Charge-transfer regulated visible light driven photocatalytic H2 production and CO2 reduction in tetrathiafulvalene based coordination polymer gel

Photo-Controlled Conductance and Thermopower Switching in a Soft Photochromic Metallo-Supramolecular Polymer via EGaIn Junctions

Photochromic soft metallo-supramolecular materials undergo precise, reversible transformations in structure and electronic properties under light irradiation, offering potential applications in optoelectronics, sensing, and molecular switches. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and investigation of light-induced reversible morphological transformations in a Zn(II)-based photochromic coordination polymer gel (Zn-pcCPG), integrated with a dithienylethene (DTE) unit. Upon UV irradiation (λ = 365 nm), Zn-pcCPG undergoes morphological transformation from nanofibers in the gel state to spherical nanoparticles in the sol state, involving reversible photoswitching with distinct color change. To explore the charge transport properties of these metallo-supramolecular polymers, we created a EGaIn/GaOX//Zn-pcCPG//AuTS junction using the nanostructures of Zn-pcCPG on a template-stripped gold substrate (AuTS) and a soft conformal EGaIn as the top electrode. These measurements show a reversible conductance photoswitching between the "open" and "closed" states of the coordination polymer gel containing a DTE core with an on/off ratio of ≈58 at -1 V. Additionally, we have also demonstrated the on-surface photoswitching of morphology and conductance properties. Interestingly, thermoelectric property measurements reveal a HOMO-dominated charge transport for both "open" and "closed" forms of Zn-pcCPG, with a reversible thermopower switching from +163 μV/K (open form) to +21 μV/K (closed form) and vice versa. By employing UV-Vis and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, we have explained the experimental conductance and thermopower trends. This is the first study to demonstrate reversible conductance and thermopower switching with morphological transitions in a photochromic coordination polymer gel (pcCPG), paving the way for advancements in CPG-based supramolecular electronics.

Precise Tuning of Functional Group Spatial Distribution on Porphyrin Rings for Enhanced CO2 Electroreduction Selectivity

Molecular catalysts play a critical role in regulating the selectivity of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), yet the understanding of ligand function is largely restricted to modulating the electronic structure of the metal and reaction kinetics. Herein, a hydroxyl (─OH) ligand is introduced into a sterically hindered amino-porphyrin (o-TAPP) to synthesize the atropisomers porphyrin-salicylimine-Cu (o-Cu-Por-Sa) with hydrogen-bonding interactions (O─H⋯O), enabling efficient selection of CO and CH4 under dual effects. Detailed analysis shows that the ─OH of o-Cu-Por-Sa (αβαβ) forms a noncovalent hydrogen bond with carbonate, characterized by a bond length of 2.01 Å and an angle of 27.6°, and this interaction reduces the reaction energy barrier, achieving a faradaic efficiency (FE) of 84% for CH4. Moreover, the steric hindrance effect of the symmetric distribution of ─OH facilitates protonation reactions by preventing C-C coupling. In contrast, ─OH aggregated on o-Cu-Por-Sa (αααα) forms a pocket-like hydrogen bond grid, which restricts free CO2 adsorption, and the rapid dissociation of *CO also interrupts the reaction. This work highlights the pivotal role of dual effects induced by ligand atropisomerization in regulating selectivity, offering new insights for the design of efficient molecular catalysts.

Mechanical and Light Activation of Materials for Chemical Production

Mechanical expansion and contraction of pores within photosynthetic organisms regulate a series of processes that are necessary to manage light absorption, control gas exchange, and regulate water loss. These pores, known as stoma, allow the plant to maximize photosynthetic output depending on environmental conditions such as light intensity, humidity, and temperature by actively changing the size of the stomal opening. Despite advances in artificial photosynthetic systems, little is known about the effect of such mechanical actuation in synthetic materials where chemical reactions occur. It is reported here on a hybrid hydrogel that combines light-activated supramolecular polymers for superoxide production with thermal mechanical actuation of a covalent polymer. Superoxide production is important in organic synthesis and environmental remediation, and is a potential precursor to hydrogen peroxide liquid fuel. It is shown that the closing of pores in the hybrid hydrogel results in a substantial decrease in photocatalysis, but cycles of swollen and contracted states enhance photocatalysis. The observations motivate the development of biomimetic photosynthetic materials that integrate large scale motion and chemical reactions.

Precise Supramolecular Nanoarchitectonics for Simultaneous Enhanced Photoluminescence and Photocatalysis in a Co-Assembly by a Biomimetic Isolation-Conduction Strategy

Limited by the two mutually exclusive physicochemical processes of separation and recombination of photogenerated carriers, achieving photoluminescence and photocatalysis simultaneously is extremely challenging but essential for ever-growing complex issues and specialized scenarios. Here we proposed a biomimetic isolation-conduction strategy induced by an arene-perfluoroarene (A-P) interaction for enabling photoluminescence and photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity in the co-assembly of aromatic monomers and octafluoronapthalene (OFN). Inspired by the isolation-conduction effect of periodic isolation of myelin sheaths on the axons of vertebrate nerve fibers by node of Ranvier, we use OFN as a molecular isolator embedded in the aromatic monomers array to block the singlet-to-triplet pathway, while the enlarged intermolecular dipoles resulting from the A-P interactions facilitate the conduction of photogenerated carriers in the isolated regions. The resultant co-assembly exhibits an enhanced monomeric green emission compared to the corresponding monocomponent self-assembly with weak red emission. Meanwhile, it also has an enhanced photocatalytic HER performance with a rate of 2.45 mmol g-1 h-1, which is 15.2 times more than the self-assembled one. On this basis, a sequential fluoric wastewater reuse system that includes real-time fluorescence detection/removal of perfluorooctanoic acids and photocatalytic HER device is constructed.

MOF-Based Dual-Layer Pickering Emulsion: Molecular-Level Gating of Water Delivery at Water-Oil Interface for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogenation Using H2O as a Hydrogen Source

Biphasic system not only presents a promising opportunity for complex catalytic processes, but also is a grand challenge in efficient tandem reactions. As an emerging solar-to-chemical conversion, the visible-light-driven and water-donating hydrogenation combines the sustainability of photocatalysis and economic-value of hydrogenation. However, the key and challenging point is to couple water-soluble photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) with oil-soluble hydrogenation. Herein, we employed metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and CdS nanorods to construct a MOF-CdS dual-layer Pickering emulsion (water in oil, W/O), which compartmented aqueous phase for photocatalytic HER and oil phase for hydrogenation. The hydrophobic MOF and hydrophilic CdS were isolated at the inner and outer layers of W/O emulsion, respectively. The molecularly regulated hydrophobicity of MOF controlled the water delivery onto CdS photocatalysts, which realized the synergistic regulation of HER and hydrogenation. In the photocatalytic hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde, the highest yield of MOF-CdS Pickering emulsion reached 187.37 mmol ⋅ g-1 ⋅ h-1, 30 times that of the counterpart without emulsion (6.44 mmol ⋅ g-1 ⋅ h-1). Its apparent quantum yield reached 43.24 % without co-catalysts. To our knowledge, this performance is at a top-level so far. Our work realized the precise regulation of water-oil interface to effectively couple two reactions in different phases, providing new perspective for challenging tandem catalysis.

