similar to the immunity produced by natural infection. A vaccine is designed to “train” the immune system in a way that it will mimic the stimulation necessary for immune development, yet not produce active disease. Understanding the persistence of antibodies in patients following recovery from natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 will help to highlight the differences between the breadth of the antibody responses following natural infection and vaccination and may inform us whether the vaccine “training” will effectively stimulate the immune system to provide long-lasting immunity. Using samples collected from recovered COVID-19 patients over an extended period of 14 months, we followed the persistence of antibodies and found an association between the antibody levels in proximity to recovery and the rate of decay. In addition, we found that the decay rate of antibodies in BNT162b2 vaccinees was significantly faster than that in recovered patients, suggesting that there are fundamental differences between the mechanisms of activation of the adaptive arm of the immune response following vaccine and natural infection. While natural infection involves full systemic activation, this activation may be incomplete with an mRNA vaccination, thereby affecting the capacity of the immune system to maintain an antibody reservoir over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuf Eyran
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anna Vaisman-Mentesh
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - David Taussig
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Dror
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ligal Aizik
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Aya Kigel
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Center for Combatting Pandemics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shai Rosenstein
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yael Bahar
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dor Ini
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ran Tur-Kaspa
- Liver Institute, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Molecular Hepatology Research Laboratory, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Sackler School of Medicine Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Tatyana Kournos
- Internal Medicine D, Hasharon Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Dana Marcoviciu
- Internal Medicine D, Hasharon Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Dror Dicker
- Internal Medicine D, Hasharon Hospital, Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail: (DD); (YW)
| | - Yariv Wine
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Center for Combatting Pandemics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- * E-mail: (DD); (YW)
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12
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Einhauser S, Peterhoff D, Beileke S, Günther F, Niller HH, Steininger P, Knöll A, Korn K, Berr M, Schütz A, Wiegrebe S, Stark KJ, Gessner A, Burkhardt R, Kabesch M, Schedl H, Küchenhoff H, Pfahlberg AB, Heid IM, Gefeller O, Überla K, Wagner R. Time Trend in SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity, Surveillance Detection- and Infection Fatality Ratio until Spring 2021 in the Tirschenreuth County-Results from a Population-Based Longitudinal Study in Germany. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061168. [PMID: 35746640 PMCID: PMC9228731 DOI: 10.3390/v14061168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, we provide results from a prospective population-based longitudinal follow-up (FU) SARS-CoV-2 serosurveillance study in Tirschenreuth, the county which was hit hardest in Germany in spring 2020 and early 2021. Of 4203 individuals aged 14 years or older enrolled at baseline (BL, June 2020), 3546 participated at FU1 (November 2020) and 3391 at FU2 (April 2021). Key metrics comprising standardized seroprevalence, surveillance detection ratio (SDR), infection fatality ratio (IFR) and success of the vaccination campaign were derived using the Roche N- and S-Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 test together with a self-administered questionnaire. N-seropositivity at BL was 9.2% (1st wave). While we observed a low new seropositivity between BL and FU1 (0.9%), the combined 2nd and 3rd wave accounted for 6.1% new N-seropositives between FU1 and FU2 (ever seropositives at FU2: 15.4%). The SDR decreased from 5.4 (BL) to 1.1 (FU2) highlighting the success of massively increased testing in the population. The IFR based on a combination of serology and registration data resulted in 3.3% between November 2020 and April 2021 compared to 2.3% until June 2020. Although IFRs were consistently higher at FU2 compared to BL across age-groups, highest among individuals aged 70+ (18.3% versus 10.7%, respectively), observed differences were within statistical uncertainty bounds. While municipalities with senior care homes showed a higher IFR at BL (3.0% with senior care home vs. 0.7% w/o), this effect diminished at FU2 (3.4% vs. 2.9%). In April 2021 (FU2), vaccination rate in the elderly was high (>77.4%, age-group 80+).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (D.P.); (H.-H.N.); (M.B.); (A.S.); (A.G.)
| | - David Peterhoff
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (D.P.); (H.-H.N.); (M.B.); (A.S.); (A.G.)
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Beileke
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.B.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Felix Günther
- Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, Kräftriket 6, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.W.); (K.J.S.); (I.M.H.)
| | - Hans-Helmut Niller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (D.P.); (H.-H.N.); (M.B.); (A.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Philipp Steininger
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.B.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Antje Knöll
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.B.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Klaus Korn
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.B.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Melanie Berr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (D.P.); (H.-H.N.); (M.B.); (A.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Anja Schütz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (D.P.); (H.-H.N.); (M.B.); (A.S.); (A.G.)
| | - Simon Wiegrebe
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.W.); (K.J.S.); (I.M.H.)
| | - Klaus J. Stark
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.W.); (K.J.S.); (I.M.H.)
| | - André Gessner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (D.P.); (H.-H.N.); (M.B.); (A.S.); (A.G.)
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Burkhardt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Michael Kabesch
- University Children’s Hospital Regensburg (KUNO) at the Hospital St. Hedwig of the Order of St. John, University of Regensburg, Steinmetzstraße 1-3, 93049 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Holger Schedl
- Bayerisches Rotes Kreuz, Kreisverband Tirschenreuth, Egerstraße 21, 95643 Tirschenreuth, Germany;
| | - Helmut Küchenhoff
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, LMU Munich, Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Annette B. Pfahlberg
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstr. 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.B.P.); (O.G.)
