Cationic-palladium catalyzed regio- and stereoselective syn-1,2-dicarbofunctionalization of unsymmetrical internal alkynes

Trifluoromethyl Group (CF3) Induced Regioselective Larock Indole Synthesis from Unsymmetric β-CF3-1,3-enynes

The indole skeleton exists widely in natural products, pharmaceuticals, and materials. We disclose here a trifluoromethyl group induced regioselective Larock indole synthetic method from unsymmetric 2-CF3-1,3-enynes. The presence of a trifluoromethyl group is determinable for the regioselectivity. Once the CF3 group was replaced with the methyl or phenyl group, a ratio of 1:1 to 1:1.4 isomers were obtained. This strategy features good regioselectivity, broad substrate scope, and high functional group tolerance. The protocol reported here offers an alternative solution to the rare 3,4-functionalization of 2-CF3-1,3-enynes. The products were further transformed to show distinctive reactivity in hydroboration-oxidation and hydro-bromination.

A Precise Route to Tetrasubstituted Allyl Amines via Regioselective Dicarbofunctionalization of Masked Propargyl Amines

Allyl amines are vital components in various biologically important molecules and play a significant role in their function. Presently, most methods are geared toward the preparation of di- and trisubstituted allyl amines, leaving a gap for the development of more versatile approaches. We herein describe an approach to yield tetrasubstituted allyl amines through palladium (Pd)-catalyzed regioselective dicarbofunctionalization of masked N-phthalimide-protected propargyl amines. The cationic Pd-intermediate in conjunction with the masked amine exerts collective control for the reaction regioselectivity. This method accommodates a wide range of alkynes, aryl boronic acids, and aryl diazonium salts offering direct access to a wide range of unusual tetrasubstituted allyl amines.

Ligand-controlled regiodivergent arylation of aryl(alkyl)alkynes and asymmetric synthesis of axially chiral 9-alkylidene-9,10-dihydroanthracenes

Transition metal-catalyzed addition of organometallics to aryl(alkyl)alkynes has been well known to proceed with the regioselectivity in forming a carbon-carbon bond at the alkyl-substituted carbon (β-addition). Herein, the reverse regiochemistry with high selectivity in giving 1,1-diarylalkenes (α-addition) was realized in the reaction of arylboronic acids with aryl(alkyl)alkynes by use of a rhodium catalyst coordinated with a chiral diene ligand, whereas the arylation of the same alkynes proceeded with the usual regioselectivity (β-addition) in the presence of a rhodium/DM-BINAP catalyst. The regioselectivity can be switched by the choice of ligands on the rhodium catalysts. This reverse regioselectivity also enabled the catalytic asymmetric synthesis of phoenix-like axially chiral alkylidene dihydroanthracenes with high enantioselectivity through an α-addition/1,4-migration/cyclization sequence.

Regioselective Twofold Annulation of Propargyl Acetates

The regioselective annulation of unsymmetrical alkynes has always been a focused research topic. A Pd-catalyzed double annulation of unsymmetrical alkynes (i.e., yne-acetates) with aryl diazonium salts for the synthesis of substituted naphthalene derivatives is developed. The process addresses intrinsic regioselectivity challenges in the annulations of unsymmetrical alkynes. Mechanistic investigations shed light on the crucial role of the acetate-directing groups in determining the regiochemical reaction outcome.

Remote-carbonyl-directed sequential Heck/isomerization/C(sp2)-H arylation of alkenes for modular synthesis of stereodefined tetrasubstituted olefins

Modular and regio-/stereoselective syntheses of all-carbon tetrasubstituted olefins from simple alkene materials remain a challenging project. Here, we demonstrate that a remote-carbonyl-directed palladium-catalyzed Heck/isomerization/C(sp2)-H arylation sequence enables unactivated 1,1-disubstituted alkenes to undergo stereoselective terminal diarylation with aryl iodides, thus offering a concise approach to construct stereodefined tetrasubstituted olefins in generally good yields under mild conditions; diverse carbonyl groups are allowed to act as directing groups, and various aryl groups can be introduced at the desired position simply by changing aryl iodides. The stereocontrol of the protocol stems from the compatibility between the E/Z isomerization and the alkenyl C(sp2)-H arylation, where the vicinal group-directed C(sp2)-H arylation of the Z-type intermediate product thermodynamically drives the reversible E to Z isomerization. Besides, the carbonyl group not only promotes the Pd-catalyzed sequential transformations of unactivated alkenes by weak coordination, but also avoids byproducts caused by other possible β-H elimination.

Copper-Catalyzed Regio- and Stereoselective Hydroarylation of Ynamide

Presented herein is a copper-catalyzed trans-hydroarylation of ynamides. The reaction showcases the assembly of boronic acids across the carbon-carbon triple bond of ynamides. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions offering a complementary approach for the versatile synthesis of multifunctional (E)-α,β-disubstituted enamides. Moreover, the hydroarylation process is highly regio- and stereoselective. The transformation shows a broad scope (30 examples) and tolerates a wide range of labile functional groups. Control experiments provide substantive evidence supporting the mechanistic cycle and the observed selectivity.