Symmetry Breaking in Supramolecular Gel Condensation

Supramolecular condensation during cooling cycles often transitions through multiple metastable phases before achieving a stable crystalline state. Metastability arises from various competing parameters like symmetrical arrangement, and supramolecular bonding and manifests at different temperatures. Symmetrical physical arrangements can minimize vibrational energy and stabilize the systems at higher temperatures. Further cooling promotes directional supramolecular bonding, such as charge-assisted hydrogen bonding, resulting in molecular periodicity within metastable structures. Frustration occurs when weaker van der Waals bonds form during further cooling, propagating perpendicularly to stronger one-dimensional charge-assisted hydrogen bonds and disrupting lateral periodicity in certain solvents. This makes parallel 1D fibers slidable, adding flexibility to the gel fiber. Eventually, some supramolecular systems attain thermodynamically stable crystalline states by perfectly arranging all the molecules. Throughout the process, metastability results from different symmetrical arrangements, and each rearrangement alters the supramolecular structure's symmetry, generating new physicochemical properties. Different supramolecular gels uniquely break symmetry, which can be monitored through various techniques. This perspective analyzes supramolecular thermoreversible, reverse thermal, liquid crystalline, thixotropic, and antisolvent-induced gels to illustrate spontaneous symmetry reduction processes. Reaching a suprasymmetry condensate can classify big data and be applied in unconventional analogue computing or data storage.

Versatile, Extrudable and Luminescent Tripodal BTA-Terpyridine (tpy) Gel Cross-Linked with d- and f-Block Metal Ions

The low molecular weight gelator (LMWG) 1 based on the tripodal benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) motif, capped with terpyridine (tpy) units, was shown to form supramolecular gels with versatile functionalities such as self-healing, while the cross-linking of its fibers with d- and f-block metal ions led to modified photophysical properties, the obtained gels were additionally capable of extrusion.

CoII-organic 'soft' metallo-supramolecular polymer nanofibers for efficient photoreduction of CO2

Coordination-driven metallo-supramolecular polymers hold significant potential as highly efficient catalysts for photocatalytic CO2 reduction, owing to the covalent integration of the light harvesting unit, catalytic center and intrinsic hierarchical nanostructures. In this study, we present the synthesis, characterization, and gelation behaviour of a novel low molecular weight gelator (LMWG) integrating a benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene core with terpyridine (TPY) units via alkyl amide chains (TPY-BDT). The two TPY ends of the TPY-BDT unit efficiently chelate with metal ions, enabling the formation of a metallo-supramolecular polymer that brings together the catalytic center and a photosensitizer in close proximity, maximizing catalytic efficiency for CO2 reduction. The self-assembly of TPY-BDT with CoII ions yields a Co-TPY-BDT coordination polymer gel (CPG) with a 3D interconnected fibrous morphology, facilitating rapid electron transfer and efficient substrate diffusion. The Co-TPY-BDT CPG achieves an outstanding CO2 to CO conversion, producing 33.74 mmol g-1 of CO in 18 hours with ∼99% selectivity under visible light irradiation, using triethylamine (TEA) as a sacrificial electron donor. Remarkably, the Co-TPY-BDT CPG demonstrates significant catalytic activity even under low-concentration CO2 atmospheres (5% CO2, 95% Ar), producing 1.9 mmol g-1 of CO in 10 hours with a selectivity of 94.6%. Moreover, In situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform (DRIFT) study, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, and DFT calculations were employed to elucidate the CO2 to CO reaction mechanism.

Organogel Polymer Electrocatalysts for Two-Electron Oxygen Reduction

Polymer gels, renowned for unparalleled chemical stability and self-sustaining properties, have garnered significant attention in electrocatalysis. Notably, organic polymer gels that exhibit temperature sensitivity and incorporate suitable polar nonvolatile liquids, enhance electronic conductivity, and impart distinct morphological features, but remain largely unexplored as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). To address this issue, an innovative strategy is proposed for synergistic modulation of the rigidity of mainchain molecular skeleton and length of alkyl sidechains, enabling the development of organogel polymers with a sol-gel temperature-sensitive phase transition that promises high selectivity and enhanced activity in electrocatalytic processes. Notably, the shortening of alkyl sidechain length can significantly affect the gelation behavior and internal microstructure of the catalyst, which modifies the electron state, ultimately impacting the catalytic activity of the gel polymer catalysts. In particular, phenyl-containing Ph-FL1 with short alkyl sidechains demonstrates outstanding 2e- ORR activity in alkaline medium, achieving a remarkable hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) selectivity of 98.6% with an impressive yield of 4.08 mol g-1 h-1. This performance surpasses most metal-free carbon-based electrocatalysts. Through theoretical calculation, the carbon atom (site-3) of C═N group is identified as potential active sites, representing a significant advancement toward designing cost-effective and efficient ORR electrocatalysts.

Engineering ZnIn2S4 with efficient charge separation and utilization for synergistic accelerate dual-function photocatalysis

Combining photocatalytic reduction with organic synthetic oxidation in the same photocatalytic redox system can effectively utilize photoexcited electrons and holes from solar to chemical energy. Here, we stabilized 0D Au clusters on the substrate surface of Zn vacancies modified 2D ZnIn2S4 (ZIS-V) nanosheets by chemically bonding Au-S interaction, forming surfactant functionalized Au/ZIS-V photocatalyst, which can not only synergistic accelerate the selective oxidation of phenylcarbinol to value-added products coupled with clean energy hydrogen production but also further drive photocatalytic CO2-to-CO conversion. An internal electric field of Au/ZIS-V ohmic junction and Zn vacancies synchronously promote the photoexcited charge carrier separation and transfer to optimized active sites for redox reactions. Compared with CO2 reduction in water and the pristine ZnIn2S4, the reaction thermodynamics and kinetics of CO2 reduction over the Au/ZIS-V were simultaneously improved about 11.09 and 45.51 times, respectively. Moreover, the photocatalytic redox mechanisms were also profoundly studied by 13CO2 isotope tracing tests, in situ electron paramagnetic resonance (in situ EPR), in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (in situ XPS), in situ diffuse reflection infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (in situ DRIFTS) and density functional theory (DFT) characterizations, etc. These results demonstrate the advantages of vacancies coupled with metal clusters in the synergetic enhancement of photocatalytic redox performance and have great potential applications in a wide range of environments and energy.

Multifunctional Supramolecular Gels with Strong Mechanical Properties Formed by Self-Assembly of Polyoxometalate-Based Coordination Polymers

Metallogels built in a bottom-up approach by metal coordination and supramolecular interactions have important potential for the elaboration of smart materials. In this context, we present here the formation of supramolecular coordination polymers driven by the complexation of cobalt(II) or zinc(II) ions with polyoxometalate-based hybrids displaying two terpyridine ligands in a linear arrangement. Thanks to the electrostatic interactions between the polyoxometalate cores and metal nodes, the polymer chains self-assemble into fibers that physically cross-link to form gels above a critical concentration. Using spectroscopy, microscopy, X-ray scattering, and rheometry, complemented by molecular dynamics simulations, we investigated the supramolecular organization of the chains in the fibers and the resulting processes leading to gelation. Compared to previously reported systems, these gels have improved rheological features and appealing properties, such as birefringence, luminescence, and spin crossover, paving the way for their use as building blocks for multifunctional smart materials.