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.W.); (K.J.S.); (I.M.H.)
| | - Olaf Gefeller
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Waldstr. 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (A.B.P.); (O.G.)
| | - Klaus Überla
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (S.B.); (P.S.); (A.K.); (K.K.)
- Correspondence: (K.Ü.); (R.W.); Tel.: +49-9131-85-23563 (K.Ü.); +49-941-944-6452 (R.W.)
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; (S.E.); (D.P.); (H.-H.N.); (M.B.); (A.S.); (A.G.)
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.Ü.); (R.W.); Tel.: +49-9131-85-23563 (K.Ü.); +49-941-944-6452 (R.W.)
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13
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Wong MP, Meas MA, Adams C, Hernandez S, Green V, Montoya M, Hirsch BM, Horton M, Quach HL, Quach DL, Shao X, Fedrigo I, Zermeno A, Huffaker J, Montes R, Madden A, Cyrus S, McDowell D, Williamson P, Contestable P, Stone M, Coloma J, Busch MP, Barcellos LF, Harris E. Development and Implementation of Dried Blood Spot-Based COVID-19 Serological Assays for Epidemiologic Studies. Microbiol Spectr 2022;:e0247121. [PMID: 35612315 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02471-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Serological surveillance studies of infectious diseases provide population-level estimates of infection and antibody prevalence, generating crucial insight into population-level immunity, risk factors leading to infection, and effectiveness of public health measures. These studies traditionally rely on detection of pathogen-specific antibodies in samples derived from venipuncture, an expensive and logistically challenging aspect of serological surveillance. During the COVID-19 pandemic, guidelines implemented to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2 infection made collection of venous blood logistically difficult at a time when SARS-CoV-2 serosurveillance was urgently needed. Dried blood spots (DBS) have generated interest as an alternative to venous blood for SARS-CoV-2 serological applications due to their stability, low cost, and ease of collection; DBS samples can be self-generated via fingerprick by community members and mailed at ambient temperatures. Here, we detail the development of four DBS-based SARS-CoV-2 serological methods and demonstrate their implementation in a large serological survey of community members from 12 cities in the East Bay region of the San Francisco metropolitan area using at-home DBS collection. We find that DBS perform similarly to plasma/serum in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and commercial SARS-CoV-2 serological assays. In addition, we show that DBS samples can reliably detect antibody responses months postinfection and track antibody kinetics after vaccination. Implementation of DBS enabled collection of valuable serological data from our study population to investigate changes in seroprevalence over an 8-month period. Our work makes a strong argument for the implementation of DBS in serological studies, not just for SARS-CoV-2, but any situation where phlebotomy is inaccessible. IMPORTANCE Estimation of community-level antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 from infection or vaccination is critical to inform public health responses. Traditional studies of antibodies rely on collection of blood via venipuncture, an invasive procedure not amenable to pandemic-related social-distancing measures. Dried blood spots (DBS) are an alternative to venipuncture, since they can be self-collected by study participants at home and do not require refrigeration for shipment or storage. However, DBS-based assays to measure antibody levels to SARS-CoV-2 have not been widely utilized. Here, we show that DBS are comparable to blood as a sampling method for antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination over time measured using four distinct serological assays. The DBS format enabled antibody surveillance in a longitudinal cohort where study participants self-collected samples, ensuring the participants’ safety during an ongoing pandemic. Our work demonstrates that DBS are an excellent sampling method for measuring antibody responses whenever venipuncture is impractical.
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14
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Gittelman RM, Lavezzo E, Snyder TM, Zahid HJ, Carty CL, Elyanow R, Dalai S, Kirsch I, Baldo L, Manuto L, Franchin E, Del Vecchio C, Pacenti M, Boldrin C, Cattai M, Saluzzo F, Padoan A, Plebani M, Simeoni F, Bordini J, Lorè NI, Lazarević D, Cirillo DM, Ghia P, Toppo S, Carlson JM, Robins HS, Crisanti A, Tonon G. Longitudinal analysis of T cell receptor repertoires reveals shared patterns of antigen-specific response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. JCI Insight 2022; 7:e151849. [PMID: 35439174 PMCID: PMC9220833 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.151849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a prominent role in orchestrating the immune response to viral diseases, but their role in the clinical presentation and subsequent immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection remains poorly understood. As part of a population-based survey of the municipality of Vo', Italy, conducted after the initial SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, we sampled the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires of the population 2 months after the initial PCR survey and followed up positive cases 9 and 15 months later. At 2 months, we found that 97.0% (98 of 101) of cases had elevated levels of TCRs associated with SARS-CoV-2. T cell frequency (depth) was increased in individuals with more severe disease. Both depth and diversity (breadth) of the TCR repertoire were positively associated with neutralizing antibody titers, driven mostly by CD4+ T cells directed against spike protein. At the later time points, detection of these TCRs remained high, with 90.7% (78 of 96) and 86.2% (25 of 29) of individuals having detectable signal at 9 and 15 months, respectively. Forty-three individuals were vaccinated by month 15 and showed a significant increase in TCRs directed against spike protein. Taken together, these results demonstrate the central role of T cells in mounting an immune defense against SARS-CoV-2 that persists out to 15 months.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Lavezzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Sudeb Dalai