Regiodivergent and Stereoselective Synthesis of Highly Substituted 1,3-Dienes via Arylative Acyloxy Migration of Propargyl Esters

We report the first catalyst-controlled regiodivergent method that enables the synthesis of structurally diverse 1,2,3,4-tetrasubstituted conjugated dienes with excellent regio- and stereochemical outcomes from the same set of readily available propargyl esters and diaryliodonium salts. In this diene chemistry, the in situ generated, highly electrophilic aryl-CuIII complex serves not only as a π-Lewis acid catalyst for alkyne activation/acyloxy migration but also as an aryl electrophile equivalent. The competitive arylative 1,2- and 1,3-acyloxy migration patterns are exquisitely dictated by Cu and Au/Cu relay catalyses, respectively, providing a modular and attractive approach to traditionally inaccessible tetrasubstituted 1,3-dienes in a regiodivergent manner. Finally, the synthetic utility of this method is demonstrated by further synthetic derivatization of 1,3-dienes into an array of useful compounds.

1,3-Difunctionalization of Propargyl Silanes with Concomitant 1,2-Silyl Shift: Synthesis of Allyl Functionalized Vinyl Silanes

Terminal alkynes with a silyl group at the propargylic position upon activation with electrophiles such as N-bromosuccinimide undergo (E)-selective 1,2-silyl group migration. Subsequently, an allyl cation is formed that is intercepted by an external nucleophile. This approach provides allyl ethers and esters with stereochemically defined vinyl halide and silane handles for further functionalization. The scope of propargyl silanes and electrophile-nucleophile pairs are investigated, and various trisubstituted olefins are prepared in up to 78% yield. The obtained products have been demonstrated to serve as building blocks for transition-metal-catalyzed cross-couplings of vinyl halides, silicon-halogen exchange, and allyl acetate functionalization reactions.

Three Component syn-1,2-Arylmethylation of Internal Alkynes

A Pd-catalyzed three-component syn-1,2-arylmethylation of internal alkynes (ynamides/yne-acetates/alkynes) is described. The readily available and bench stable coupling partners iodo-arenes, and methyl boronic acid are successfully used in this coupling strategy to access the methyl-containing tetra-substituted olefins; the scope is broad showing excellent functional-group tolerance. Notably, the transformation is regio- as well as stereoselective. The biologically relevant motifs (BRM) bearing iodo-arenes and ynamides are also used for the late-stage syn-1,2-arylmethylation of alkynes. Aryl-alkylation, aryl-trideuteriomethylation, alkynyl-methylation, and alkenyl-methylation of ynamides are also presented. The Me-substituted alkenes are further transformed into synthetically important β-amino-indenones and α-fluoro-α'-methyl ketones.

Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling between Aryl Diazonium Salt and Aryl Iodide/Diaryliodonium Salt in H2O-EtOH

We report herein a mild highly chemoselective palladium-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling between readily accessible aromatic diazonium salt and aryl iodide or diaryliodonium salt in water-ethanol (2:1) medium. Mechanistic studies revealed that ethanol is crucial to generate an active Pd(0) catalyst, and the counterion of the diazonium salt renders a cationic Pd(II) species that facilitates subsequent oxidative addition to aryl iodide/diaryliodonium salt. Silver(I) salt was crucial to retain the catalytic activity of palladium, removing the iodide ion as a precipitate.

Ligand-controlled stereodivergent alkenylation of alkynes to access functionalized trans- and cis-1,3-dienes

Precise stereocontrol of functionalized alkenes represents a long-standing research topic in organic synthesis. Nevertheless, the development of a catalytic, easily tunable synthetic approach for the stereodivergent synthesis of both E-selective and even more challenging Z-selective highly substituted 1,3-dienes from common substrates remains underexploited. Here, we report a photoredox and nickel dual catalytic strategy for the stereodivergent sulfonylalkenylation of terminal alkynes with vinyl triflates and sodium sulfinates under mild conditions. With a judicious choice of simple nickel catalyst and ligand, this method enables efficient and divergent access to both Z- and E-sulfonyl-1,3-dienes from the same set of simple starting materials. This method features broad substrate scope, good functional compatibility, and excellent chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. Experimental and DFT mechanistic studies offer insights into the observed divergent stereoselectivity controlled by ligands.

Regiodivergent cascade cyclization/alkoxylation of allenamides via N-protecting group driven rearrangement to access indole and indoline derivatives

A mild, palladium-catalyzed domino Heck-cyclization/alkoxylation sequence of aryl halide tethered allenamides is described, providing regiodivergent indole and indoline derivatives controlled by the N-protecting group. This room temperature reaction provided a functionalizable olefinic moiety with broad substrate scope. Preliminary mechanistic studies support the rearrangement of an indoline-derived intermediate to indoles with the N-acetyl allenamides forming free (NH) indoles.