Self-template impregnated silver nanoparticles in coordination polymer gel: photocatalytic CO2 reduction, CO2 fixation, and antibacterial activity

CO2 fixation and light-assisted conversion of CO2 in the presence of water into fuels and feedstocks are clean and sustainable techniques to alleviate the energy crisis and global climate change. In this regard, herein, a waterborne multifunctional metal-organic coordination polymer gel (Ag@GMP) was prepared from silver nitrate and guanosine 5'-monophosphate. Electron microscopy exhibits that Ag@GMP has a flower-like structure, which is composed of vertically grown sheets, and corresponding high magnification images display the presence of silver nanoparticles on the vertically grown sheets. Ag@GMP demonstrates remarkable photocatalytic performance, achieving a CO2 conversion rate of 18.6 μmol g-1 with approximately 85% selectivity towards CO at ambient temperature without using sacrificial agents. In situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy was employed to elucidate the proposed mechanism for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. Additionally, Ag@GMP exhibits significant catalytic activity in the fixation of CO2 with epoxides, leading to the formation of valuable chemicals under atmospheric pressure. Ag@GMP demonstrated efficient antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. The highest zone of inhibition was observed against S. aureus MTCC 3160 (15.83 ± 1.1 mm), and for E. coli, P. aeruginosa PAO1, and B. subtilis, it was found to be 12.66 ± 0.9, 14.33 ± 0.8 and 12.8 ± 0.8 mm, respectively.

Recent Advances of Carbon Capture in Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Comprehensive Review

The excessive emission of greenhouse gases, which leads to global warming and alarms the world, has triggered a global campaign for carbon neutrality. Carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technology has aroused wide research interest as a versatile emission mitigation technology. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), as a new class of high-performance adsorbents, hold great potential for CO2 capture from large point sources and ambient air due to their ultra-high specific surface area as well as pore structure. In recent years, MOFs have made great progress in the field of CO2 capture and separation, and have published a number of important results, which have greatly promoted the development of MOF materials for practical carbon capture applications. This review summarizes the most recent advanced research on MOF materials for carbon capture in various application scenarios over the past six years. The strategies for enhancing CO2 selective adsorption and separation of MOFs are described in detail, along with the development of MOF-based composites. Moreover, this review also systematically summarizes the highly concerned issues of MOF materials in practical applications of carbon capture. Finally, future research on CO2 capture by MOF materials is prospected.

Charge-Transfer Complexes: Fundamentals and Advances in Catalysis, Sensing, and Optoelectronic Applications

Supramolecular assemblies, formed through electronic charge transfer between two or more entities, represent a rich class of compounds dubbed as charge-transfer complexes (CTCs). Their distinctive formation pathway, rooted in charge-transfer processes at the interface of CTC-forming components, results in the delocalization of electronic charge along molecular stacks, rendering CTCs intrinsic molecular conductors. Since the discovery of CTCs, intensive research has explored their unique properties including magnetism, conductivity, and superconductivity. Their more recently recognized semiconducting functionality has inspired recent developments in applications requiring organic semiconductors. In this context, CTCs offer a tuneable energy gap, unique charge-transport properties, tailorable physicochemical interactions, photoresponsiveness, and the potential for scalable manufacturing. Here, an updated viewpoint on CTCs is provided, presenting them as emerging organic semiconductors. To this end, their electronic and chemical properties alongside their synthesis methods are reviewed. The unique properties of CTCs that benefit various related applications in the realms of organic optoelectronics, catalysts, and gas sensors are discussed. Insights for future developments and existing limitations are described.

Mechanical Regulation of Polymer Gels

The mechanical properties of polymer gels devote to emerging devices and machines in fields such as biomedical engineering, flexible bioelectronics, biomimetic actuators, and energy harvesters. Coupling network architectures and interactions has been explored to regulate supportive mechanical characteristics of polymer gels; however, systematic reviews correlating mechanics to interaction forces at the molecular and structural levels remain absent in the field. This review highlights the molecular engineering and structural engineering of polymer gel mechanics and a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of mechanical regulation. Molecular engineering alters molecular architecture and manipulates functional groups/moieties at the molecular level, introducing various interactions and permanent or reversible dynamic bonds as the dissipative energy. Molecular engineering usually uses monomers, cross-linkers, chains, and other additives. Structural engineering utilizes casting methods, solvent phase regulation, mechanochemistry, macromolecule chemical reactions, and biomanufacturing technology to construct and tailor the topological network structures, or heterogeneous modulus compositions. We envision that the perfect combination of molecular and structural engineering may provide a fresh view to extend exciting new perspectives of this burgeoning field. This review also summarizes recent representative applications of polymer gels with excellent mechanical properties. Conclusions and perspectives are also provided from five aspects of concise summary, mechanical mechanism, biofabrication methods, upgraded applications, and synergistic methodology.

Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Solar Fuels by a Chemically Stable Bimetallic Porphyrin-Based Framework

Porphyrin-based photocatalysts have emerged as promising candidates for facilitating carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction due to their exceptional light-harvesting properties. However, their performance is hindered by complex synthesis procedures, limited structural stability, inadequate CO2 activation capabilities, and a lack of comprehensive structure-property relationships. This study investigates the performance of a porphyrin-based bimetallic framework, [Cu(TPP)Cu2Mo3O11] (TPP = tetrapyridylporphyrin), termed MoCu-1 for photocatalytic CO2 reduction. In addition to its straightforward one-pot synthesis method, the framework shows remarkable chemical stability, particularly notable in alkaline reaction conditions, making it a compelling option for sustainable catalytic applications. By harnessing the superior photoabsorption properties of the porphyrin linker and the abundance of catalytic sites provided by the bimetallic structure, this framework exhibits the potential for enhancing CO2 reduction efficiency. MoCu-1 demonstrates excellent activity in converting CO2 into CO, achieving a maximum yield of 3.21 mmol g-1 with a selectivity of ∼93%. We unravel the intricate interplay of structural features and catalytic activity through systematic characterization techniques and an in situ diffuse reflectance Fourier transform study, which provided insights into the mechanism governing CO2 conversion and was supported by density functional theory calculations. This work contributes to advancing our understanding of photocatalytic processes and offers guidance for designing robust materials for CO2 utilization in renewable energy applications.