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ilan Kirsch
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Lance Baldo
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laura Manuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Elisa Franchin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Monia Pacenti
- Azienda Ospedale Padova, Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padua, Italy
| | - Caterina Boldrin
- Azienda Ospedale Padova, Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padua, Italy
| | - Margherita Cattai
- Azienda Ospedale Padova, Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesca Saluzzo
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Padoan
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Jessica Bordini
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola I. Lorè
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Daniela M. Cirillo
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Ghia
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- CRIBI Biotech Center, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Crisanti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Center for Omics Sciences and
- Division of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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15
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Basso D, Aita A, Navaglia F, Mason P, Moz S, Pinato A, Melloni B, Iannelli L, Padoan A, Cosma C, Moretto A, Scuttari A, Mapelli D, Rizzuto R, Plebani M. The University of Padua salivary-based SARS-CoV-2 surveillance program minimized viral transmission during the second and third pandemic wave. BMC Med 2022; 20:96. [PMID: 35197073 PMCID: PMC8865498 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02297-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The active surveillance of students is proposed as an effective strategy to contain SARS-CoV-2 spread and prevent schools' closure. Saliva for molecular testing is as sensitive as naso-pharyngeal swab (NPS), self-collected and well accepted by participants. This prospective study aimed to verify whether the active surveillance of the Padua University employees by molecular testing of self-collected saliva is an effective and affordable strategy for limiting SARS-CoV-2 spread. METHODS A surveillance program based on self-collection of saliva every 2 weeks (October 2020-June 2021) was conducted. Among 8183 employees of the Padua University, a total of 6284 subjects voluntarily took part in the program. Eight collection points guaranteed the daily distribution and collection of barcoded salivary collection devices, which were delivered to the laboratory by a transport service for molecular testing. Quarantine of positive cases and contact tracing were promptly activated. RESULTS Among 6284 subjects, 206 individuals were SARS-CoV-2 positive (99 by salivary testing; 107 by NPS performed for contact tracing or symptoms). The cumulative SARS-CoV-2 incidence in this cohort was 3.1%, significantly lower than that of employees not in surveillance (8.0%), in Padua (7.1%) and in the Veneto region (7.2%). Employees with positive saliva results were asymptomatic or had mild symptoms. The levels of serum antibodies after 3 months from the infection were correlated with age and Ct values, being higher in older subjects with greater viral loads. CONCLUSIONS Salivary-based surveillance with contact tracing effectively allowed to limit SARS-CoV-2 contagion, also in a population with a high incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Basso
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Ada Aita
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Filippo Navaglia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paola Mason
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Occupational Health Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefania Moz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessio Pinato
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Melloni
- Environment and Safety Office, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Iannelli
- Software Development Office - IT Service, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Padoan
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Chiara Cosma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Moretto
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Occupational Health Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Mapelli
- Pro-rector for teaching of the University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Mario Plebani
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Padua, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padua, Italy.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
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16
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Manuto L, Grazioli M, Spitaleri A, Fontana P, Bianco L, Bertolotti L, Bado M, Mazzotti G, Bianca F, Onelia F, Lorenzin G, Simeoni F, Lazarevic D, Franchin E, Vecchio CD, Dorigatti I, Tonon G, Cirillo DM, Lavezzo E, Crisanti A, Toppo S. Rapid SARS-CoV-2 Intra-Host and Within-Household Emergence of Novel Haplotypes. Viruses 2022; 14. [PMID: 35215992 DOI: 10.3390/v14020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In February 2020, the municipality of Vo', a small town near Padua (Italy) was quarantined due to the first coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19)-related death detected in Italy. To investigate the viral prevalence and clinical features, the entire population was swab tested in two sequential surveys. Here we report the analysis of 87 viral genomes, which revealed that the unique ancestor haplotype introduced in Vo' belongs to lineage B, carrying the mutations G11083T and G26144T. The viral sequences allowed us to investigate the viral evolution while being transmitted within and across households and the effectiveness of the non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented in Vo'. We report, for the first time, evidence that novel viral haplotypes can naturally arise intra-host within an interval as short as two weeks, in approximately 30% of the infected individuals, regardless of symptom severity or immune system deficiencies. Moreover, both phylogenetic and minimum spanning network analyses converge on the hypothesis that the viral sequences evolved from a unique common ancestor haplotype that was carried by an index case. The lockdown extinguished both the viral spread and the emergence of new variants.
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17
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Tang X, Sharma A, Pasic M, Brown P, Colwill K, Gelband H, Birnboim HC, Nagelkerke N, Bogoch II, Bansal A, Newcombe L, Slater J, Rodriguez PS, Huang G, Fu SH, Meh C, Wu DC, Kaul R, Langlois MA, Morawski E, Hollander A, Eliopoulos D, Aloi B, Lam T, Abe KT, Rathod B, Fazel-Zarandi M, Wang J, Iskilova M, Pasculescu A, Caldwell L, Barrios-Rodiles M, Mohammed-Ali Z, Vas N, Santhanam DR, Cho ER, Qu K, Jha S, Jha V, Suraweera W, Malhotra V, Mastali K, Wen R, Sinha S, Reid A, Gingras AC, Chakraborty P, Slutsky AS, Jha P. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity During the First and Second Viral Waves in 2020 and 2021 Among Canadian Adults. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2146798. [PMID: 35171263 PMCID: PMC8851304 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.46798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The incidence of infection during SARS-CoV-2 viral waves, the factors associated with infection, and the durability of antibody responses to infection among Canadian adults remain undocumented. OBJECTIVE To assess the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first 2 viral waves in Canada by measuring seropositivity among adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Action to Beat Coronavirus study conducted 2 rounds of an online survey about COVID-19 experience and analyzed immunoglobulin G levels based on participant-collected dried blood spots (DBS) to assess the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first and second viral waves in Canada. A sample of 19 994 Canadian adults (aged ≥18 years) was recruited from established members of the Angus Reid Forum, a public polling organization. The study comprised 2 phases (phase 1 from May 1 to September 30, 2020, and phase 2 from December 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021) that generally corresponded to the first (April 1 to July 31, 2020) and second (October 1, 2020, to March 1, 2021) viral waves. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G seropositivity (using a chemiluminescence assay) by major geographic and demographic variables and correlation with COVID-19 symptom reporting. RESULTS Among 19 994 adults who completed the online questionnaire in phase 1, the mean (SD) age was 50.9 (15.4) years, and 10 522 participants (51.9%) were female; 2948 participants (14.5%) had self-identified racial and ethnic minority group status, and 1578 participants (8.2%) were self-identified Indigenous Canadians. Among participants in phase 1, 8967 had DBS testing. In phase 2, 14 621 adults completed online questionnaires, and 7102 of those had DBS testing. Of 19 994 adults who completed the online survey in phase 1, fewer had an educational level of some college or less (4747 individuals [33.1%]) compared with the general population in Canada (45.0%). Survey respondents were otherwise representative of the general population, including in prevalence of known risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among unvaccinated adults increased from 1.9% in phase 1 to 6.5% in phase 2. The seropositivity pattern was demographically and geographically heterogeneous during phase 1 but more homogeneous by phase 2 (with a cumulative incidence ranging from 6.4% to 7.0% in most regions). The exception was the Atlantic region, in which cumulative incidence reached only 3.3% (odds ratio [OR] vs Ontario, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.21-1.02). A total of 47 of 188 adults (25.3%) reporting COVID-19 symptoms during phase 2 were seropositive, and the OR of seropositivity for COVID-19 symptoms was 6.15 (95% CI, 2.02-18.69). In phase 2, 94 of 444 seropositive adults (22.2%) reported having no symptoms. Of 134 seropositive adults in phase 1 who were retested in phase 2, 111 individuals (81.8%) remained seropositive. Participants who had a history of diabetes (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.38-0.90) had lower odds of having detectable antibodies in phase 2. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The Action to Beat Coronavirus study found that the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Canada was modest until March 2021, and this incidence was lower than the levels of population immunity required to substantially reduce transmission of the virus. Ongoing vaccination efforts remain central to reducing viral transmission and mortality. Assessment of future infection-induced and vaccine-induced immunity is practicable through the use of serial online surveys and participant-collected DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Tang
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abha Sharma
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Pasic
- St Joseph’s Health Centre, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Brown
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Colwill
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hellen Gelband
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - H. Chaim Birnboim
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nico Nagelkerke
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Aiyush Bansal
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leslie Newcombe
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Slater
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter S. Rodriguez
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guowen Huang
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sze Hang Fu
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Meh
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daphne C. Wu
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rupert Kaul
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ed Morawski
- Angus Reid Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andy Hollander
- Angus Reid Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Benjamin Aloi
- Angus Reid Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Teresa Lam
- Angus Reid Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kento T. Abe
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bhavisha Rathod
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahya Fazel-Zarandi
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenny Wang
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mariam Iskilova
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Pasculescu
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Caldwell
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Nandita Vas
- St Joseph’s Health Centre, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Divya Raman Santhanam
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eo Rin Cho
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen Qu
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shreya Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vedika Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wilson Suraweera
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Varsha Malhotra
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathy Mastali
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Wen
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samir Sinha
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angus Reid