Functional Materials from Biomass-Derived Terpyridines: State of the Art and Few Possible Perspectives

This review focuses on functional materials that contain terpyridine (terpy) units, which can be synthesized from biomass-derived platform chemicals. The latter are obtained by the chemical conversion of raw biopolymers such as cellulose (e.g., 2-furaldehyde) or lignin (e.g., syringaldehyde). These biomass-derived platform chemicals serve as starting reagents for the preparation of many different terpyridine derivatives using various synthetic strategies (e.g., Kröhnke reaction, cross-coupling reactions). Chemical transformations of these terpyridines provide a broad range of different ligands with various functionalities to be used for the modification or construction of various materials. Either inorganic materials (such as oxides) or organic ones (such as polymers) can be combined with terpyridines to provide functional materials. Different strategies are presented for grafting terpy to materials, such as covalent grafting through a carboxylic acid or silanization. Furthermore, terpy can be used directly for the elaboration of functional materials via complexation with metals. The so-obtained functional materials find various applications, such as photovoltaic devices, heterogeneous catalysts, metal-organic frameworks (MOF), and metallopolymers. Finally, some possible developments are presented.

Manipulating Ferroelectric Polarization and Spin Polarization of 2D CuInP2S6 Crystals for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction

Manipulating electronic polarizations such as ferroelectric or spin polarizations has recently emerged as an effective strategy for enhancing the efficiency of photocatalytic reactions. This study demonstrates the control of electronic polarizations modulated by ferroelectric and magnetic approaches within a two-dimensional (2D) layered crystal of copper indium thiophosphate (CuInP2S6) to boost the photocatalytic reduction of CO2. We investigate the substantial influence of ferroelectric polarization on the photocatalytic CO2 reduction efficiency, utilizing the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition and polarization alignment through electrical poling. Additionally, we explore enhancing the CO2 reduction efficiency by harnessing spin electrons through the synergistic introduction of sulfur vacancies and applying a magnetic field. Several advanced characterization techniques, including piezoresponse force microscopy, ultrafast pump-probe spectroscopy, in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transformed spectroscopy, are performed to unveil the underlying mechanism of the enhanced photocatalytic CO2 reduction. These findings pave the way for manipulating electronic polarizations regulated through ferroelectric or magnetic modulations in 2D layered materials to advance the efficiency of photocatalytic CO2 reduction.

Supramolecular Complex Surfactants and Structured Liquids Enabled by Cation-π and Charge-Transfer Interactions

Cation-π and charge-transfer (CT) interactions are pervasive with significant implications in the fields of chemistry, materials science, and biology. However, much less is known about the construction of interfacial assemblies based on the two interactions. Here, by combining cation-π and CT interactions between an acceptor molecule, dicationic naphthalenediimide, and an aromatic donor, pyrene-terminated poly-l-lactic acid, we report the generation of supramolecular complex surfactants (SCSs) in situ at the toluene-water interface. The utilization of SCSs as building blocks enables the fabrication of interfacial assemblies including 2D films, emulsions, and structured liquids. By modification of the redox state of the acceptor molecules under chemical stimulus, the association/assembly and dissociation/disassembly of SCSs can be precisely regulated, imparting intriguing redox-responsive properties to the resulting assemblies.

Surface-Grafted Single-Atomic Pt-Nx Complex with a Precisely Regulating Coordination Sphere for Efficient Electron Acceptor-Inducing Interfacial Electron Transfer

Based on the electron-withdrawing effect of the Pt(bpy)Cl2 molecule, a simple post-modification amide reaction was firstly used to graft it onto the surface of NH2-MIL-125, which performed as a highly efficient electron acceptor that induced the conversion of the photoinduced charge migration pathway from internal BDC→TiOx migration to external BDC→PtNx migration, significantly improving the efficiency of photoinduced electron transfer and separation. Furthermore, precisely regulating over the first coordination sphere of Pt single atoms was achieved using further post-modification with additional bipyridine to investigate the effect of Pt-Nx coordination numbers on reaction activity. The as-synthesized NML-PtN2 exhibited superior photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity of 7.608 mmol g-1 h-1, a remarkable improvement of 225 and 2.26 times compared to pristine NH2-MIL-125 and NML-PtN4, respectively. In addition, the superior apparent quantum yield of 4.01 % (390 nm) and turnover frequency of 190.3 h-1 (0.78 wt % Pt SA; 129 times compared to Pt nanoparticles/NML) revealed the high solar utilization efficiency and hydrogen evolution activity of the material. And macroscopic color changes caused by the transition of carrier migration paths was first observed. It holds profound significance for the design of MOF-Molecule catalysts with efficient charge carrier separation and precise regulation of single-atom coordination sphere.

Matched Redox Kinetics on Triazine-Based Carbon Nitride/Ni(OH)2 for Stoichiometric Overall Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion

Mismatched reaction kinetics of CO2 reduction and H2O oxidation is the main obstacle limiting the overall photocatalytic CO2 conversion. Here, a molten salt strategy is used to construct tubular triazine-based carbon nitride (TCN) with more adsorption sites and stronger activation capability. Ni(OH)2 nanosheets are then grown over the TCN to trigger a proton-coupled electron transfer for a stoichiometric overall photocatalytic CO2 conversion via "3CO2 + 2H2O = CH4 + 2CO + 3O2." TCN reduces the energy barrier of H2O dissociation to promote H2O oxidation to O2 and supply sufficient protons to Ni(OH)2, whereby the CO2 conversion is accelerated due to the enhanced proton-coupled electron transfer process enabled by the sufficient proton supply from TCN. This work highlights the importance of matching the reaction kinetics of CO2 reduction and H2O oxidation by proton-coupled electron transfer on stoichiometric overall photocatalytic CO2 conversion.

Eu3+-Directed Supramolecular Metallogels with Reversible Quadruple-Stimuli Response Behaviors

Smart luminescent materials that have the ability to reversibly adapt to external environmental stimuli and possess a wide range of responses are continually emerging, which place higher demands on the means of regulation and response sites. Here, europium ions (Eu3+)-directed supramolecular metallogels are constructed by orthogonal self-assembly of Eu3+ based coordination interactions and hydrogen bonding. A new organic ligand (L) is synthesized, consisting of crown ethers and two flexible amide bonds-linked 1,10-phenanthroline moieties to coordinate with Eu3+. Synergistic intermolecular hydrogen bonding in L and Eu3+-L coordination bonding enable Eu3+ and L to self-assemble into shape-persistent 3D coordination metallogels in MeOH solution. The key to success is the utilization of crown ethers, playing dual roles of acting both as building blocks to build L with C2-symmetrical structure, and as the ideal monomer for increasing the energy transfer from L to Eu3+'s excited state, thus maintaining the excellent luminescence of metallogels. Interestingly, such assemblies show K+, pH, F-, and mechano-induced reversible gel-sol transitions and tunable luminescence properties. Above findings are useful in the studies of molecular switches, dynamic assemblies, and smart luminescent materials.