- Angus Reid Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Prabhat Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Tang X, Sharma A, Pasic M, Brown P, Colwill K, Gelband H, Birnboim HC, Nagelkerke N, Bogoch II, Bansal A, Newcombe L, Slater J, Rodriguez PS, Huang G, Fu SH, Meh C, Wu DC, Kaul R, Langlois MA, Morawski E, Hollander A, Eliopoulos D, Aloi B, Lam T, Abe KT, Rathod B, Fazel-Zarandi M, Wang J, Iskilova M, Pasculescu A, Caldwell L, Barrios-Rodiles M, Mohammed-Ali Z, Vas N, Santhanam DR, Cho ER, Qu K, Jha S, Jha V, Suraweera W, Malhotra V, Mastali K, Wen R, Sinha S, Reid A, Gingras AC, Chakraborty P, Slutsky AS, Jha P. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity During the First and Second Viral Waves in 2020 and 2021 Among Canadian Adults. JAMA Netw Open 2022. [PMID: 35171263 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.46798.pmid:35171263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The incidence of infection during SARS-CoV-2 viral waves, the factors associated with infection, and the durability of antibody responses to infection among Canadian adults remain undocumented. OBJECTIVE To assess the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first 2 viral waves in Canada by measuring seropositivity among adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS The Action to Beat Coronavirus study conducted 2 rounds of an online survey about COVID-19 experience and analyzed immunoglobulin G levels based on participant-collected dried blood spots (DBS) to assess the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first and second viral waves in Canada. A sample of 19 994 Canadian adults (aged ≥18 years) was recruited from established members of the Angus Reid Forum, a public polling organization. The study comprised 2 phases (phase 1 from May 1 to September 30, 2020, and phase 2 from December 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021) that generally corresponded to the first (April 1 to July 31, 2020) and second (October 1, 2020, to March 1, 2021) viral waves. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G seropositivity (using a chemiluminescence assay) by major geographic and demographic variables and correlation with COVID-19 symptom reporting. RESULTS Among 19 994 adults who completed the online questionnaire in phase 1, the mean (SD) age was 50.9 (15.4) years, and 10 522 participants (51.9%) were female; 2948 participants (14.5%) had self-identified racial and ethnic minority group status, and 1578 participants (8.2%) were self-identified Indigenous Canadians. Among participants in phase 1, 8967 had DBS testing. In phase 2, 14 621 adults completed online questionnaires, and 7102 of those had DBS testing. Of 19 994 adults who completed the online survey in phase 1, fewer had an educational level of some college or less (4747 individuals [33.1%]) compared with the general population in Canada (45.0%). Survey respondents were otherwise representative of the general population, including in prevalence of known risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among unvaccinated adults increased from 1.9% in phase 1 to 6.5% in phase 2. The seropositivity pattern was demographically and geographically heterogeneous during phase 1 but more homogeneous by phase 2 (with a cumulative incidence ranging from 6.4% to 7.0% in most regions). The exception was the Atlantic region, in which cumulative incidence reached only 3.3% (odds ratio [OR] vs Ontario, 0.46; 95% CI, 0.21-1.02). A total of 47 of 188 adults (25.3%) reporting COVID-19 symptoms during phase 2 were seropositive, and the OR of seropositivity for COVID-19 symptoms was 6.15 (95% CI, 2.02-18.69). In phase 2, 94 of 444 seropositive adults (22.2%) reported having no symptoms. Of 134 seropositive adults in phase 1 who were retested in phase 2, 111 individuals (81.8%) remained seropositive. Participants who had a history of diabetes (OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.38-0.90) had lower odds of having detectable antibodies in phase 2. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The Action to Beat Coronavirus study found that the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Canada was modest until March 2021, and this incidence was lower than the levels of population immunity required to substantially reduce transmission of the virus. Ongoing vaccination efforts remain central to reducing viral transmission and mortality. Assessment of future infection-induced and vaccine-induced immunity is practicable through the use of serial online surveys and participant-collected DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Tang
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abha Sharma
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Pasic
- St Joseph's Health Centre, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick Brown
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Colwill
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hellen Gelband
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Chaim Birnboim
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nico Nagelkerke
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Aiyush Bansal
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leslie Newcombe
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Slater
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter S Rodriguez
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guowen Huang
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sze Hang Fu
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine Meh
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daphne C Wu
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rupert Kaul
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ed Morawski
- Angus Reid Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Andy Hollander
- Angus Reid Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Benjamin Aloi
- Angus Reid Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Teresa Lam
- Angus Reid Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kento T Abe
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bhavisha Rathod
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mahya Fazel-Zarandi
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jenny Wang
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mariam Iskilova
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Pasculescu
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauren Caldwell
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Nandita Vas
- St Joseph's Health Centre, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Divya Raman Santhanam
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eo Rin Cho
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathleen Qu
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shreya Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vedika Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wilson Suraweera
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Varsha Malhotra
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kathy Mastali
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard Wen
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samir Sinha
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angus Reid
- Angus Reid Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Network Biology Collaborative Center, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Prabhat Jha
- Centre for Global Health Research, Unity Health Toronto and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Kolesov DE, Sinegubova MV, Safenkova IV, Vorobiev II, Orlova NA. Antigenic properties of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein are altered by the RNA admixture. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12751. [PMID: 35036106 PMCID: PMC8744485 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Determining the presence of antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 antigens is the best way to identify infected people, regardless of the development of symptoms of COVID-19. The nucleoprotein (NP) of the SARS-CoV-2 is an immunodominant antigen of the virus; anti-NP antibodies are detected in persons previously infected with the virus with the highest titers. Many test systems for detecting antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 contain NP or its fragments as antigen. The sensitivity and specificity of such test systems differ significantly, which can be explained by variations in the antigenic properties of NP caused by differences in the methods of its cultivation, isolation and purification. We investigated this effect for the Escherichia coli-derived SARS-CoV-2 NP, obtained from the cytoplasm in the soluble form. We hypothesized that co-purified nucleic acids that form a strong complex with NP might negatively affect NP's antigenic properties. Therefore, we have established the NP purification method, which completely eliminates the RNA in the NP preparation. Two stages of RNA removal were used: treatment of the crude lysate of E. coli with RNase A and subsequent selective RNA elution with 2 M NaCl solution. The resulting NP without RNA has a significantly better signal-to-noise ratio when used as an ELISA antigen and tested with a control panel of serum samples with antibodies to SARS-CoV-2; therefore, it is preferable for in vitro diagnostic use. The same increase of the signal-to-noise ratio was detected for the free N-terminal domain of the NP. Complete removal of RNA complexed with NP during purification will significantly improve its antigenic properties, and the absence of RNA in NP preparations should be controlled during the production of this antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis E. Kolesov