Self-assembled π-conjugated chromophores: preparation of one- and two-dimensional nanostructures and their use in photocatalysis

Photocatalytic systems have attracted research interest as a clean approach to generate energy from abundant sunlight. In this context, developing efficient and robust photocatalytic structures is crucial. Recently, self-assembled organic chromophores have entered the stage as alternatives to both molecular systems and (in)organic semiconductors. Nanostructures made of self-assembled π-conjugated dyes offer, on the one hand, molecular customizability to tune their optoelectronic properties and activities and on the other hand, provide benefits from heterogeneous catalysis that include ease of separation, recyclability and improved photophysical properties. In this contribution, we present recent achievements in constructing supramolecular photocatalytic systems made of chromophores for applications in water splitting, H2O2 evolution, CO2 reduction, or environmental remediation. We discuss strategies that can be used to prepare ordered photocatalytic systems with an emphasis on the effect of packing between the dyes and the resulting photocatalytic activity. We further showcase supramolecular strategies that allow interfacing the organic nanostructures with co-catalysts, molecules, polymers, and (in)organic materials. The principles discussed here are the foundation for the utilization of these self-assembled materials in photocatalysis.

Nanoscale assembly of enantiomeric supramolecular gels driven by the nature of solvents

Understanding the key parameters that control the self-assembly process is critical to predict self-assembly modes in multi-component systems, which will lead to the development of nanofibrous materials with tuneable properties. Enantiomeric amino acid-based low-molecular-weight gelators (LMWGs) were mixed in polar (polar protic) and aromatic apolar (aromatic) solvents and compared to their individual counterparts to probe the effect of solvent polarity on the self-assembly process. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that xerogels of individual components display hollow needles in polar protic solvents, while chiral coils are observed in aromatic solvents. In contrast, the multi-component gel displays hollow needle morphologies in both solvents, indicating similar morphologies in polar protic solvents but an entirely different nanostructure for the individual gel networks in aromatic solvents. PXRD experiments performed on the dried gels showed that the nature of the solvents plays a vital role in the co-assembly process of multi-component gels. The self-assembly modes and the gel state structure of the gels are analysed by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS) and small-angle neutron diffraction (SANS), which reveals that the mixed gel undergoes different co-assembly modes depending on the nature of the solvent systems. This study shows that different co-assembly modes can be achieved for structurally similar components by varying the solvent polarity, demonstrating the importance of solvent choice in the self-assembly process of multi-component gels.

Molecular Stacking Dependent Molecular Oxygen Activation in Supramolecular Polymeric Photocatalysts

Here, we showed that supramolecular assemblies based on perylene diimides (PDIs) are able to activate molecular oxygen through both the electron transfer and energy transfer pathways, which consequently leads to the formation of superoxide radicals (·O2-) and singlet oxygen species (1O2), respectively. These reactive oxygen species (ROS) can effectively lead to oxidative coupling of benzylamine and oxidation of 2-chloroethyl sulfide (CEES). We have designed and synthesized PDIs with similar molecular structures yet differing by the molecular stacking modes. We found that the photooxidation activities of the PDI supramolecular assemblies are inversely associated with the photoluminescence wavelength difference between the assemblies and the monomers (Δλ) quantitatively, and a smaller Δλ results in a higher catalytic efficiency accordingly. Overall, this work contributes to the design and fabrication of high performance photocatalysts based on metal-free organic materials.

Surface and interface engineering of BiOCl nanomaterials and their photocatalytic applications

BiOCl materials have received much attention because of their unique optical and electrical properties. Still, their unsatisfactory catalytic performance has been troubling researchers, limiting the application of BiOCl-based photocatalysts. Therefore, many researchers have studied the adjustment of BiOCl-based materials to enhance photocatalytic efficiency. This review focuses on surface and interface engineering strategies for boosting the photocatalytic performance of BiOCl-based nanomaterials, including forming oxygen vacancy defects, constructing metal/BiOCl, and the fabrication of semiconductor/BiOCl nanocomposites. The photocatalytic applications of the above composites are also concluded in photodegradation of aqueous pollutants, photocatalytic NO removal, photo-induced H2 production, and CO2 reduction. Special emphasis has been given to the modification methods of BiOCl and photocatalytic mechanisms to provide a more detailed understanding for researchers in the fields of energy conversion and materials sciences.

Rapid Charge Transfer Endowed by Interfacial Ni-O Bonding in S-scheme Heterojunction for Efficient Photocatalytic H2 and Imine Production

Cooperative coupling of H2 evolution with oxidative organic synthesis is promising in avoiding the use of sacrificial agents and producing hydrogen energy with value-added chemicals simultaneously. Nonetheless, the photocatalytic activity is obstructed by sluggish electron-hole separation and limited redox potentials. Herein, Ni-doped Zn0.2 Cd0.8 S quantum dots are chosen after screening by DFT simulation to couple with TiO2 microspheres, forming a step-scheme heterojunction. The Ni-doped configuration tunes the highly active S site for augmented H2 evolution, and the interfacial Ni-O bonds provide fast channels at the atomic level to lower the energy barrier for charge transfer. Also, DFT calculations reveal an enhanced built-in electric field in the heterojunction for superior charge migration and separation. Kinetic analysis by femtosecond transient absorption spectra demonstrates that expedited charge migration with electrons first transfer to Ni2+ and then to S sites. Therefore, the designed catalyst delivers drastically elevated H2 yield (4.55 mmol g-1  h-1 ) and N-benzylidenebenzylamine production rate (3.35 mmol g-1  h-1 ). This work provides atomic-scale insights into the coordinated modulation of active sites and built-in electric fields in step-scheme heterojunction for ameliorative photocatalytic performance.

Cellulose acetate/polyurethane blend as support matrix with high optical transparency and improved mechanical properties for photocatalyst CeO2 nanoparticles immobilization

Advanced manufacturing technologies for efficient catalytic materials have triggered the rational design of catalysts as well as extensive investigation into preparative methodologies. Herein, we report the preparation of new versatile cellulose acetate/polyurethane (CA/PU) blends for efficient immobilization of CeO2 nanoparticles, the appropriate composition of polymer mixture being chosen after rigorous analysis (SEM, FTIR, optical, mechanical). The band gap energy for hybrid films ranged between 3.02 eV and 2.05 eV, the lowest value being measured for the film with Co-doped CeO2 NPs (B3 film). The best results in photodegradation of methylene blue under visible-light irradiation was attained after 50 min for B3 film (rate constant k = 45.34× 10-3 min-1), while the total mineralization of MB in the same conditions as evaluated by HPLC-ESI MS and TOC analyses was achieved after 90 min. Effect of co-ions (SO42-, Cl- or NO3-) on photocatalytic performance was studied, and scavenger tests were used to identify the active species involved in the photocatalytic mechanism. Also, the photocatalytic efficiency of B3 sample was tested for rhodamine B, metronidazole and 4-nitrophenol degradation. Evaluation of the stability and integrity of hybrid film after 5 catalysis cycles reveal that the photocatalytic potential is retained with no substantial structural changes.

Confining charge-transfer complex in a metal-organic framework for photocatalytic CO2 reduction in water

In the quest for renewable fuel production, the selective conversion of CO₂ to CH₄ under visible light in water is a leading-edge challenge considering the involvement of kinetically sluggish multiple elementary steps. Herein, 1-pyrenebutyric acid is post-synthetically grafted in a defect-engineered Zr-based metal organic framework by replacing exchangeable formate. Then, methyl viologen is incorporated in the confined space of post-modified MOF to achieve donor-acceptor complex, which acts as an antenna to harvest visible light, and regulates electron transfer to the catalytic center (Zr-oxo cluster) to enable visible-light-driven CO₂ reduction reaction. The proximal presence of the charge transfer complex enhances charge transfer kinetics as realized from transient absorption spectroscopy, and the facile electron transfer helps to produce CH₄ from CO₂. The reported material produces 7.3 mmol g^-1 of CH₄ under light irradiation in aqueous medium using sacrificial agents. Mechanistic information gleans from electron paramagnetic resonance, in situ diffuse reflectance FT-IR and density functional theory calculation.

Unimolecular Chiral Stepping Inversion Machine

Intelligent molecular machines that are driven by light, electricity, and temperature have attracted considerable interest in the fields of chemistry, materials, and biology. Herein, a unimolecular chiral stepping inversion molecular machine (SIMM) was constructed by a coupling reaction between dibromo pillar[5]arene and a tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) derivative (PT3 and PT5). Compared with the longer aliphatic linker PT5, PT3 with a shorter aliphatic linker shows chiral stepping inversion, achieving chiral inversion under a two-electron redox potential. Benefiting from the successive reversible two-electron redox potential of TTF, the self-exclusion and self-inclusion conformational transformations of SIMM can proceed in two steps under redox, leading to the chirality step inversion in the pillar[5]arene core. Electrochemical experiments and circular dichroism (CD) spectra show that the redox processes can cause SIMM CD signaling to reversibly switch. More importantly, as the oxidant Fe(ClO₄)₃ was increased from 0.1 to 1 equiv, the CD spectral signal of SIMM disappeared at 1 equiv, and further addition of Fe(ClO₄)₃ resulted in the CD signal reversed from positive to negative at 309 nm, indicating that the chirality was reversed after chemical oxidation and reached a negative maximum with the addition of 2 equiv Fe(ClO₄)₃; thus, redox-triggered chiral stepping inversion was achieved. Furthermore, the chiral inversion can be restored to its original state after the addition of 2 equiv of reducing agent, sodium ascorbate. This work demonstrates unimolecular chiral stepping inversion, providing a new perspective on stimulus-responsive chirality in molecular machines.

Recent Progress in Multifunctional Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Photocatalysis and Electrocatalysis Application

The global energy shortage and environmental degradation are two major issues of concern in today's society. The production of renewable energy and the treatment of pollutants are currently the mainstream research directions in the field of photocatalysis. In addition, over the last decade or so, graphene (GR) has been widely used in photocatalysis due to its unique physical and chemical properties, such as its large light-absorption range, high adsorption capacity, large specific surface area, and excellent electronic conductivity. Here, we first introduce the unique properties of graphene, such as its high specific surface area, chemical stability, etc. Then, the basic principles of photocatalytic hydrolysis, pollutant degradation, and the photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ are summarized. We then give an overview of the optimization strategies for graphene-based photocatalysis and the latest advances in its application. Finally, we present challenges and perspectives for graphene-based applications in this field in light of recent developments.

Biomimetic Approach toward Visible Light-Driven Hydrogen Generation Based on a Porphyrin-Based Coordination Polymer Gel

There has been a widespread interest in developing self-assembled porphyrin nanostructures to mimic nature's light-harvesting processes. Herein, porphyrin-based coordination polymer gel (CPG) has been developed as a "soft" photocatalyst material for hydrogen (H₂) production from water under visible light. The CPG offers a hierarchical nanofibrous network structure obtained through self-assembly of a terpyridine alkyl-amide appended porphyrin (TPY-POR)-based low molecular weight gelator with ruthenium ions (Ru^II) and produces H₂ with a rate of 5.7 mmol g^-1 h^-1 in the presence of triethylamine (TEA) as a sacrificial electron donor. Further, the [Fe₂(bdt)(CO)₆] (dbt = 1,2-benzenedithiol) cocatalyst, which can mimic the activity of iron hydrogenase, is coassembled in the CPG and shows remarkable improvement in H₂ evolution (catalytic activity; rate ∼10.6 mmol g^-1 h^-1 and turnover number ∼1287). The significant enhancement in catalytic activity was supported by several controlled experiments, including femtosecond transient absorption (TA) spectroscopy and also DFT calculation. The TA study supported the cascade electron transfer process from porphyrin core to [Ru(TPY)₂]²⁺ center, and subsequently, the electron transfers to the cocatalyst [Fe₂(bdt)(CO)₆] for H₂ production.

One-pot solvothermal synthesis of In-doped amino-functionalized UiO-66 Zr-MOFs with enhanced ligand-to-metal charge transfer for efficient visible-light-driven CO2 reduction

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) with high porosity and highly tunable physical/chemical properties can serve as heterogeneous catalysts for CO₂ photoreduction, but the application is hindered by the large band gap (E_g) and insufficient ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT). In this study, a simple one-pot solvothermal strategy is proposed to prepare an amino-functionalized MOF (aU(Zr/In)) featuring an amino-functionalizing ligand linker and In-doped Zr-oxo clusters, which enables efficient CO₂ reduction driven with visible light. The amino functionalization leads to a significant reduction of E_g as well as a charge redistribution of the framework, allowing the absorption of visible light and the efficient separation of photogenerated carriers. Furthermore, the incorporation of In not only promotes the LMCT process by creating oxygen vacancies in Zr-oxo clusters, but also greatly lowers the energy barrier of the intermediates for CO₂-to-CO conversion. With the synergistic effects of the amino groups and the In dopants, the optimized aU(Zr/In) exhibits a CO production rate of 37.58 ± 1.06 μmol g^-1 h^-1, outperforming the isostructural University of Oslo-66- and Material of Institute Lavoisier-125-based photocatalysts. Our work demonstrates the potential of modifying MOFs with ligands and heteroatom dopants in metal-oxo clusters for solar energy conversion.

Build-in electric field in CuWO4/covalent organic frameworks S-scheme photocatalysts steer boosting charge transfer for photocatalytic CO2 reduction

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous materials with enormous potential for realizing solar-driven CO₂-to-fuel conversion, yet the sluggish transfer/separation of photoinduced electrons and holes remains a compelling challenge. Herein, a step (S)-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst (CuWO₄-COF) was rationally fabricated by a thermal annealing method for boosting CO₂ conversion to CO. The optimal CuWO₄/COF composite sample, integrating 10 wt% CuWO₄ with an olefin (C═C) linked COF (TTCOF), achieved a remarkable gas-solid phase CO yield as high as 7.17 ± 0.35 μmol g^-1h^-1 under visible light irradiation, which was significantly higher than the pure COF (1.6 ± 0.29 μmol g^-1h^-1). The enhanced CO₂ conversion rate could be attributable to the interface engineering effect and the formation of internal electric field (IEF) directing from TTCOF to CuWO₄ according to the theoretical calculation and experimental results, which also proves the electrons transfer from TTCOF to CuWO₄ upon hybridization. In addition, driven by the IEF, the photoinduced electrons can be steered from CuWO₄ to TTCOF under visible light irradiation as well-elucidated by in-situ irradiated X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, verifying the S-scheme charge transfer pathway over CuWO₄/COF composite heterojunctions, which greatly foster the photoreduction activity of CO₂. The preparation technique of the S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst in this study provides a paradigmatic protocol for photocatalytic solar fuel generation.