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V. Sinegubova
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V. Safenkova
- Laboratory of Immunobiochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan I. Vorobiev
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda A. Orlova
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Bioengineering, Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Moncunill G, Aguilar R, Ribes M, Ortega N, Rubio R, Salmerón G, Molina MJ, Vidal M, Barrios D, Mitchell RA, Jiménez A, Castellana C, Hernández-Luis P, Rodó P, Méndez S, Llupià A, Puyol L, Rodrigo Melero N, Carolis C, Mayor A, Izquierdo L, Varela P, Trilla A, Vilella A, Barroso S, Angulo A, Engel P, Tortajada M, García-Basteiro AL, Dobaño C. Determinants of early antibody responses to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in a cohort of exposed and naïve healthcare workers. EBioMedicine 2022; 75:103805. [PMID: 35032961 PMCID: PMC8752368 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two doses of mRNA vaccination have shown >94% efficacy at preventing COVID-19 mostly in naïve adults, but it is not clear if the second dose is needed to maximize effectiveness in those previously exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and what other factors affect responsiveness. METHODS We measured IgA, IgG and IgM levels against SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) antigens from the wild-type and S from the Alpha, Beta and Gamma variants of concern, after BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech) or mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccination in a cohort of health care workers (N=578). Neutralizing capacity and antibody avidity were evaluated. Data were analyzed in relation to COVID-19 history, comorbidities, vaccine doses, brand and adverse events. FINDINGS Vaccination induced robust IgA and IgG levels against all S antigens. Neutralization capacity and S IgA and IgG levels were higher in mRNA-1273 vaccinees, previously SARS-CoV-2 exposed, particularly if symptomatic, and in those experiencing systemic adverse effects (p<0·05). A second dose in pre-exposed did not increase antibody levels. Smoking and comorbidities were associated with 43% (95% CI, 19-59) and 45% (95% CI, 63-18) lower neutralization, respectively, and 35% (95% CI, 3-57%) and 55% (95% CI, 33-70%) lower antibody levels, respectively. Among fully vaccinated, 6·3% breakthroughs were detected up to 189 days post-vaccination. Among pre-exposed non-vaccinated, 90% were IgG seropositive more than 300 days post-infection. INTERPRETATION Our data support administering a single-dose in pre-exposed healthy individuals as primary vaccination. However, heterogeneity of responses suggests that personalized recommendations may be necessary depending on COVID-19 history and life-style. Higher mRNA-1273 immunogenicity would be beneficial for those expected to respond worse to vaccination and in face of variants that escape immunity such as Omicron. Persistence of antibody levels in pre-exposed unvaccinated indicates maintenance of immunity up to one year. FUNDING This work was supported by Institut de Salut Global de Barcelona (ISGlobal) internal funds, in-kind contributions from Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, the Fundació Privada Daniel Bravo Andreu, and European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT) Health (grant number 20877), supported by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology, a body of the European Union receiving support from the H2020 Research and Innovation Programme. We acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and State Research Agency through the "Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa 2019-2023" Program (CEX2018-000806-S), and support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program. L. I. work was supported by PID2019-110810RB-I00 grant from the Spanish Ministry of Science & Innovation. Development of SARS-CoV-2 reagents was partially supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Centers of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (contract number HHSN272201400008C). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, the decision to publish, or the preparation of the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Moncunill
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ruth Aguilar
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Marta Ribes
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Natalia Ortega
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rocío Rubio
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Gemma Salmerón
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María José Molina
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Département Biologie, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Marta Vidal
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Diana Barrios
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Robert A Mitchell
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alfons Jiménez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Castellana
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pablo Hernández-Luis
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Rodó
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Susana Méndez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Llupià
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Puyol
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Natalia Rodrigo Melero
- Biomolecular screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlo Carolis
- Biomolecular screening and Protein Technologies Unit, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Mayor
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Luis Izquierdo
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Varela
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Trilla
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Vilella
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Tortajada
- Occupational Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto L García-Basteiro
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigação em Saúde de Manhiça, Maputo, Mozambique; International Health Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Verburgh ML, Boyd A, Wit FWNM, Schim van der Loeff MF, van der Valk M, Bakker M, Kootstra NA, van der Hoek L, Reiss P. Similar risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and similar nucleocapsid antibody levels in people with well-controlled HIV and a comparable cohort of people without HIV. J Infect Dis 2021; 225:1937-1947. [PMID: 34929034 PMCID: PMC8755357 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within the ongoing AGEhIV Cohort Study in Amsterdam, we prospectively compared the incidence of and risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection between HIV-positive and -negative participants. Moreover, we compared SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody levels between participants with incident infection from both groups. METHODS Starting in September 2020, consenting HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants were assessed 6-monthly for incident SARS-CoV-2 infection, using combined IgA/IgM/IgG SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid antibody assay. Cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated risk factors were assessed from February 27, 2020 through April 30, 2021 using complementary log-log regression. In those with incident SARS-CoV-2 infection, N-antibody levels were compared between groups using linear regression. RESULTS 241 HIV-positive (99.2% virally suppressed) and 326 HIV-negative AGEhIV participants were included in this study. Cumulative SARS-CoV-2 incidence by April 2021 was 13.4% and 11.6% in HIV-positive and HIV-negative participants, respectively (p=0.61). Younger age and African origin were independently associated with incident infection. In those with incident infection, only self-reported fever, but not HIV status, was associated with higher N-antibody levels. CONCLUSIONS HIV-positive individuals with suppressed viremia and adequate CD4 cell counts were had similar risk of SARS-CoV-2 acquisition, and had similar SARS-CoV-2 N-antibody levels following infection compared to a comparable cohort of HIV-negative people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe L Verburgh
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anders Boyd
- HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ferdinand W N M Wit
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Schim van der Loeff
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Public Health Service of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc van der Valk
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,HIV Monitoring Foundation, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margreet Bakker
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Reiss
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Global Health, Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Abstract
An important challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic has been to understand asymptomatic disease and the extent to which this may be a source of transmission. As asymptomatic disease is by definition hard to screen for, there is a lack of clarity about this aspect of the COVID-19 spectrum. Studies have considered whether the prevalence of asymptomatic disease is determined by differences in age, demographics, viral load, duration of shedding, and magnitude or durability of immunity. It is clear that adaptive immunity is strongly activated during asymptomatic infection, but some features of the T cell and antibody response may differ from those in symptomatic disease. Areas that need greater clarity include the extent to which asymptomatic disease leads to persistent symptoms (long COVID), and the quality, quantity and durability of immune priming required to confer subsequent protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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23
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Brisotto G, Muraro E, Montico M, Corso C, Evangelista C, Casarotto M, Caffau C, Vettori R, Cozzi MR, Zanussi S, Turetta M, Ronchese F, Steffan A. IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 decay but persist 4 months after vaccination in a cohort of healthcare workers. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 523:476-482. [PMID: 34755649 PMCID: PMC8555109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Monitoring the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 is pivotal in the evaluation of long-term vaccine efficacy. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies represent an advisable tool to reach this goal, especially for the still poorly defined antibody trend induced by the new class of mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-Spike RBD IgG antibodies were monitored in a cohort of healthcare workers at CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, through MAGLUMI® chemiluminescence assay, at 1 and 4 months after full-schedule of BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 vaccination. RESULTS At 1 month after vaccination, 99.9% of 767 healthcare workers showed a reactive antibody response, which was inversely correlated with age, and positively associated with a previous history of COVID-19, and mRNA-1273 vaccination. Serological response was maintained in 99.6% of the 516 subjects monitored also at follow-up. An antibody decay from 559.8 AU/mL (IQR 359.7-845.7) to 92.7 AU/mL (IQR 65.1-148.6; p < 0.001) was observed, independently from age and sex. CONCLUSION Our data supported the ability of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines to induce at least a 4 months-lasting IgG response, even outside the rules of clinical trials. The antibody decay observed at follow-up suggested to deepen the immune response characterization to identify subjects with low anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity possibly requiring a vaccination boost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Brisotto
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Elena Muraro
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy.
| | - Marcella Montico
- Clinical Trial Office, Scientific Direction, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Chiara Corso
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Chiara Evangelista
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Casarotto
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Cristina Caffau
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettori
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Maria Rita Cozzi
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Stefania Zanussi
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Matteo Turetta
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
| | - Federico Ronchese
- Clinical Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34100 Trieste, Italy
| | - Agostino Steffan
- Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Units, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, PN, Italy
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24
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Kogevinas M, Castaño-Vinyals G, Karachaliou M, Espinosa A, de Cid R, Garcia-Aymerich J, Carreras A, Cortés B, Pleguezuelos V, Jiménez A, Vidal M, O’Callaghan-Gordo C, Cirach M, Santano R, Barrios D, Puyol L, Rubio R, Izquierdo L, Nieuwenhuijsen M, Dadvand P, Aguilar R, Moncunill G, Dobaño C, Tonne C. Ambient Air Pollution in Relation to SARS-CoV-2 Infection, Antibody Response, and COVID-19 Disease: A Cohort Study in Catalonia, Spain (COVICAT Study). Environ Health Perspect 2021; 129:117003. [PMID: 34787480 PMCID: PMC8597405 DOI: 10.1289/ehp9726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence links ambient air pollution with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease, an association that is methodologically challenging to investigate. OBJECTIVES We examined the association between long-term exposure to air pollution with SARS-CoV-2 infection measured through antibody response, level of antibody response among those infected, and COVID-19 disease. METHODS We contacted 9,605 adult participants from a population-based cohort study in Catalonia between June and November 2020; most participants were between 40 and 65 years of age. We drew blood samples from 4,103 participants and measured immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgA, and IgG antibodies against five viral target antigens to establish infection to the virus and levels of antibody response among those infected. We defined COVID-19 disease using self-reported hospital admission, prior positive diagnostic test, or more than three self-reported COVID-19 symptoms after contact with a COVID-19 case. We estimated prepandemic (2018-2019) exposure to fine particulate matter [PM with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤ 2.5 μ m (PM 2.5 )], nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), black carbon (BC), and ozone (O 3 ) at the residential address using hybrid land-use regression models. We calculated log-binomial risk ratios (RRs), adjusting for individual- and area-level covariates. RESULTS Among those tested for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, 743 (18.1%) were seropositive. Air pollution levels were not statistically significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Adjusted RRs per interquartile range were 1.07 (95% CI: 0.97, 1.18) for NO 2 , 1.04 (95% CI: 0.94, 1.14) for PM 2.5 , 1.00 (95% CI: 0.92, 1.09) for BC, and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.06) for O 3 . Among infected participants, exposure to NO 2 and PM 2.5 were positively associated with IgG levels for all viral target antigens. Among all participants, 481 (5.0%) had COVID-19 disease. Air pollution levels were associated with COVID-19 disease: adjusted RRs = 1.14 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.29) for NO 2 and 1.17 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.32) for PM 2.5 . Exposure to O 3 was associated with a slightly decreased risk (RR = 0.92 ; 95% CI: 0.83, 1.03). Associations of air pollution with COVID-19 disease were more pronounced for severe COVID-19, with RRs = 1.26 (95% CI: 0.89, 1.79) for NO 2 and 1.51 (95% CI: 1.06, 2.16) for PM 2.5 . DISCUSSION Exposure to air pollution was associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 disease and level of antibody response among infected but not with SARS-CoV-2 infection. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9726.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manolis Kogevinas