Embedding Plasmonic Metal into Heterointerface of MOFs-Encapsulated Semiconductor Hollow Architecture for Boosting CO2 Photoreduction

Coupling hollow semiconductor with metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) holds great promise for constructing high-efficient CO₂ photoreduction systems. However, energy band mismatch between them makes it difficult to exert their advantages to maximize the overall photocatalytic efficiency, since that the blockage of desirable interfacial charge transfer gives rise to the enrichment of photoelectrons and CO₂ molecules on the different locations. Herein, an interfacial engineering is presented to overcome this impediment, based on the insertion of plasmonic metal into the heterointerfaces between them, forming a stacked semiconductor/metal@MOF photocatalyst. Experimental observations and theoretical simulations validate the critical roles of embedded Au in maneuvering the charge separation/transfer and surface reaction: (i) bridges the photoelectron transfer from hollow CdS (H-CdS) to ZIF-8; (ii) produces hot electrons and shifts them to ZIF-8; (iii) induces the formation of ZIF-8 defects in promoting the CO₂ adsorption/activation and transformation to CO with low energy barriers. Consequently, the as-prepared H-CdS/Au@ZIF-8 with optimal ZIF-8 thickness exhibits distinctly boosted activity and superb selectivity in CO production as compared with H-CdS@ZIF-8 and other counterparts. This work provides protocols to take full advantages of components involved for enhanced solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of hybrid artificial photosynthetic systems through rationally harnessing the charge transfer between them.

Enhanced Photocatalytic H2 Evolution Performance of the Type-II FeTPPCl/Porous g-C3N4 Heterojunction: Experimental and Density Functional Theory Studies

It is of great significance to improve the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 by promoting its surface-active sites and engineering more suitable and stable redox couples. Herein, first of all, we fabricated porous g-C3N4 (PCN) via the sulfuric acid-assisted chemical exfoliation method. Then, we modified the porous g-C3N4 with iron(III) meso-tetraphenylporphine chloride (FeTPPCl) porphyrin via the wet-chemical method. The as-fabricated FeTPPCl-PCN composite revealed exceptional performance for photocatalytic water reduction by evolving 253.36 and 8301 μmol g-1 of H2 after visible and UV-visible irradiation for 4 h, respectively. The performance of the FeTPPCl-PCN composite is ∼2.45 and 4.75-fold improved compared to that of the pristine PCN photocatalyst under the same experimental conditions. The calculated quantum efficiencies of the FeTPPCl-PCN composite for H2 evolution at 365 and 420 nm wavelengths are 4.81 and 2.68%, respectively. This exceptional H2 evolution performance is because of improved surface-active sites due to porous architecture and remarkably improved charge carrier separation via the well-aligned type-II band heterostructure. Besides, we also reported the correct theoretical model of our catalyst through density functional theory (DFT) simulations. It is found that the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of FeTPPCl-PCN arises from the electron transfer from PCN via Cl atom(s) to Fe of the FeTPPCl, which forms a strong electrostatic interaction, leading to a decreased local work function on the surface of the catalyst. We suggest that the resultant composite would be a perfect model for the design and fabrication of high-efficiency heterostructure photocatalysts for energy applications.

Charge transfer in metal-organic frameworks

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs, also known as porous coordination polymers or PCPs) are a novel class of crystalline porous material. The tailorable porous structure, in terms of size, geometry and function, has attracted the attention of researchers across all disciplines of materials science. One of the many exciting aspects of MOFs is that through directional and reversible coordination bonding, organic linkers (chromophores with metal-coordinating functional groups) and metal ions (and clusters) can be spatially organized in a preconceived geometry. The well-defined spatial geometry of the metals and linkers is very advantageous for optoelectronic functions (solar cells, light-emitting diodes, photocatalysts) of the materials. This feature article evaluates the scope of charge transfer (CT) interactions in MOFs, involving the organic linkers and metal ion or cluster components. Irrespective of the type (size, shape, electronic property) of organic chromophores involved, MOFs provide an insightful path to design and make the CT process efficient. The selected examples of MOFs with CT characteristics do not only illustrate the design principles but render a pathway towards understanding the complex photophysical processes and implementing those for future optoelectronic and catalytic applications.

Encapsulated CdSe/CdS nanorods in double-shelled porous nanocomposites for efficient photocatalytic CO2 reduction

Colloidal quantum dots have been emerging as promising photocatalysts to convert CO₂ into fuels by using solar energy. However, the above photocatalysts usually suffer from low CO₂ adsorption capacity because of their nonporous structures, which principally reduces their catalytic efficiency. Here, we show that synchronizing imine polycondensation reaction to self-assembly of colloidal CdSe/CdS nanorods can produce micro-meso hierarchically porous nanocomposites with double-shelled nanocomposites. Owing to their hierarchical pores and the ability to separate photoexcited electrons, the self-assembled porous nanocomposites exhibit remarkably higher activity (≈ 64.6 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹) toward CO₂ to CO in solid-gas regime than that of nonporous solids from self-assembled CdSe/CdS nanorods under identical conditions. Importantly, the length of the nanorods is demonstrated to be crucial to correlate their ability to long-distance separation of photogenerated electrons and holes along their axial direction. Overall, this approach provides a rational strategy to optimize the CO₂ adsorption and conversion by integrating the inorganic and organic semiconductors.

The authors design double shelled hollow superstructures from self-assembled CdSe/CdS nanorods in covalent organic frameworks for CO2 photo-reduction at a gas/solid interface.

Recent advances in high-crystalline conjugated organic polymeric materials for photocatalytic CO2 conversion

The photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to high-value-added fuels is a meaningful strategy to achieve carbon neutrality and alleviate the energy crisis. However, the low efficiency, poor selectivity, and insufficient product variety greatly limit its practical applications. In this regard, conjugated organic polymeric materials including carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) exhibit enormous potential owing to their structural diversity and functional tunability. Nevertheless, their catalytic activities are largely suppressed by the traditional amorphous or weakly crystalline structures. Therefore, constructing relevant high-crystalline materials to ameliorate their inherent drawbacks is an efficient strategy to enhance the photocatalytic performance of conjugated organic polymeric materials. In this review, the advantages of high-crystalline organic polymeric materials including reducing the concentration of defects, enhancing the built-in electric field, reducing the interlayer hydrogen bonding, and crystal plane regulation are highlighted. Furthermore, the strategies for their synthesis such as molten-salt, solid salt template, and microwave-assisted methods are comprehensively summarized, while the modification strategies including defect engineering, element doping, surface loading, and heterojunction construction are elaborated for enhancing their photocatalytic activities. Ultimately, the challenges and opportunities of high-crystalline conjugated organic polymeric materials in photocatalytic CO₂ conversion are prospected to give some inspiration and guidance for researchers.