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gemma Castaño-Vinyals
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ana Espinosa
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael de Cid
- Genomes for Life–GCAT laboratory, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Judith Garcia-Aymerich
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Carreras
- Genomes for Life–GCAT laboratory, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Cortés
- Genomes for Life–GCAT laboratory, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Marta Vidal
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina O’Callaghan-Gordo
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cirach
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Diana Barrios
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Puyol
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocío Rubio
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Payam Dadvand
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ruth Aguilar
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Cathryn Tonne
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiologia y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Schiffner J, Backhaus I, Rimmele J, Schulz S, Möhlenkamp T, Klemens JM, Zapf D, Solbach W, Mischnik A. Long-Term Course of Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Outpatients After SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Public Health 2021; 9:732787. [PMID: 34646805 PMCID: PMC8502872 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.732787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of the naturally acquired B and T cell immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is important for the development of public health and vaccination strategies to manage the burden of COVID-19 disease. We conducted a prospective, cross-sectional analysis in COVID-19 recovered patients at various time points over a 10-month period in order to investigate how circulating antibody levels and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release by peripheral blood cells change over time following natural infection. From March 2020 till January 2021, we enrolled 412 adults mostly with mild or moderate disease course. At each study visit, subjects donated peripheral blood for testing of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies and IFN-γ release after SARS-CoV-2 S-protein stimulation. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were positive in 316 of 412 (76.7%) and borderline in 31 of 412 (7.5%) patients. Our confirmation assay for the presence of neutralizing antibodies was positive in 215 of 412 (52.2%) and borderline in 88 of 412 (21.4%) patients. Likewise, in 274 of 412 (66.5%) positive IFN-γ release and IgG antibodies were detected. With respect to time after infection, both IgG antibody levels and IFN-γ concentrations decreased by about half within 300 days. Statistically, production of IgG and IFN-γ were closely associated, but on an individual basis, we observed patients with high-antibody titres but low IFN-γ levels and vice versa. Our data suggest that immunological reaction is acquired in most individuals after natural infection with SARS-CoV-2 and is sustained in the majority of patients for at least 10 months after infection after a mild or moderate disease course. Since, so far, no robust marker for protection against COVID-19 exists, we recommend utilizing both, IgG and IFN-γ release for an individual assessment of the immunity status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Schiffner
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Standort Hamburg-Borstel-Luebeck-Riems, Luebeck, Germany.,Health Protection Authority, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Insa Backhaus
- Medical Faculty, Centre for Health and Society, University Hospital, Institute of Medical Sociology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Julia Maria Klemens
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Dorinja Zapf
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to EUROIMMUN Medizinische Labordiagnostika AG, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Werner Solbach
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Standort Hamburg-Borstel-Luebeck-Riems, Luebeck, Germany.,Health Protection Authority, Luebeck, Germany
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26
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Castro MDM, Caicedo I, Ortiz-Rojas HJ, Castillo CM, Medina AG, Alexander N, Gómez MA, Albornoz LL. Performance verification of the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 test for qualitative detection of IgG in Cali, Colombia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256566. [PMID: 34469472 PMCID: PMC8409620 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate testing is critically important for control of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Antibody testing is an option for case management and epidemiologic studies, with high specificity and variable sensitivity. However, characteristics of local populations may affect performance of these tests. For this reason, the National Institute of Health (INS) and regulatory agencies in Colombia require verification of diagnostic accuracy of tests introduced to the Colombian market. METHODS We conducted a validation study of the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 test for qualitative detection of IgG using the Abbott Architect i2000SR. Participants and retrospective samples were included from patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection, age ≥18 years, and ≥8 days elapsed since initiation of symptoms. Pre-pandemic plasma samples (taken before October 2019) were used as controls. We estimated the sensitivity, specificity and agreement (kappa) of the Abbott IgG test compared to the gold standard (RT-PCR). RESULTS The overall sensitivity was 83.1% (95% CI: 75.4-100). Sensitivity among patients with ≥14 days since the start of symptoms was 85.7%, reaching 88% in samples collected from patients with COVID-19 symptoms onset >60 days. Specificity was 100% and the kappa index of agreement was 0.804 (95% CI: 0.642-0.965). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show high sensitivity and specificity of the Abbott IgG test in a Colombian population, which meet the criteria set by the Colombian INS to aid in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Data from our patient groups also suggest that IgG response is detectable in a high proportion of individuals (88.1%) during the first two months following onset of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria del Mar Castro
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Isabella Caicedo
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina de Laboratorio, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | | | - Carmen Manuela Castillo
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina de Laboratorio, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | - Adriana Giovanna Medina
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina de Laboratorio, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
| | - Neal Alexander
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Maria Adelaida Gómez
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
- Universidad Icesi, Cali, Colombia
| | - Ludwig L. Albornoz
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina de Laboratorio, Fundación Valle del Lili, Cali, Colombia
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