Reusable catalysts based on CeO2/cellulose derivative with visible light photocatalytic activity tuned by noble metal nanoparticles inclusion

For environmental preservation, it is crucial to effectively remove organic waste from water. Several approaches have been put forth, but photocatalysis stands out as a quick and effective solution. In this study, some hybrid polymeric structures that were created by photopolymerizing cellulose acetate/castor oil urethane methacrylates with embedded CeO₂ nanoparticles (NPs) and in situ photogenerated noble metal nanoparticles (Ag, Au, Pd) are characterized, and photochemically thoroughly evaluated. The effective modification of cellulose acetate with urethane methacrylate sequences and the degree of functionalization were first observed using ¹H NMR and FTIR spectra. Additionally, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, FT-IR and UV-visible spectroscopy were utilized to analyse the resultant nanocomposites. The homogeneous dispersion of CeO₂ NPs (10-40 nm) into an organic matrix with the suitable functionalities, namely urethane and hydroxyl groups, favour the interfacial charge transfer reducing the E_g up to 2.85 eV. Moreover, noble metal nanoparticles (5-15 nm), such as Ag, Au and Pd introduction in nanocomposites, significantly lowered the E_g: 2.1 eV for CeAg samples, 1.7 eV for CeAu films and 1.5 eV for CePd films, respectively. This opens up new avenues for the creation of flexible cellulose-based photocatalysts that are active in visible light.

Confinement Matters: Stabilization of CdS Nanoparticles inside a Postmodified MOF toward Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution

Insights into developing innovative routes for the stabilization of photogenerated charge-separated states by suppressing charge recombination in photocatalysts is a topic of immense importance. Herein, we report the synthesis of a metal-organic framework (MOF)-based composite where CdS nanoparticles (NPs) are confined inside the nanosized pores of Zr⁴⁺-based MOF-808, namely, CdS@MOF-808. Anchoring l-cysteine into the nanospace of MOF-808 via postsynthetic ligand exchange allows the capture of Cd²⁺ ions from their aqueous solution, which are further utilized for in situ growth of CdS NPs inside the nanosized MOF pores. The formation of CdS@MOF-808 opens up a possibility for visible-light photocatalysis as CdS NPs (1-2 nm) are a well-studied semiconductor system with a band gap of ∼2.6 eV. The confinement of the CdS NPs inside the MOF pores, close to the Zr⁴⁺ cluster, opens up a shorter electron transfer route from CdS to the catalytic Zr⁴⁺ cluster and shows a high rate of H₂ evolution (10.41 mmol g^-1 h^-1) from water with a loading of 3.56 wt % CdS. In contrast, a similar composite in which CdS NPs are stabilized on the external surface of MOF-808 reveals poor activity (0.15 mmol g^-1 h^-1). CdS NPs stabilized on the MOF-808 surface show slower and inefficient electron transfer kinetics compared to CdS stabilized inside the nanospace of the MOF, as realized by the transient absorption measurements. Therefore, this work unveils the critical role of stabilizing the photosensitizer NPs in close proximity of the catalytic sites in MOF systems towards developing highly efficient H₂ evolution photocatalysts.

Light-Induced Structural Dynamic Evolution of Pt Single Atoms for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction

Revealing the structural evolution of the real active site during photocatalysis is very important for understanding the catalytic mechanism, but it remains a great challenge. By employing single atoms (SAs) as the mechanism research platform, we investigated the variation of the SA structure under light and the corresponding reaction pathway controlment mechanism. In particular, taking the defect anchoring strategy, Pt SAs are anchored on the metal ion vacancy-rich ZnNiTi layered double hydroxide-etched (ZnNiTi-LDHs-E) support. It is proved by CO-Fourier transform infrared and X-ray absorption fine structure characterization methods that the Pt SAs could gain photoelectrons to form cationic Pt(IV), electron-rich Pt(II), and near-neutral Ptδ+ species at different light intensities. By in situ inducing the above different Pt SAs in photocatalytic CO2 reduction, a dramatic product distribution is observed: (1) under weak light, Pt(IV) SAs cannot activate CO, so CO cannot be further transformed into hydrocarbons; (2) under the moderate light, electron-rich Pt(II) SAs could cooperate with adjacent LDH surface sites (Ni2+/Ti4+) to open up the C-C coupling route for C2H6 generation; and (3) Pt SAs in the state of near-neutral Ptδ+ could directly hydrogenate CO into CH4. This work reveals the structural evolution of Pt SAs in photocatalysis and the corresponding effect on catalytic performance, which provides a new idea for the construction of highly efficient photocatalysts.

Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Activity by Constructing a Robust Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Material Based Fulvalene and TiO2

A novel redox-active organic-inorganic hybrid material (denoted as H₄TTFTB-TiO₂) based on tetrathiafulvalene derivatives and titanium dioxide with a micro/mesoporous nanomaterial structure has been synthesized via a facile sol-gel method. In this study, tetrathiafulvalene-3,4,5,6-tetrakis(4-benzoic acid) (H₄TTFTB) is an ideal electron-rich organic material and has been introduced into TiO₂ for promoting photocatalytic H₂ production under visible light irradiation. Notably, the optimized composites demonstrate remarkably enhanced photocatalytic H₂ evolution performance with a maximum H₂ evolution rate of 1452 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹, which is much higher than the prototypical counterparts, the common dye-sensitized sample (denoted as H₄TTFTB-5.0/TiO₂) (390.8 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹) and pure TiO₂ (18.87 μmol g⁻¹ h⁻¹). Moreover, the composites perform with excellent stability even after being used for seven time cycles. A series of characterizations of the morphological structure, the photoelectric physics performance and the photocatalytic activity of the hybrid reveal that the donor-acceptor structural H₄TTFTB and TiO₂ have been combined robustly by covalent titanium ester during the synthesis process, which improves the stability of the hybrid nanomaterials, extends visible-light adsorption range and stimulates the separation of photogenerated charges. This work provides new insight for regulating precisely the structure of the fulvalene-based composite at the molecule level and enhances our in-depth fundamental understanding of the photocatalytic mechanism.

Supramolecular assemblies based on natural small molecules: Union would be effective

Natural products have been used to prevent and treat human diseases for thousands of years, especially the extensive natural small molecules (NSMs) such as terpenoids, steroids and glycosides. A quantity of studies are confined to concern about their chemical structures and pharmacological activities at the monomolecular level, whereas the spontaneous assemblies of them in liquids yielding supramolecular structures have not been clearly understood deeply. Compared to the macromolecules or synthetic small molecular compounds, NSMs have the inherent advantages of lower toxicity, better biocompatibility, biodegradability and biological activity. Self-assembly of single component and multicomponent co-assembly are unique techniques for designing supramolecular entities. Assemblies are of special significance due to their range of applications in the areas of drug delivery systems, pollutants capture, materials synthesis, etc. The assembled mechanism of supramolecular NSMs which are mainly driven by multiple non-covalent interactions are summarized. Furthermore, a new hypothesis aimed to interpret the integration effects of multi-components of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) inspired on the theory of supramolecular assembly is proposed. Generally, this review can enlighten us to achieve the qualitative leap for understanding natural products from monomolecule to supramolecular structures and multi-component interactions, which is valuable for the intensive research and application.